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  • 13. Climate action
  • 12. Responsible consumption
  • 6. Clean water
  • Swedish

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Ljung, Gustav;

    Abstract The purpose of the report is to analyze, if the sustainability EU directives in terms of RoHS Directive, REACH Directive and WEEE Directive and the requirement to reduce carbon dioxide emission have influenced or restricted Ericsson's innovation rate, technology development, profitability, and the competitiveness of the company. The study is made as a qualitative and quantitative case study on how Ericsson's innovation capacity, technology development and competitiveness was affected by the requirement to reduce carbon dioxide emission and how the company has acted upon the EU sustainability directives. Part of the investigation was to quantitative verify if it was a correlation between Ericsson total number of patents per year and the company's investment in research and development, and the carbon footprint of the company. The result of the study should describe if Ericsson is a good example of the Porter hypothesis and by that respond to the research question. Have the sustainability rules in terms of RoHS Directive, REACH Directive and WEEE Directive and reduction of carbon dioxide emission developed and promoted or reduced Ericsson's pace of innovation, technology development, profitability, and the competitiveness? The conclusion of the study is that Ericsson has increased its investments since 2017 in research and development and for the last three years Gartner have awarded them as the technical leader and ABI Research has awarded the company as the most sustainable company in the telecom industry. Based on Ericsson innovations and technical development, the company has reduced the carbon footprint with 26 % from 2016 to 2022 and has a goal to become emission free by 2040. Ericsson is an example of the narrow version of the Porter hypothesis.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från S...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från S...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Willén, Jessica;

    The demand for biogas as vehicle fuel has risen sharply and there is a great need for increased production. A possible addition of vehicle gas can be produced by upgrading landfill gas which is formed by degradation of organic waste. This thesis investigates the potential of producing vehicle fuel from landfill gas in the region of Biogas Öst. In 2008, an amount of 32 million Nm3 landfill gas was extracted in the region. This level can be maintained for another ten years if the efficiency of gas extraction is improved. The annual production will decrease with time since landfills aren’t allowed to receive more organic waste. Landfill gas is hence a large but not lasting source of vehicle fuel. The amount of available landfill gas that is possible to upgrade to vehicle gas is limited by technical and financial issues. With certain limitations taken into account, an estimation of the regions potential gives an annual production of 8.2 million Nm3 vehicle gas. This means that more than 7 000 private cars or 250 buses could be operated with vehicle fuel from landfills in the region.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från U...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från U...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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    Authors: Lindeman, Elin; Mattsmyr, Sara;

    Under de senaste åren har det blivit allt vanligare att alarmerande rapporter kring klimatförändringarna uppmärksammas i nyhetsrapportering och sociala medier. Att klimatförändringarna medför risker för både individ och natur har med stor sannolikhet undgått få personer i dagens samhälle, men hur de tolkas och påverkar dem är däremot inte givet. Hur individer sedan upplever och tolkar dessa risker påverkar nämligen ofta hur de väljer att handla i relation till klimatet. Detta var något denna studie ämnade undersöka, i kombination med ett genusperspektiv. I tidigare forskning har risk, genus och klimat visat sig ha intressanta samband, något denna studie därmed tar avstamp i. Syftet var att förstå genusrelaterade skillnader av riskförståelse och handlande, i relation till klimatförändringarna. Genom att undersöka eventuella skillnader mellan hur unga svenska män och kvinnor tolkar klimatrelaterade risker, och handlar på dessa, ville vi se om det finns skillnader på beteende beroende på genus i en annars ganska homogen miljö. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med manliga och kvinnliga studenter på Örebro Universitet. Resultatet visade att samtliga intervjupersoner var överens om att män och kvinnor förstår risk på olika sätt, där det främst poängterades att kvinnor tenderar att vara mer oroliga än män. Däremot framkom det inte hos intervjupersonerna att en åtskild riskförståelse resulterade i olika klimathandlande hos män och kvinnor. Det var snarare en sociokulturellt skapad riskförståelse som påverkade intervjupersonernas praktiska handlingar i relation till klimatet. Genus verkade således ha en större effekt på konstruerande av riskförståelse än på klimathandlande. In recent years, it has become increasingly more common for alarming reports about climate change to be noticed in news outlets and on social media. Few have failed to acknowledge that climate change is causing risks for both nature and individuals. Yet, how these risks are interpreted is not a given. This is interesting because how individuals then experience and interpret these risks often affects how they choose to act in relation to the climate. This was something this study intended to explore, in combination with a gender perspective. Risk, gender and climate has in previous research shown to be strongly linked with one another. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to examine gender-related differences in risk perception and action, in relation to climate change. By investigating possible differences between how young Swedish men and women interpret and act on climate-related risks, we wanted to see if there are differences in behavior depending on gender in an otherwise fairly homogeneous environment. The empirical material consists of eight qualitative interviews with male and female students at Örebro University. The results showed that all interviewees agreed that men and women understand risk in different ways, where it was mainly pointed out that women tend to be more worried than men. On the other hand, it did not emerge from the interviewees that a separate understanding of risk resulted in different climate action between men and women. Rather, it was a sociocultural understanding of risk that influenced the interviewees' actions in relation to the climate. Gender thus appeared to have a greater effect on constructing risk perception than on climate action.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ http://urn.kb.se/res...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ http://urn.kb.se/res...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Dahlman, Olivia; Hirani, Rachna;

    The construction and real estate sector accounts for a significant part of Sweden's total greenhouse gas emissions. Swedish real estate companies play a leading role in the climate transition and represent more than half of the Swedish market for green corporate bonds. International initiatives such as the UN's Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement, and the EU's Green Taxonomy Regulation promote sustainable development and the identification of sustainable investments. The taxonomy regulation directs investments towards sustainability, which, along with growing global demand, impacts the market for sustainability linked loans. The thesis aims to investigate the motives and driving forces behind Swedish property companies and banks' participation in sustainability linked loans, their application and impact on their sustainability work, and potential challenges and future prospects for these loans in Sweden. This thesis is based on a qualitative research method and includes seven interviews with respondents from two different stakeholder groups; lenders (banks) and borrowers (property companies). A literature study has been prepared to provide insight into sustainability linked loans and the market's characteristics. The collected empirical material has then been analyzed based on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Signaling theory. The conclusions are based on the study's empirical data and discussion. The conclusions drawn are that sustainability linked loans play a significant role in Swedish real estate companies' sustainability work by offering financial incentives, strengthening the companies' strategies, and increasing transparency. Banks and property companies see advantages in the form of better conditions and a stronger link between sustainability efforts and financial benefits. Challenges for the future include transparency and the risk of greenwashing. The implementation of the EU's CSRD and ESRS is expected to address these challenges. Despite this, sustainability linked loans are expected to continue to grow and be demanded by more industries. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn står för en betydande del av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. Svenska fastighetsbolag spelar en ledande roll i klimatomställningen och dominerar mer än hälften av den svenska marknaden för gröna företagsobligationer. Internationella initiativ som FN:s Agenda 2030, Parisavtalet och EU:s gröna taxonomiförordning, främjar hållbar utveckling och identifiering av hållbara investeringar. Taxonomiförordningen styr investeringar mot hållbarhet, vilket tillsammans med växande global efterfrågan påverkar marknaden för hållbarhetslänkade lån. Uppsatsen syftar i att undersöka motiv och drivkrafter bakom svenska fastighetsbolags och bankers deltagande i hållbarhetslänkade lån, deras tillämpning och inverkan på deras hållbarhetsarbete, samt eventuella utmaningar och framtidsutsikter för dessa lån i Sverige. Denna uppsats baseras på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och inkluderar sju intervjuer med respondenter från två olika intressentgrupper; långivare (banker) och låntagare (fastighetsbolag). En litteraturstudie har utarbetats för att ge insikt i hållbarhetslänkade lån och marknadens karaktärsdrag. Det insamlade empiriska materialet har sedan analyserats utifrån Företagens sociala ansvar (CSR) och signaleringsteori. Slutsatserna baseras på studiens empiri och diskussion. Slutsatserna som dras är att hållbarhetslänkade lån spelar en betydande roll för svenska fastighetsbolags hållbarhetsarbete genom att erbjuda ekonomiska incitament, stärka företagens strategier och öka transparensen. Banker och fastighetsbolag ser fördelar i form av bättre villkor och en starkare koppling mellan hållbarhetsinsatser och ekonomiska fördelar. Utmaningar för framtiden inkluderar transparens och risk för greenwashing. Implementeringen av EU:s CSRD och ESRS förväntas adressera dessa utmaningar. Trots detta förväntas hållbarhetslänkade lån fortsätta växa och efterfrågas av fler branscher. 

