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The Republic of Kalmykia is rich in solar energy, where the sun shines for more than three-quarters of a year. In addition to solar energy, wind energy can be used in the region. Since agriculture is the major branch of the economy in the Republic, waste from it can be used as biogas. This paper discusses the use of renewable energy sources in protected areas where additional noise devices and aggregates cannot be used. Also, the use of high-voltage power lines can lead to fires, and they occupy part of the useful area of nature reserves, so additional maintenance is required. To solve this problem, we analyzed the current state of the reserve for the protection of saiga lands in Kalmykia. The questions of insolation depending on the seasons and day-night characteristics are also investigated. The materials were the results of expedition routes conducted in recent years in the Black Lands reserve, data from cordons. The obtained materials will make it possible to use non-traditional types of energy for lighting cordons, hunting and tourist areas, in particular, the use of solar modules of different designs. To promote specially protected areas and the use of solar energy.

The analysis of scientific works shows that the development of technology is ahead of the level of development of energy management. There are no clear comparisons of the energy efficiency of electrical technologies and heat technologies. Objective indicators of energy efficiency in various technologies of dehydration of raw materials not developed yet. In that article assumed that objective results for comparing energy efficiency in the processing of raw materials is obtained by the basis of system analysis of the entire energy conversion chain from fuel to finished product. The purpose of the work is experimentally proving the objectivity of this hypothesis. To achieve this goal, it is proposing to use the indicator of the energy share of fuel in the finished product and the amount of moisture removed when burning 1 kg of fuel, which does not depend on fluctuations in energy prices, which can vary and differ for different countries. The most important result of the work is the comparison of these parameters with the data for innovative equipment samples developed by the authors. The significance of the results obtained is that the evaporating devices developed by the authors are not inferior in efficiency to traditional ones, and make it possible to obtain concentrates up to 90 ° brix. Thus, for fuels with an oil equivalent of 40 MJ per 1 kg, traditional dryers can remove no more than 3 kg of moisture, cryoconcentrators – 20 kg.

The article presents the optimization method of load division between combined heat and power plant units. The method used the power unit division into functioning parts and the differentialexergy method. This method allowed presenting the unit as a structural diagram where exergetic subsystems are fuel supply, steam generator, turbine, generator and electrical equipment, water supply and regeneration, heat supply to the consumer. The differential-exergy method was based on a combination of exergy analysis and optimization method of economic efficiency criteria using uncertain Lagrange multipliers. The use of the exergy function of goal allowed avoiding the problem of division of fuel costs for each type of product that was important at optimization. The optimization criterion, its parameters and limitations were developed as well. These parameters can extend traditional technical and economic analysis of the combined heat and power plants operating mode, as they take into account thermodynamically rigorous division of fuel costs between heat and electric power at their complex production on the combined heat and power plants. The use of the differentialexergy method in optimizing the load distribution of the power units of the combined heat and power plants makes possible obtaining of fuel savings of 1.5 to 3%. It has been shown that if the parameters of power units deteriorate, the application of the method makes it possible to have the best performance of the power plant when it is compared with functioning of combined heat and power units at proportional loading.

Scientific, educational, cultural and educational network Journal

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Liquid rocket engine of low thrust on fuel, gaseous oxygen and gaseous methane. Vestnik MAI, 18, (3), 45-54", "Lee, D. S., Fahey, D. W., Forster, P. M., Newton, P. J., Ron, C. N. Wit, Lim, L. L., Owena, B., & Sausen, R. (2009). Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3520-3537", "Eller, Z., Varg,a Z., & Hancsok, J. (2016). Advanced production process of jet fuel components from technical grade coconut oil with special hydrocracking. Fuel, 182, 713-720", "Diederichs, G. W., Mandegari, M. A., Farzad, S., & G\u00f6rgens, J. F. (2016). Techno-economic comparison of biojet fuel production from lignocellulose, vegetable oil and sugar cane juice. Bioresource Technology, 216, 331-339"]} Currently, in connection with the gradual depletion of oil reserves, and increasing environmental pollution, there was a question about the transition to alternative fuels. With a large number of advantages of biofuels, its use in civil aviation at present is not possible due to the fact that at the moment the cost of it is higher than of jet fuel, there is no infrastructure to mass production. For entering the market, biofuels must have competitiveness, low cost, produced from non-food renewable raw materials and in quantities that can cover the need for jet kerosene. This article discusses the methods of producing of jet biofuels and the possibility of its use for aviation, as well as raw material for fuels. All considered methods of biofuels production have several disadvantages, such as raw materials, the cost of large amounts of energy, the cost of hydrogen, the complexity of the process, the need for purification of the final product. Thus, on the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the most relevant are the studies for obtaining fuels from biomass with the use of hydrogenation processes.

