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The new GHG calculator named SECTOR (Source-selective and Emission-adjusted GHG CalculaTOR for Cropland) is based on the IPCC Tier 2 approach for rice as well as other crops. The new features of SECTOR facilitate high flexibility in terms of entering newly obtained emission factors, easy data transfer from crop statistics for entering activity data and detailed specifications of GHG scenarios. A new procedure of entering frequency-based data on current water management practices was also developed. Moreover, the tool allows deviating from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines by considering field records with high background levels of N₂O emissions in the overall assessment of GHG emissions. This article assesses different applications of the tool, namely as add-ons to field measurements, for GHG calculation at national/sectorial scale and within measurement, reporting and verification of development projects. SECTOR is downloadable in the form of templates that can be used to develop custom versions with varying levels of disaggregated data entries at different scales. A case study for rice production in one Vietnamese province demonstrates the potential to display GHG results in combination with GIS. SECTOR can easily be adjusted to incorporate new emission factors and calculation procedures expected in forthcoming revisions of the IPCC Guidelines.

ABSTRACTWith massive urbanization and infrastructure investments occurring in China, understanding GHG emissions from infrastructure use in small and large Chinese cities with different administrative levels is important for building future low-carbon cities. This paper identifies diverse data sources to assess GHG emission from community-wide infrastructure footprints (CIF) in four Chinese cities of varying population (1 to 20 million people) and administrative levels: Yixing, Qinhuangdao, Xiamen and Beijing. CIF addresses seven infrastructure sectors providing energy (fuels/coal), electricity, water supply and wastewater treatment, transportation, municipal waste management, construction materials, and food to support urban activities. Industrial energy use dominates the infrastructure GHG CIF in all four cities, ranging from 76% of total CIF in Yixing to 30% in Beijing, followed by residential energy use (6–13%), transportation (4–12%), commercial energy use (2–25%), food (6–11%), cement use (3–8%) and...

This work is intended to present an investigation into the macroeconomic reasons for carbon dioxide emissions in Pakistan for the period 1971–2016. This study adds to the current empirical literature on the association among carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and the level of investment in Pakistan. The data has been checked for its stationarity by applying the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) unit root test, and then a cointegration test helped in the estimation of long-run equilibrium association between environmental variables. The outcomes of the co-integration test suggest the presence of a long-run equilibrium connection between series. The results of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) demonstrate that all variables transform to sustain long-run equilibrium. The outcomes of a Granger causality test showed that causality runs from economic performance and population toward CO2 emissions, while bi-directional causality is found between carbon dioxide emissions and energy usage, and carbon dioxide emissions and trade openness. The results of cumulative sum of recursive residuals (CUSUM) and cumulative sum of recursive residuals squares (CUSUMSQ) show the stability of the functional relationship established in the present work, which implies that this model is an adequate and useful tool for strategy formulation. So, an upsurge or a decrease in macroeconomic series will cause and has caused variations in carbon dioxide emissions in the long run in Pakistan.

The importance of education to help solve environmental problems is long established, having gained international prominence at the UN Conference on the Human Environment (the Stockholm Conference) in 1972. Principle 19 of the Stockholm Declaration professed environmental education for children through to adults as essential for conduct that protects and improves the environment. Further international agreements such as the Tbilisi International Declaration on Environmental Education of 1997, the Rio Summit in 1992, and Rio+20 in 2012 have strengthened the critical role of education in developing pro-environmental and societal behaviors, although ‘Environmental Education’ has evolved to ‘Education for Sustainable Development’ (ESD). In the 40 years since the Stockholm Conference, many environmental issues have captured the public’s imagination, but recognition that education is central to changing unsustainable behaviors, developing the critical scientific and engineering skills and knowledge to form sustainable solutions, has remained constant. It is this common focus that makes ESD such an important component of successful carbon management.