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från L...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från L...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Fladvad, Tora;

    In early 2022, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its sixth evaluation report on the state of the global climate crisis. For the first time in thirty years global exploitation and colonial dominance was mentioned not only as a "driver of the climate crisis", but also as an ongoing element that exacerbates societies vulnerability to it. However, existing literature that specifically addresses the relationship between colonialism, climate change and women's vulnerability is relatively small and scattered. For these reasons, a multidisciplinary research review (scoping review) was conducted, in order to map the extent of "colonialism" as a contributing factor to women's increased vulnerability in relation to climate change and climate-related disasters. This study brings together literature from different research disciplines to examine how and under what circumstances colonialism is highlighted as an explanatory factor for women's increased vulnerability, as well as in Global North and Global South. The results shows that although the legacy of colonialism is manifested in different ways in different contexts, women's increased vulnerability may be linked to the reproduction of racism and hegemonic social structures with roots in colonial dominance. Finally, it is emphasized that this research overview should be seen as a complement to future studies, with the aim of minimizing women's vulnerability to climate induced disasters in the long term. Future attempts to address individuals' vulnerability should therefore apply a postcolonial lens to understand the specific societal dynamics in a particular context which may worsen the ability of certain groups to deal with the negative consequences of climate change.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från U...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Fredriksson, Hanna; Andreassen, Daniel;

    The transition to a fossil-free industry is a current topic, and in Swedish industry, energytransition of existing energy systems is promoted to reduce climate impact. Energy transitioninvolves a structural change in the energy system with a focus on energy use and energysupply. To reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, the transition can be achieved throughelectrification and the use of biomass. Currently, sawmills combust significant amounts of biomass to meet the heat demandof industrial wood drying. As the biomass used is a by-product of the sawmills’ otherproduction processes, this combustion is usually considered sustainable and circular. However,some research indicates that increased biomass usage in several industrial sectors can leadto overexploitation of the resource with negative environmental impacts. Despite thesedisagreements, many argue that bio-based residual flows must be utilised efficiently to meetsociety’s future biomass needs. Against this background, it needs to be examined whether sawmills should continue tocombust biomass or whether an energy transition would be more economically and ecologicallysustainable. The aim of this study is to investigate how energy use in the sawmill industrywill change in the future and what potential consequences this change may have. In addition,the possibilities and feasibility of electrifying the drying process in the sawmill industryare investigated. To achieve this purpose, a literature search and an interview study wereconducted. The results from these parts form the basis for a scenario-based quantitativestudy of the consequences of different energy transition cases. The results show that future energy use in the sawmill industry will be affected by severalfactors. One important factor is the price of biomass, which can provide an incentive toelectrify the energy-intensive drying process. However, it can be challenging to make anelectrified drying process profitable, and until then energy efficiency will be prioritised ratherthan biomass replacement. The results also indicate that electrification of the drying processcan reduce the climate impact, assuming that the electricity source is fossil-free. The releasedbiomass can then be used more efficiently than incineration, and the optimal use may be toproduce long-life products. Clear knowledge gaps have been identified regarding the electrification of the drying processand its potential consequences. Since the sawmill industry is not ready for an energytransition today, there is time to fill these gaps and develop the electrifying processes. Furtherinvestigations should be conducted on various aspects of electrified drying through in-depthmodelling and analysis of the sawmill energy system. Additionally, future studies couldinvestigate the extent of the impact of sawmill biomass release on the surrounding energysystem.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Publikationer från L...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Carlén, Björn;

     The background is that the EU has articulated an ambition to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions with 80 per cent to the year 2050, relative the level of 1990. The transport sector has hereby been given a target to reduce its emissions by 60 percent. The objective for the “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area” is to propose a policy that attains this target. The review comprises a discussion about (a) the stated emission targets for the whole EU and for the transport sector from a cost-effectiveness perspective, (b) whether the Commission’s analyses are consistent and comprehensive, (c) the scope for designing more cost-effective policy packages, and (d) the need for additional assessments. The Commission’s assessment for the transport sector is defective. It is not sufficiently transparent for the reader to fully understand the results and their drivers. It is not possible to find a clear accounting for the carbon prices that are needed for attaining the 60 percent target level in the “price based” policy scenario. And, the reader is not given a clear presentation of the assumed dose-response relationships between R&D and emissions as well as physical planning and emissions. Furthermore, the assessment does not comprise all relevant cost components, resulting in that the analysis become examples with limited values. Perhaps most grave is the circumstance that the Commission proposes a policy package implying that the transport sector within the EU would meet a carbon price that lies substantially below the price level assumed for the rest of the world. In addition, the Roadmap defines a policy package that seems to contain several large investments/projects that not easily can be associated with the objective of reducing greenhouse-gases in cost-effective way. It is not difficult to construct more cost-effective policy packages. In some instances it is difficult to avoid the thought that the climate problem has been hijacked in order to motivate the implementation of projects or undertaking of investments that have only small effects on the emissions or even increase them. Thus, when it is time for the next evaluation of the EU’s transport policy the risk is substantial that we have to observe that the transport sector once again has developed along other lines than the one outlined in the White Paper for the transport sector. På uppdrag av Statens energimyndighet har VTI granskat EU-kommissionens konsekvensanalys av EU:s färdplan för transportsektorn och kan konstatera att analysen uppvisar brister. Målet är att EU:s inhemska växthusgasutsläpp ska ha minskat med 80 procent år 2050 jämfört med 1990. För transportsektorns del är målet en 60-procentig minskning. EU:s färdplan ska föreslå en politik som leder till måluppfyllelse. Granskningen som redovisas i VTI notat 34-2013 omfattar en diskussion kring: (a) de uppsatta målen för EU och för transportsektorn utifrån ett kostnadseffektivitetsperspektiv, (b) konsistensen och allsidigheten i kommissionens analyser (c) möjligheten till att utforma mer kostnadseffektiva styrmedels- och åtgärdspaket samt (d) behovet av ytterligare konsekvensanalyser. Rapporten konstaterar att kommissionens konsekvensanalys för transportsektorn uppvisar brister. Analysen är inte transparent nog för att man fullt ut ska förstå vad som sker och driver resultaten. Det går inte att finna någon tydlig redovisning av vilka koldioxidpriser som krävs för att nå 60 procentsbetinget i det ”prisbaserade policyalternativet”. Den redovisar inte heller effektsambanden mellan FoU och utsläpp respektive fysisk planering och utsläpp. Dessutom omfattar inte konsekvensanalyserna alla relevanta kostnader och därför blir analyserna räkneexempel med begränsat värde. Kanske mest allvarligt är att Kommissionen föreslår en politik som innebär att EU:s transportsektor skulle möta ett pris på koldioxidutsläpp som är betydligt lägre än det pris som antas för resten av världen. Dessutom definierar Färdplanen ett policypaket som tycks innehålla stora investeringar/åtgärder som inte utan vidare kan kopplas till uppgiften att på ett kostnadseffektivt vis minska växthusgasutsläppen. Det är med andra ord inte svårt att konstruera mer kostnadseffektiva policypaket än de som Kommissionen konsekvensanalyserat. Vidare är det svårt att värja sig från tanken att klimatfrågan här kidnappats för att driva igenom projekt som inte har någon större effekt eller kanske till och med ökar utsläppen. När det är dags för nästa utvärdering är risken därför stor att vi kommer att observera att transportsektorn inte heller denna gång har utvecklats enligt den vision som målades upp i vitboken för transportsektorn.