The article discusses the ways of exploring tourist routes, linking them into a single network of interaction by involving local organizers of tourist activities. The article provides an overview of the attractions of the area of the village of Aya of the Altai Territory and the village of Souzga of the Altai Republic, creates a network of tourist routes between these attractions, characterizes the routes according to the degree of complexity, difficulty, its duration, length and accessibility. The study provides methods for studying existing routes and ways to adapt them to «trails» in the understanding of the existing Standard for designing tourist trails. The characteristics of possible hazards on the route, measures for their prevention and prevention are given. In particular, environmental measures and possible consequences for trail visitors in case of non-compliance with the rules of nature protection are mentioned. The work considers methods of studying routes (historical, expedition, modeling, cartographic and deductive) to systematize the data obtained in the course of research in the form of maps, schematic maps, route landscape profiles; including studies by other authors and researchers on related topics to identify the features and rules of construction of tourist trails. The work also reflects the experience of other regions in modeling and creating tourist trails, routes using different approaches to organizing tourist and recreational activities. Originally published in https://ruservices.rgutspubl.org/index.php/1/article/view/275

The issues of improving the efficiency of methanol usage as a promising marine power plant fuel with low carbon content are discussed. The main aim of the research is an analysis of characteristics of advanced marine gas turbine power plants with the combined thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat. The possible methanol conversion at the expense thermochemical heat regeneration of marine engines recoverable resources has been revealed. The analysis of parameters influences of the waste heat recoverable resources, as well as restrictions related to the engine system of gas fuel injection, on the efficiency of methanol conversion has been carried out. It was demonstrated that the simulation of methanol steam conversion processes results in the pressure increase in the reactor, which, in its turn, causes a shift of conversion efficiency process towards higher temperature area. The calculation scheme of steam injection gas turbine plant with the joint thermodynamic and thermochemical regeneration of waste heat is demonstrated. The results of mathematical simulation of the processes in regeneration plant under the 3.4 MW constant capacity and heat exchanger thermal ratio of 0.85 were obtained. The cycle optimization has been based on the efficiency of plant under the conditions of variation of water/methanol ratio and gas temperatures in thermochemical regenerator. The efficiency increase constituted 4% relative to characteristics of the base engine operating on methanol. The estimation of carbon content in produced syngas has shown that thermochemical regeneration of methanol conversion by using the waste heat can reduce the energy efficiency by 1.5 times.

In this article, energetic and technical paradoxes in food nanotechnologies and traditional approaches to evaluation of energy recourses using are considered. Hypotheses of improvement of food production energy technologies are formulated. Classification of principles of address delivery of energy to food raw materials elements is given. We had substantiated the perspective objectives for heat-pumps installations and biphasic heat-transfer systems. The energy efficiency of new technolo-gies is compared on base of the number of energy impact. Principles of mass transfer modeling in ex-traction, dehydration and pasteurization combined processes are considered by food production exam-ple. The objectives of mathematical modeling of combined hydrodynamic and heat and mass transfer processes in modern energy technologies are set. The fuel energy conversion diagrams for drying, in-novative installations on the base of thermal siphons, heat pumps and electromagnetic energy genera-tors are represented. In this article, we illustrate how electromagnetic field, biphasic heat-transfer sys-tems and heat pumps can be effective tools for energy efficiency technologies.