Tropical wetland ecosystems, especially mangroves and peatlands, are carbon-rich ecosystems that should be considered to be part of climate change mitigation strategies. Globally, tropical mangroves store 20 PgC and tropical peatlands store 89 PgC. Most of these potentials reside in southeast Asia. Emission factors and activity data are among the most important components to carry out credible assessment. In this article, we explore and discuss emission factors and activity data in light of project development and national reporting using the upcoming IPCC methodologies for wetlands. Country-specific data are needed to reduce uncertainties and hence enhance the projects competitiveness. There are opportunities to improve local livelihoods through mitigation strategies in wetlands. Potential bundling with adaptation measures is also discussed.

Due to the expansion of urban areas have been increasing levels of greenhouse gas emissions from taxi and passenger cars that use natural gas for vehicles (NGV) and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) as alternative fuels . The objective of this study was to evaluate the CO2 and CH4 emission of NGV and LPG taxis with different times from their engine ages compared to those from passenger cars. The driving tests were conducted at three driving speed ranges in Bangkok, Thailand. No significant differences in the CO2 emission rates from taxis and passenger cars using either NGV or LPG (174.5–227.0 g/km) were found. However, NGV taxis emitted the highest CH4 at all driving speeds, with an average emission of 1.33 g/km, higher than that from the LPG taxis. Comparing between taxis and passenger cars, the NGV taxis emitted the highest of CO2 and CH4 (13.8 ton CO2-eq/y), followed by LPG taxis (12.5 ton CO2-eq/y). The results obtained in this study can be used to create a database that supports the decision-making on development projects and to control GHG emission in Thailand.

Biomass consumption, energy performance of cookstoves and emission factor of cattle dung cake, used as a main source of energy, in EIGP was evaluated. Average biomass consumption was recorded as 2.46 kg/capita/day indicating 1.5-fold higher fuel consumption in the region compared to other parts of the country. Use of improved cookstove could, however, save 13% biomass use compared to traditional stove besides 32.5 kJ of energy for cooking of one kg of food. On average, 56.70–67.75 kJ of human energy is required to prepare one kg of cattle dung cake. Of the total energy requirements, women folk contribute the maximum (>45%), followed by male counterpart (>30%) and rest is shared by children of 9–12 years of age. Labour energy expenditure was, however, significantly low for cattle dung cake preparation compared to energy involved in firewood collection. Emission factors for hazardous gaseous pollutants ranged from 464.30–548.80, 19.1–34.30 and 0.981–1.455 g/kg, respectively, for CO2, CO and HC. With increasing ratio of crop biomass, the emission factor for CO2 decreased, irrespective of biomass used. Based on the biomass consumption and emission factors for pollutants, lentil stalk and paddy straw have been found suitable substrate for cattle dung cake preparation.

Ferrochrome (FeCr) industries are significant CO2 emitters and will become liable for carbon tax (CT) - officially implemented in June 2019. To estimate the CT liability of an entity, the CO2 emissions must be determined as accurately as possible. The prescribed technique to quantify these emissions, however, is overly generic and its implementation uncertain. The article evaluates the application and understanding of different approaches used for estimating GHG (CO2) emissions by assessing the three prescribed calculation methods (tiers) in terms of the practical applicability. These default tiers for calculating the CO2 emissions have not been practically applied to any “real-world” case studies and have also not been compared to each other in a practical industrial scenario. Despite the relative simplicity of the formulas, the practical application has inherent risks and is sensitive to errors in data and the general understanding of the system. The three prescribed methods deliver varying results, together with possible constraints that may cause the results to vary to an even larger degree. A significant contribution of the approach is realized by improved CT liability estimation. The monetary value for the entire FeCr industry in SA decreased throughout the course of this study: from an initial estimation of R562 million (USD 38 million) per annum with a 50% uncertainty (purely based on literature assumptions) to a value of R497 million (USD 34 million) with a 5% uncertainty (based on the use of prescribed methods). This study was conducted to critically assess the CO2 emission quantification methods available to the FeCr industry. Although this study is based on the South African FeCr industry, it can be applied to international FeCr furnaces as well.