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    Authors: Bogren, Linnéa;

    En studie har genomförts för att undersöka möjligheterna att torka gjutsand i en fluidiserad bädd. Sand är ett ändligt material och i gjutprocessen används tonvis gjutsand årligen. Volvo Powertrain Production har ett gjuteri i Skövde där de undersöker om de kan återanvända sin gjutsand. För att återanvända gjutsanden måste den först tvättas ren från föroreningar för att sedan torkas innan den kan användas i processen igen. Gjuteriet har stora mängder restvärme som skulle kunna utnyttjas till torkningen av gjuterisand. Studien genomförs för att öka kunskapen om torkning av gjutsand i en fluidiserad bädd vid olika gastemperaturer och flöden. Målet är att analysera gjutsandens fluidiseringsegenskaper och att beräkna vilken temperatur och vilket luftflöde som genererar lägst energibehov vid torkning. Gjutsanden ska torkas från en fukthalt på 12 % till en fukthalt på 0,1 %. Gjutsandens slitage mäts för att säkerställa att medelkornstorleken inte underskrider 150 µm och att finandelar under 63 µm inte överskrider 1 % av den totala massan. Målet är även att projektera en tork som kan torka 10 000 ton gjutsand/år samt att beräkna den miljömässiga förbättringen som genereras av att återvinna gjutsanden i CO2-ekv. Resultatet för studien visar att torr gjutsand fluidiserar vid en hastighet på 0,09 m/s. Studien visar också att fluidiseringen av gjutsand inte har ett betydande slitage på sangkornens storlek. Sandens slitagegrad är viktig eftersom sanden vill kunna återanvändas många gånger och resultatet tyder på att fluidisering är en skonsam process. Torkning av 10 000 ton gjutsand/år kräver en tork på 22,2 m3. Torkens storlek ses som rimlig och för att få en kontinuerlig torkning kan en fluidiserad bandtork användas. Resultatet visar att för att torka så energieffektivt som möjligt bör det ingående volymflödet på luften vara 0,028 m3/s. Ingående lufttemperatur bör vara 100 °C när sandbädden är fast och 45°C när gjutsanden är fluidiserad. Gjuteriet genererar stora mängder restvärme och procesströmmar upp till 100 °C kan ses som obegränsad. Det betyder att restvärme kan användas för att torka gjutsanden. Resultatet för de miljömässiga beräkningarna visar att 226 till 244 ton CO2-ekv kan reduceras genom att återvinna 10 000 ton gjutsand per år. Torkningseffekten är mycket låg och det kan vara ett problem om restvärmetillgången minskar. För att nyttja en större del av den tillförda energin kanett recirkulerande flöde användas. I dagens process ses dock inte det som nödvändigt eftersom energin är obegränsad och inte nyttjas till andra ändamål. A study has been made to investigate the possibilities of drying casting sand in a fluidized bed. Sand is a finite material and in the casting process tons of casting sand are used annually. Volvo Powertrain Production has a foundry in Skövde where they are investigating if it is possible to reuse their casting sand. To be able to reuse the casting sand, it must first be washed clean of contaminants and then dried before it can be used in the process again. Foundry has large amounts of residual heat that could be used for the drying of foundry sand. The study is carried out to increase knowledge about drying casting sand in a fluidized bed at different gas temperatures and flows. The goal is to analyze the fluidizing properties of the casting sand and to calculatewhich temperature and which air flow generate the lowest energy requirement duringdrying. The casting sand must be dried from a moisture content of 12 % to a moisture content of 0,1 %. The wear of the casting sand is measured to ensure that the average grain size does not exceed 150 µm and that fines below 63 µm do not exceed 1 % of the total mass. The goal is also to design a dryer that can dry 10 000 tonnes of casting sand/year and to calculate the environmental improvement generated by recycling the casting sand in CO2-eq. The results of the study show that dry casting sand fluidizes at a speed of 0,09 m/s. The study also shows that the fluidization of casting sand does not have a significant wear on the size of the grains. The degree of wear of the sand is important because the sand must be reused many times and the result indicates that fluidization is a gentle process. Drying of 10 000 tonnes of casting sand/year requires a dryer of 22,2 m3. The size of the dryer is considered reasonable and to obtain a continuous drying, a fluidized belt dryer can be used. The results show that to dry as energy-efficiently as possible, the input volume flow on the air should be 0,028 m3/s. The incoming air temperature should be 100 °C when the casting sand bed is solid and 45 °C when the casting sand is fluidized. The foundry generates large amounts of residual heat and process streams up to 100 ° C can be seen as unlimited. This means that residual heat can be used to dry the casting sand. The results of the environmental calculations show that 226 to 244 tonnes of CO2-eq can be reduced by recycling 10 000 tonnes of casting sand per year. The drying effect is very low and it can be a problem if the residual heat decreases. To utilize a larger part of the supplied energy, a recirculating flow can be used. In today's process, however, it is not seen as necessary because the energy is unlimited and is not used for other purposes.

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    Authors: Andersson, Anton;

    During recent years green energy has been spoken about a lot, especially whether we have access to it or not and how we should solve the accessibility problem if so. One thing is for sure, whether we aim to rely on green energy or energy production through fossil fuels we are soon running low, at least according to the predictions. Sweden have had an increasing electricity production from wind energy during the last decade and it is not seeming to slow down. However, if one looks at the energy needed until the year of 2040 one can quite fast realize that the development of energy production facilities must speed up even more. On the other hand, we need to do it in a sustainable way, not compromising other national and public interests. To facilitate this, Energimyndigheten in cooperation with Naturvårdsverket have published a strategy called Nationell strategi för en hållbar vindkraft (National strategy for a sustainable wind power) in which they suggest further regionalization to be carried out by the county administrative board. Against this background, this analysis investigates the municipalites of Skellefteå, Lycksele and Robertsfors in the county of Västerbotten to find opposing interests to the establishment of windfarms. The analysis is carried out using Geographical information systems (GIS) in which second-hand data is being analyzed through an overlay analysis. The results indicate that environmental values such as biodiversity etc. and national interests regarding reindeers and Sami are most common in all the municipalities. Also, all the municipalities are considered to have quite good conditions to meet the regional development needs of wind power in the county of Västerbotten. However, further examination of the conditions must be done to determine this. Many interests have a claim on the land use in all the municipalities. This analysis is a first step to regionalize (municipality level) the national strategy and from my point of view a helpful basis for the municipalities to update their comprehensive plan regarding wind energy. This is necessary to get a sustainable development and to meet the regional development needs of wind energy in Västerbotten county. 

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    Authors: Sjunnesson, Alva;

    För att möjliggöra att Helsingborgs stad uppnår målet om klimatneutralitet till år 2030 har Öresundskraft beslutat att implementera en CCS-anläggning vid ett avfallseldat kraftvärmeverk i Helsingborg som idag står för ungefär 19 % av de direkta utsläppen i Helsingborg. Innan Öresundskraft planerar att påbörja byggnationen är det av intresse att undersöka klimatpåverkan för livscykeln för att förstå nettoeffekten av klimatnyttan som CCS-anläggningen skapar. Syftet med examensarbetet är följaktligen att undersöka klimatpåverkan för byggnation och drift av CCS-anläggningen samt klimatpåverkan för transport och geologisk förvaring av den avskilda koldioxiden. Klimatpåverkan för byggnation av anläggningen utfördes enligt ett bokföringsperspektiv där beräkningar genomfördes i Excel med klimatdata för respektive material som erhölls från digitala klimatdatabaser. Klimatpåverkan för driften av anläggningen samt nedströms delprocesser utfördes både enligt ett bokföringsperspektiv och ett konsekvensperspektiv. Då klimatpåverkan beräknades användes ett kvantifieringsverktyg baserat på livscykelmetodik som var framtaget i Excel. Genom en litteraturstudie kunde efterfrågad indata och redan tillgänglig data sammanställas och matas in i verktyget. Efter att modifieringar genomförts i verktyget kunde energianvändning och klimatpåverkan för driften undersökas för ett driftår och för anläggningens livstid. Resultatet visade att byggnationen av CCS-anläggningen står för ungefär 2 % av den totala klimatpåverkan under anläggningens livstid och uppgår till ungefär 8,9 kton CO2e. CCS-anläggningen behöver vara i drift i 30 dygn för att klimatpåverkan som byggnationen står för ska hinna kompenseras för. CCS-anläggningen kommer under sin livstid ge upphov till en total klimatpåverkan mellan 439 ton CO2e och 511 ton CO2e medan ungefär 2,5 miljoner ton biogen koldioxid kommer att geologiskt förvaras under samma period. Detta innebär att anläggningens totala klimatpåverkan netto uppgår till ungefär -2 miljoner ton CO2e. Eftersom driften av CCS-anläggningen kräver el får detta konsekvensen att andra producenter i elnätet behöver öka sin produktion för att både kompensera för den minskade exporten av el från Filbornaverket men även för att kompensera för elanvändningen i hamn och vid injektion till geologisk förvaring. Den totala klimatpåverkan för denna elproduktion står årligen för ungefär 42 kton CO2e och totalt efter 25 driftår för ungefär 1 miljon ton CO2e. Eftersom den totala klimatpåverkan för CCS-anläggningen är lägre än mängden biogen koldioxid som avskiljs och geologiskt förvaras bidrar anläggningen till att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser i Helsingborgs stad. Däremot motsvarar inte mängden avskild biogen koldioxid den mängd utsläpp av växthusgaser som årligen sker i Helsingborg. På grund av detta kommer implementeringen av en CCS-anläggning inte vara en tillräckligt stor åtgärd för att Helsingborgs stad ska uppnå målet om klimatneutralitet till året 2030 och således krävs även andra utsläppsminskande åtgärder för att klimatmålet ska uppnås. In order to enable the city of Helsingborg to achieve the goal of climate neutrality by the year 2030, Öresundskraft has decided to implement a CCS plant at a waste-fired cogeneration plant in Helsingborg, which today accounts for approximately 19 % of the direct emissions in Helsingborg. Before Öresundskraft plans to start construction, it is of interest to investigate the climate impact for the life cycle to understand the net effect of the climate benefit that the CCS plant creates. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to investigate the climate impact for the construction and operation of the CCS facility as well as the climate impact for transport and geological storage of the separated carbon dioxide. The climate impact for construction of the facility was carried out according to an accounting perspective where calculations were carried out in Excel with climate data for the respective materials obtained from digital climate databases. The climate impact for the operation of the plant and downstream sub-processes was carried out both from an accounting perspective and a consequence perspective. When the climate impact was calculated, a quantification tool based on life cycle methodology was used, which was developed in Excel. Through a literature study, requested input data and already available data could be compiled and entered into the tool. After modifications were carried out in the tool, the energy use and climate impact of the operation could be examined for one year of operation and for the lifetime of the facility. The result showed that the construction of the CCS facility accounts for approximately 2 % of the total climate impact during the lifetime of the facility and amounts to approximately 8.9 kton CO2e. The CCS facility needs to be in operation for 30 days in order to compensate for the climate impact that the building is responsible for. The CCS facility will during its lifetime give rise to a total climate impact of between 439 ton CO2e and 511 ton CO2e, while approximately 2.5 million ton of biogenic carbon dioxide will be geologically stored during the same period. This means that the plant’s total net climate impact amounts to approximately minus 2 million ton CO2e. Since the operation of the CCS plant requires electricity, this has the consequence that other producers in the electricity grid need to increase their production to both compensate for the reduced export of electricity from the Filbornaverket but also to compensate for the use of electricity in the port and when injecting into geological storage. The total climate impact for this electricity production accounts annually for approximately 42 kton CO2e and in total after 25 years of operation for approximately 1 million ton CO2e. Since the total climate impact of the CCS facility is lower than the amount of biogenic carbon dioxide that is separated and geologically stored, the facility contributes to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases in the city of Helsingborg. However, the amount of separated biogenic carbon dioxide does not correspond to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that occur annually in Helsingborg. Because of this, the implementation of a CCS facility will not be a large enough measure for the city of Helsingborg to achieve the goal of climate neutrality by the year 2030, and thus other emission-reducing measures are also required for the climate goal to be achieved.

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    Authors: Ljung, Gustav;

    Abstract The purpose of the report is to analyze, if the sustainability EU directives in terms of RoHS Directive, REACH Directive and WEEE Directive and the requirement to reduce carbon dioxide emission have influenced or restricted Ericsson's innovation rate, technology development, profitability, and the competitiveness of the company. The study is made as a qualitative and quantitative case study on how Ericsson's innovation capacity, technology development and competitiveness was affected by the requirement to reduce carbon dioxide emission and how the company has acted upon the EU sustainability directives. Part of the investigation was to quantitative verify if it was a correlation between Ericsson total number of patents per year and the company's investment in research and development, and the carbon footprint of the company. The result of the study should describe if Ericsson is a good example of the Porter hypothesis and by that respond to the research question. Have the sustainability rules in terms of RoHS Directive, REACH Directive and WEEE Directive and reduction of carbon dioxide emission developed and promoted or reduced Ericsson's pace of innovation, technology development, profitability, and the competitiveness? The conclusion of the study is that Ericsson has increased its investments since 2017 in research and development and for the last three years Gartner have awarded them as the technical leader and ABI Research has awarded the company as the most sustainable company in the telecom industry. Based on Ericsson innovations and technical development, the company has reduced the carbon footprint with 26 % from 2016 to 2022 and has a goal to become emission free by 2040. Ericsson is an example of the narrow version of the Porter hypothesis.

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    Authors: Willén, Jessica;

    The demand for biogas as vehicle fuel has risen sharply and there is a great need for increased production. A possible addition of vehicle gas can be produced by upgrading landfill gas which is formed by degradation of organic waste. This thesis investigates the potential of producing vehicle fuel from landfill gas in the region of Biogas Öst. In 2008, an amount of 32 million Nm3 landfill gas was extracted in the region. This level can be maintained for another ten years if the efficiency of gas extraction is improved. The annual production will decrease with time since landfills aren’t allowed to receive more organic waste. Landfill gas is hence a large but not lasting source of vehicle fuel. The amount of available landfill gas that is possible to upgrade to vehicle gas is limited by technical and financial issues. With certain limitations taken into account, an estimation of the regions potential gives an annual production of 8.2 million Nm3 vehicle gas. This means that more than 7 000 private cars or 250 buses could be operated with vehicle fuel from landfills in the region.

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    Authors: Lindeman, Elin; Mattsmyr, Sara;

    Under de senaste åren har det blivit allt vanligare att alarmerande rapporter kring klimatförändringarna uppmärksammas i nyhetsrapportering och sociala medier. Att klimatförändringarna medför risker för både individ och natur har med stor sannolikhet undgått få personer i dagens samhälle, men hur de tolkas och påverkar dem är däremot inte givet. Hur individer sedan upplever och tolkar dessa risker påverkar nämligen ofta hur de väljer att handla i relation till klimatet. Detta var något denna studie ämnade undersöka, i kombination med ett genusperspektiv. I tidigare forskning har risk, genus och klimat visat sig ha intressanta samband, något denna studie därmed tar avstamp i. Syftet var att förstå genusrelaterade skillnader av riskförståelse och handlande, i relation till klimatförändringarna. Genom att undersöka eventuella skillnader mellan hur unga svenska män och kvinnor tolkar klimatrelaterade risker, och handlar på dessa, ville vi se om det finns skillnader på beteende beroende på genus i en annars ganska homogen miljö. Det empiriska materialet utgörs av åtta kvalitativa intervjuer med manliga och kvinnliga studenter på Örebro Universitet. Resultatet visade att samtliga intervjupersoner var överens om att män och kvinnor förstår risk på olika sätt, där det främst poängterades att kvinnor tenderar att vara mer oroliga än män. Däremot framkom det inte hos intervjupersonerna att en åtskild riskförståelse resulterade i olika klimathandlande hos män och kvinnor. Det var snarare en sociokulturellt skapad riskförståelse som påverkade intervjupersonernas praktiska handlingar i relation till klimatet. Genus verkade således ha en större effekt på konstruerande av riskförståelse än på klimathandlande. In recent years, it has become increasingly more common for alarming reports about climate change to be noticed in news outlets and on social media. Few have failed to acknowledge that climate change is causing risks for both nature and individuals. Yet, how these risks are interpreted is not a given. This is interesting because how individuals then experience and interpret these risks often affects how they choose to act in relation to the climate. This was something this study intended to explore, in combination with a gender perspective. Risk, gender and climate has in previous research shown to be strongly linked with one another. With this in mind, the aim of this study was to examine gender-related differences in risk perception and action, in relation to climate change. By investigating possible differences between how young Swedish men and women interpret and act on climate-related risks, we wanted to see if there are differences in behavior depending on gender in an otherwise fairly homogeneous environment. The empirical material consists of eight qualitative interviews with male and female students at Örebro University. The results showed that all interviewees agreed that men and women understand risk in different ways, where it was mainly pointed out that women tend to be more worried than men. On the other hand, it did not emerge from the interviewees that a separate understanding of risk resulted in different climate action between men and women. Rather, it was a sociocultural understanding of risk that influenced the interviewees' actions in relation to the climate. Gender thus appeared to have a greater effect on constructing risk perception than on climate action.

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    Authors: Dahlman, Olivia; Hirani, Rachna;

    The construction and real estate sector accounts for a significant part of Sweden's total greenhouse gas emissions. Swedish real estate companies play a leading role in the climate transition and represent more than half of the Swedish market for green corporate bonds. International initiatives such as the UN's Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement, and the EU's Green Taxonomy Regulation promote sustainable development and the identification of sustainable investments. The taxonomy regulation directs investments towards sustainability, which, along with growing global demand, impacts the market for sustainability linked loans. The thesis aims to investigate the motives and driving forces behind Swedish property companies and banks' participation in sustainability linked loans, their application and impact on their sustainability work, and potential challenges and future prospects for these loans in Sweden. This thesis is based on a qualitative research method and includes seven interviews with respondents from two different stakeholder groups; lenders (banks) and borrowers (property companies). A literature study has been prepared to provide insight into sustainability linked loans and the market's characteristics. The collected empirical material has then been analyzed based on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Signaling theory. The conclusions are based on the study's empirical data and discussion. The conclusions drawn are that sustainability linked loans play a significant role in Swedish real estate companies' sustainability work by offering financial incentives, strengthening the companies' strategies, and increasing transparency. Banks and property companies see advantages in the form of better conditions and a stronger link between sustainability efforts and financial benefits. Challenges for the future include transparency and the risk of greenwashing. The implementation of the EU's CSRD and ESRS is expected to address these challenges. Despite this, sustainability linked loans are expected to continue to grow and be demanded by more industries. Bygg- och fastighetssektorn står för en betydande del av Sveriges totala utsläpp av växthusgaser. Svenska fastighetsbolag spelar en ledande roll i klimatomställningen och dominerar mer än hälften av den svenska marknaden för gröna företagsobligationer. Internationella initiativ som FN:s Agenda 2030, Parisavtalet och EU:s gröna taxonomiförordning, främjar hållbar utveckling och identifiering av hållbara investeringar. Taxonomiförordningen styr investeringar mot hållbarhet, vilket tillsammans med växande global efterfrågan påverkar marknaden för hållbarhetslänkade lån. Uppsatsen syftar i att undersöka motiv och drivkrafter bakom svenska fastighetsbolags och bankers deltagande i hållbarhetslänkade lån, deras tillämpning och inverkan på deras hållbarhetsarbete, samt eventuella utmaningar och framtidsutsikter för dessa lån i Sverige. Denna uppsats baseras på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och inkluderar sju intervjuer med respondenter från två olika intressentgrupper; långivare (banker) och låntagare (fastighetsbolag). En litteraturstudie har utarbetats för att ge insikt i hållbarhetslänkade lån och marknadens karaktärsdrag. Det insamlade empiriska materialet har sedan analyserats utifrån Företagens sociala ansvar (CSR) och signaleringsteori. Slutsatserna baseras på studiens empiri och diskussion. Slutsatserna som dras är att hållbarhetslänkade lån spelar en betydande roll för svenska fastighetsbolags hållbarhetsarbete genom att erbjuda ekonomiska incitament, stärka företagens strategier och öka transparensen. Banker och fastighetsbolag ser fördelar i form av bättre villkor och en starkare koppling mellan hållbarhetsinsatser och ekonomiska fördelar. Utmaningar för framtiden inkluderar transparens och risk för greenwashing. Implementeringen av EU:s CSRD och ESRS förväntas adressera dessa utmaningar. Trots detta förväntas hållbarhetslänkade lån fortsätta växa och efterfrågas av fler branscher. 

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    Authors: Fladvad, Tora;

    In early 2022, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released its sixth evaluation report on the state of the global climate crisis. For the first time in thirty years global exploitation and colonial dominance was mentioned not only as a "driver of the climate crisis", but also as an ongoing element that exacerbates societies vulnerability to it. However, existing literature that specifically addresses the relationship between colonialism, climate change and women's vulnerability is relatively small and scattered. For these reasons, a multidisciplinary research review (scoping review) was conducted, in order to map the extent of "colonialism" as a contributing factor to women's increased vulnerability in relation to climate change and climate-related disasters. This study brings together literature from different research disciplines to examine how and under what circumstances colonialism is highlighted as an explanatory factor for women's increased vulnerability, as well as in Global North and Global South. The results shows that although the legacy of colonialism is manifested in different ways in different contexts, women's increased vulnerability may be linked to the reproduction of racism and hegemonic social structures with roots in colonial dominance. Finally, it is emphasized that this research overview should be seen as a complement to future studies, with the aim of minimizing women's vulnerability to climate induced disasters in the long term. Future attempts to address individuals' vulnerability should therefore apply a postcolonial lens to understand the specific societal dynamics in a particular context which may worsen the ability of certain groups to deal with the negative consequences of climate change.

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    Authors: Fredriksson, Hanna; Andreassen, Daniel;

    The transition to a fossil-free industry is a current topic, and in Swedish industry, energytransition of existing energy systems is promoted to reduce climate impact. Energy transitioninvolves a structural change in the energy system with a focus on energy use and energysupply. To reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, the transition can be achieved throughelectrification and the use of biomass. Currently, sawmills combust significant amounts of biomass to meet the heat demandof industrial wood drying. As the biomass used is a by-product of the sawmills’ otherproduction processes, this combustion is usually considered sustainable and circular. However,some research indicates that increased biomass usage in several industrial sectors can leadto overexploitation of the resource with negative environmental impacts. Despite thesedisagreements, many argue that bio-based residual flows must be utilised efficiently to meetsociety’s future biomass needs. Against this background, it needs to be examined whether sawmills should continue tocombust biomass or whether an energy transition would be more economically and ecologicallysustainable. The aim of this study is to investigate how energy use in the sawmill industrywill change in the future and what potential consequences this change may have. In addition,the possibilities and feasibility of electrifying the drying process in the sawmill industryare investigated. To achieve this purpose, a literature search and an interview study wereconducted. The results from these parts form the basis for a scenario-based quantitativestudy of the consequences of different energy transition cases. The results show that future energy use in the sawmill industry will be affected by severalfactors. One important factor is the price of biomass, which can provide an incentive toelectrify the energy-intensive drying process. However, it can be challenging to make anelectrified drying process profitable, and until then energy efficiency will be prioritised ratherthan biomass replacement. The results also indicate that electrification of the drying processcan reduce the climate impact, assuming that the electricity source is fossil-free. The releasedbiomass can then be used more efficiently than incineration, and the optimal use may be toproduce long-life products. Clear knowledge gaps have been identified regarding the electrification of the drying processand its potential consequences. Since the sawmill industry is not ready for an energytransition today, there is time to fill these gaps and develop the electrifying processes. Furtherinvestigations should be conducted on various aspects of electrified drying through in-depthmodelling and analysis of the sawmill energy system. Additionally, future studies couldinvestigate the extent of the impact of sawmill biomass release on the surrounding energysystem.

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    Authors: Carlén, Björn;

     The background is that the EU has articulated an ambition to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions with 80 per cent to the year 2050, relative the level of 1990. The transport sector has hereby been given a target to reduce its emissions by 60 percent. The objective for the “Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area” is to propose a policy that attains this target. The review comprises a discussion about (a) the stated emission targets for the whole EU and for the transport sector from a cost-effectiveness perspective, (b) whether the Commission’s analyses are consistent and comprehensive, (c) the scope for designing more cost-effective policy packages, and (d) the need for additional assessments. The Commission’s assessment for the transport sector is defective. It is not sufficiently transparent for the reader to fully understand the results and their drivers. It is not possible to find a clear accounting for the carbon prices that are needed for attaining the 60 percent target level in the “price based” policy scenario. And, the reader is not given a clear presentation of the assumed dose-response relationships between R&D and emissions as well as physical planning and emissions. Furthermore, the assessment does not comprise all relevant cost components, resulting in that the analysis become examples with limited values. Perhaps most grave is the circumstance that the Commission proposes a policy package implying that the transport sector within the EU would meet a carbon price that lies substantially below the price level assumed for the rest of the world. In addition, the Roadmap defines a policy package that seems to contain several large investments/projects that not easily can be associated with the objective of reducing greenhouse-gases in cost-effective way. It is not difficult to construct more cost-effective policy packages. In some instances it is difficult to avoid the thought that the climate problem has been hijacked in order to motivate the implementation of projects or undertaking of investments that have only small effects on the emissions or even increase them. Thus, when it is time for the next evaluation of the EU’s transport policy the risk is substantial that we have to observe that the transport sector once again has developed along other lines than the one outlined in the White Paper for the transport sector. På uppdrag av Statens energimyndighet har VTI granskat EU-kommissionens konsekvensanalys av EU:s färdplan för transportsektorn och kan konstatera att analysen uppvisar brister. Målet är att EU:s inhemska växthusgasutsläpp ska ha minskat med 80 procent år 2050 jämfört med 1990. För transportsektorns del är målet en 60-procentig minskning. EU:s färdplan ska föreslå en politik som leder till måluppfyllelse. Granskningen som redovisas i VTI notat 34-2013 omfattar en diskussion kring: (a) de uppsatta målen för EU och för transportsektorn utifrån ett kostnadseffektivitetsperspektiv, (b) konsistensen och allsidigheten i kommissionens analyser (c) möjligheten till att utforma mer kostnadseffektiva styrmedels- och åtgärdspaket samt (d) behovet av ytterligare konsekvensanalyser. Rapporten konstaterar att kommissionens konsekvensanalys för transportsektorn uppvisar brister. Analysen är inte transparent nog för att man fullt ut ska förstå vad som sker och driver resultaten. Det går inte att finna någon tydlig redovisning av vilka koldioxidpriser som krävs för att nå 60 procentsbetinget i det ”prisbaserade policyalternativet”. Den redovisar inte heller effektsambanden mellan FoU och utsläpp respektive fysisk planering och utsläpp. Dessutom omfattar inte konsekvensanalyserna alla relevanta kostnader och därför blir analyserna räkneexempel med begränsat värde. Kanske mest allvarligt är att Kommissionen föreslår en politik som innebär att EU:s transportsektor skulle möta ett pris på koldioxidutsläpp som är betydligt lägre än det pris som antas för resten av världen. Dessutom definierar Färdplanen ett policypaket som tycks innehålla stora investeringar/åtgärder som inte utan vidare kan kopplas till uppgiften att på ett kostnadseffektivt vis minska växthusgasutsläppen. Det är med andra ord inte svårt att konstruera mer kostnadseffektiva policypaket än de som Kommissionen konsekvensanalyserat. Vidare är det svårt att värja sig från tanken att klimatfrågan här kidnappats för att driva igenom projekt som inte har någon större effekt eller kanske till och med ökar utsläppen. När det är dags för nästa utvärdering är risken därför stor att vi kommer att observera att transportsektorn inte heller denna gång har utvecklats enligt den vision som målades upp i vitboken för transportsektorn.

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    Authors: Bogren, Linnéa;

    En studie har genomförts för att undersöka möjligheterna att torka gjutsand i en fluidiserad bädd. Sand är ett ändligt material och i gjutprocessen används tonvis gjutsand årligen. Volvo Powertrain Production har ett gjuteri i Skövde där de undersöker om de kan återanvända sin gjutsand. För att återanvända gjutsanden måste den först tvättas ren från föroreningar för att sedan torkas innan den kan användas i processen igen. Gjuteriet har stora mängder restvärme som skulle kunna utnyttjas till torkningen av gjuterisand. Studien genomförs för att öka kunskapen om torkning av gjutsand i en fluidiserad bädd vid olika gastemperaturer och flöden. Målet är att analysera gjutsandens fluidiseringsegenskaper och att beräkna vilken temperatur och vilket luftflöde som genererar lägst energibehov vid torkning. Gjutsanden ska torkas från en fukthalt på 12 % till en fukthalt på 0,1 %. Gjutsandens slitage mäts för att säkerställa att medelkornstorleken inte underskrider 150 µm och att finandelar under 63 µm inte överskrider 1 % av den totala massan. Målet är även att projektera en tork som kan torka 10 000 ton gjutsand/år samt att beräkna den miljömässiga förbättringen som genereras av att återvinna gjutsanden i CO2-ekv. Resultatet för studien visar att torr gjutsand fluidiserar vid en hastighet på 0,09 m/s. Studien visar också att fluidiseringen av gjutsand inte har ett betydande slitage på sangkornens storlek. Sandens slitagegrad är viktig eftersom sanden vill kunna återanvändas många gånger och resultatet tyder på att fluidisering är en skonsam process. Torkning av 10 000 ton gjutsand/år kräver en tork på 22,2 m3. Torkens storlek ses som rimlig och för att få en kontinuerlig torkning kan en fluidiserad bandtork användas. Resultatet visar att för att torka så energieffektivt som möjligt bör det ingående volymflödet på luften vara 0,028 m3/s. Ingående lufttemperatur bör vara 100 °C när sandbädden är fast och 45°C när gjutsanden är fluidiserad. Gjuteriet genererar stora mängder restvärme och procesströmmar upp till 100 °C kan ses som obegränsad. Det betyder att restvärme kan användas för att torka gjutsanden. Resultatet för de miljömässiga beräkningarna visar att 226 till 244 ton CO2-ekv kan reduceras genom att återvinna 10 000 ton gjutsand per år. Torkningseffekten är mycket låg och det kan vara ett problem om restvärmetillgången minskar. För att nyttja en större del av den tillförda energin kanett recirkulerande flöde användas. I dagens process ses dock inte det som nödvändigt eftersom energin är obegränsad och inte nyttjas till andra ändamål. A study has been made to investigate the possibilities of drying casting sand in a fluidized bed. Sand is a finite material and in the casting process tons of casting sand are used annually. Volvo Powertrain Production has a foundry in Skövde where they are investigating if it is possible to reuse their casting sand. To be able to reuse the casting sand, it must first be washed clean of contaminants and then dried before it can be used in the process again. Foundry has large amounts of residual heat that could be used for the drying of foundry sand. The study is carried out to increase knowledge about drying casting sand in a fluidized bed at different gas temperatures and flows. The goal is to analyze the fluidizing properties of the casting sand and to calculatewhich temperature and which air flow generate the lowest energy requirement duringdrying. The casting sand must be dried from a moisture content of 12 % to a moisture content of 0,1 %. The wear of the casting sand is measured to ensure that the average grain size does not exceed 150 µm and that fines below 63 µm do not exceed 1 % of the total mass. The goal is also to design a dryer that can dry 10 000 tonnes of casting sand/year and to calculate the environmental improvement generated by recycling the casting sand in CO2-eq. The results of the study show that dry casting sand fluidizes at a speed of 0,09 m/s. The study also shows that the fluidization of casting sand does not have a significant wear on the size of the grains. The degree of wear of the sand is important because the sand must be reused many times and the result indicates that fluidization is a gentle process. Drying of 10 000 tonnes of casting sand/year requires a dryer of 22,2 m3. The size of the dryer is considered reasonable and to obtain a continuous drying, a fluidized belt dryer can be used. The results show that to dry as energy-efficiently as possible, the input volume flow on the air should be 0,028 m3/s. The incoming air temperature should be 100 °C when the casting sand bed is solid and 45 °C when the casting sand is fluidized. The foundry generates large amounts of residual heat and process streams up to 100 ° C can be seen as unlimited. This means that residual heat can be used to dry the casting sand. The results of the environmental calculations show that 226 to 244 tonnes of CO2-eq can be reduced by recycling 10 000 tonnes of casting sand per year. The drying effect is very low and it can be a problem if the residual heat decreases. To utilize a larger part of the supplied energy, a recirculating flow can be used. In today's process, however, it is not seen as necessary because the energy is unlimited and is not used for other purposes.

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    Authors: Andersson, Anton;

    During recent years green energy has been spoken about a lot, especially whether we have access to it or not and how we should solve the accessibility problem if so. One thing is for sure, whether we aim to rely on green energy or energy production through fossil fuels we are soon running low, at least according to the predictions. Sweden have had an increasing electricity production from wind energy during the last decade and it is not seeming to slow down. However, if one looks at the energy needed until the year of 2040 one can quite fast realize that the development of energy production facilities must speed up even more. On the other hand, we need to do it in a sustainable way, not compromising other national and public interests. To facilitate this, Energimyndigheten in cooperation with Naturvårdsverket have published a strategy called Nationell strategi för en hållbar vindkraft (National strategy for a sustainable wind power) in which they suggest further regionalization to be carried out by the county administrative board. Against this background, this analysis investigates the municipalites of Skellefteå, Lycksele and Robertsfors in the county of Västerbotten to find opposing interests to the establishment of windfarms. The analysis is carried out using Geographical information systems (GIS) in which second-hand data is being analyzed through an overlay analysis. The results indicate that environmental values such as biodiversity etc. and national interests regarding reindeers and Sami are most common in all the municipalities. Also, all the municipalities are considered to have quite good conditions to meet the regional development needs of wind power in the county of Västerbotten. However, further examination of the conditions must be done to determine this. Many interests have a claim on the land use in all the municipalities. This analysis is a first step to regionalize (municipality level) the national strategy and from my point of view a helpful basis for the municipalities to update their comprehensive plan regarding wind energy. This is necessary to get a sustainable development and to meet the regional development needs of wind energy in Västerbotten county. 

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    Authors: Sjunnesson, Alva;

    För att möjliggöra att Helsingborgs stad uppnår målet om klimatneutralitet till år 2030 har Öresundskraft beslutat att implementera en CCS-anläggning vid ett avfallseldat kraftvärmeverk i Helsingborg som idag står för ungefär 19 % av de direkta utsläppen i Helsingborg. Innan Öresundskraft planerar att påbörja byggnationen är det av intresse att undersöka klimatpåverkan för livscykeln för att förstå nettoeffekten av klimatnyttan som CCS-anläggningen skapar. Syftet med examensarbetet är följaktligen att undersöka klimatpåverkan för byggnation och drift av CCS-anläggningen samt klimatpåverkan för transport och geologisk förvaring av den avskilda koldioxiden. Klimatpåverkan för byggnation av anläggningen utfördes enligt ett bokföringsperspektiv där beräkningar genomfördes i Excel med klimatdata för respektive material som erhölls från digitala klimatdatabaser. Klimatpåverkan för driften av anläggningen samt nedströms delprocesser utfördes både enligt ett bokföringsperspektiv och ett konsekvensperspektiv. Då klimatpåverkan beräknades användes ett kvantifieringsverktyg baserat på livscykelmetodik som var framtaget i Excel. Genom en litteraturstudie kunde efterfrågad indata och redan tillgänglig data sammanställas och matas in i verktyget. Efter att modifieringar genomförts i verktyget kunde energianvändning och klimatpåverkan för driften undersökas för ett driftår och för anläggningens livstid. Resultatet visade att byggnationen av CCS-anläggningen står för ungefär 2 % av den totala klimatpåverkan under anläggningens livstid och uppgår till ungefär 8,9 kton CO2e. CCS-anläggningen behöver vara i drift i 30 dygn för att klimatpåverkan som byggnationen står för ska hinna kompenseras för. CCS-anläggningen kommer under sin livstid ge upphov till en total klimatpåverkan mellan 439 ton CO2e och 511 ton CO2e medan ungefär 2,5 miljoner ton biogen koldioxid kommer att geologiskt förvaras under samma period. Detta innebär att anläggningens totala klimatpåverkan netto uppgår till ungefär -2 miljoner ton CO2e. Eftersom driften av CCS-anläggningen kräver el får detta konsekvensen att andra producenter i elnätet behöver öka sin produktion för att både kompensera för den minskade exporten av el från Filbornaverket men även för att kompensera för elanvändningen i hamn och vid injektion till geologisk förvaring. Den totala klimatpåverkan för denna elproduktion står årligen för ungefär 42 kton CO2e och totalt efter 25 driftår för ungefär 1 miljon ton CO2e. Eftersom den totala klimatpåverkan för CCS-anläggningen är lägre än mängden biogen koldioxid som avskiljs och geologiskt förvaras bidrar anläggningen till att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser i Helsingborgs stad. Däremot motsvarar inte mängden avskild biogen koldioxid den mängd utsläpp av växthusgaser som årligen sker i Helsingborg. På grund av detta kommer implementeringen av en CCS-anläggning inte vara en tillräckligt stor åtgärd för att Helsingborgs stad ska uppnå målet om klimatneutralitet till året 2030 och således krävs även andra utsläppsminskande åtgärder för att klimatmålet ska uppnås. In order to enable the city of Helsingborg to achieve the goal of climate neutrality by the year 2030, Öresundskraft has decided to implement a CCS plant at a waste-fired cogeneration plant in Helsingborg, which today accounts for approximately 19 % of the direct emissions in Helsingborg. Before Öresundskraft plans to start construction, it is of interest to investigate the climate impact for the life cycle to understand the net effect of the climate benefit that the CCS plant creates. The purpose of the thesis is therefore to investigate the climate impact for the construction and operation of the CCS facility as well as the climate impact for transport and geological storage of the separated carbon dioxide. The climate impact for construction of the facility was carried out according to an accounting perspective where calculations were carried out in Excel with climate data for the respective materials obtained from digital climate databases. The climate impact for the operation of the plant and downstream sub-processes was carried out both from an accounting perspective and a consequence perspective. When the climate impact was calculated, a quantification tool based on life cycle methodology was used, which was developed in Excel. Through a literature study, requested input data and already available data could be compiled and entered into the tool. After modifications were carried out in the tool, the energy use and climate impact of the operation could be examined for one year of operation and for the lifetime of the facility. The result showed that the construction of the CCS facility accounts for approximately 2 % of the total climate impact during the lifetime of the facility and amounts to approximately 8.9 kton CO2e. The CCS facility needs to be in operation for 30 days in order to compensate for the climate impact that the building is responsible for. The CCS facility will during its lifetime give rise to a total climate impact of between 439 ton CO2e and 511 ton CO2e, while approximately 2.5 million ton of biogenic carbon dioxide will be geologically stored during the same period. This means that the plant’s total net climate impact amounts to approximately minus 2 million ton CO2e. Since the operation of the CCS plant requires electricity, this has the consequence that other producers in the electricity grid need to increase their production to both compensate for the reduced export of electricity from the Filbornaverket but also to compensate for the use of electricity in the port and when injecting into geological storage. The total climate impact for this electricity production accounts annually for approximately 42 kton CO2e and in total after 25 years of operation for approximately 1 million ton CO2e. Since the total climate impact of the CCS facility is lower than the amount of biogenic carbon dioxide that is separated and geologically stored, the facility contributes to reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases in the city of Helsingborg. However, the amount of separated biogenic carbon dioxide does not correspond to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that occur annually in Helsingborg. Because of this, the implementation of a CCS facility will not be a large enough measure for the city of Helsingborg to achieve the goal of climate neutrality by the year 2030, and thus other emission-reducing measures are also required for the climate goal to be achieved.

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