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apps Other research product2002 FinlandAuthors: Ronkainen, Sami;Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tarkastella tulevaisuuden kehitysnäkymien vaikutusta Vaasan kaukolämpötoimintaan. Komartekin Flowra 32 verkostolaskentaohjelman avulla tutkitaan kaukolämpöverkon siirtokykyä nykyisissä ja tulevaisuuden kuormitustilanteissa. Työn yhteydessä laaditaan kaukolämmityksen kasvuennuste seuraavalle kymmenelle vuodelle ja selvitetään mitoituslämpötilaa -29°C vastaava teho tilastollisen analyysin avulla. Lisäksi tutkitaan mahdollisia ratkaisuja huippu- ja varatehon tuottamiseksi. Tarkastelun kohteena on myös lämmön lyhytaikaisvarastoinnin kannattavuus energianhankintajärjestelmässä. Kaukolämpöverkon siirtokyky on tarkastelun perusteella kohtalaisen hyvä, mutta liittymistehojen kasvaessa paine-erot verkon häntäpäässä jäävät liian alhaisiksi. Paras ratkaisu paine-ero ongelmaan on rakentaa välipumppaamo Hovioikeudenpuistoon. Tarkastelun perusteella kaukolämmön varatehon lisätarve on kymmenen vuoden kuluttua noin 40 MW ja varatehoksi on kannattavinta rakentaa raskasta polttoöljyä käyttävä lämpökeskus. Lämmön lyhytaikaisvarastointi on nykyisillä energianhinnoilla kohtalaisen kannattavaa varsinkin, jos Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriö myöntää hankkeelle täyden 30%:n investointiavustuksen. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effects of future prospects on district heating in the town of Vaasa. Using Komartek`s Flowra 32 network computation software application, the transfer capacity of the district heating network is studied in current and future load situations. A growth forecast for the next ten years is prepared in connection with this thesis and the power that corresponds to a dimensioning temperature of -29°C obtained using statistical analysis. In addition, possible solutions for generating peak and back-up power are examined. The economic viability of the short-term heat storage in the energy purchasing system is also focus of the study. On the basis of the analysis, the transfer capacity of the district heat network is rather good, although as the connection power increases, pressure differences at the end of the network remain too low. The best solution for the pressure difference problem is to construct a booster pumping station in Hovioikeudenpuisto. The analysis showed that after ten years, the need for back-up district heating energy will be 40 MW and the most economically viable way of providing back-up energy will be to build a heating centre that runs on heavy fuel oil. At current energy prices, the short-term heat storage is economically viable, especially if the Ministry of Trade and Industry grants the project 30% of its value in the form of investment support.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2002Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Hoikka, Paavo; Kiljunen, Pentti;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin väestön suhtautumista energiapoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Aineisto on osa laajaa 1983 aloitettua tutkimussarjaa. Vastaajien erilaisia energia-asioita koskevia käsityksiä, kannanottoja, mielipiteitä, uskomuksia, arvostuksia, asenteita ja tietoja kartoitettiin esittämällä useita energian tuotantoon liittyviä väitteitä. Vastaajilta tiedusteltiin myös mihin suuntaan Suomen sähköntuotantoa tulisi kehittää. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin henkilökohtaisen energiansäästön motiiveita ja esteitä sekä tarkasteltiin eri tiedonlähteiden luotetavuutta energiansäästöasioissa. Lopuksi kysyttiin, mitä mieltä vastaajat ovat eduskunnan kielteisestä viidennen ydinvoimalan rakentamispäätöksestä. Taustamuuttujina ovat mm. sukupuoli, ikä, asuinpaikkakunnan koko, lääni, ammatti, koulutus ja poliittinen suuntautuneisuus. The survey charted Finnish attitudes towards energy policy issues. The data are part of an extensive survey series launched in 1983. The respondents' conceptions, opinions, beliefs, assessments, attitudes, and knowledge about various energy issues were studied by presenting several statements about energy production and energy conservation. The respondents were also asked in what direction electric power production should be developed in Finland. Some questions charted what motivates or hinders citizens' individual energy saving, and probed the respondents' views on how reliable they thought certain bodies (e.g. electric power companies, nature conservation organizations) were as an information source of household energy saving issues. The respondents were also asked what they thought about the parliament's decision not to approve the construction of a fifth nuclear power plant. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age, size of the municipality of residence, region, occupation, education, and which political party R would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Itsetäytettävä lomake: paperinen lomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper Self-administered questionnaire: PaperSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2020Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Kekki, Tuula;Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin Suomen kansalaisten näkemyksiä ja mielipiteitä turvallisuudesta. Kysely laadittiin yhteistyössä SPEKin ja Suomen Kyselytutkimus Oy:n kesken. Kyselyn alussa kerättiin tietoa kansalaisten turvallisuuteen vaikuttavista tekijöistä sekä yksilöiden ja yhteisöjen resursseista varautua yhteiskunnan elintärkeitä toimintoja vaarantaviin häiriötilanteisiin ja uhkiin. Kysyttiin esimerkiksi, kuinka monta päivää yksilön talous kestää ilman sähköä tai juoksevaa vettä. Seuraavaksi kyselyssä tarkasteltiin yhteiskunnan turvallisuuden ja oikeudenmukaisuuden nykytilaa ja kehityssuuntaa lähitulevaisuudessa. Kysyttiin muun muassa, kuinka todennäköisenä vastaaja pitää Suomen joutumista erilaisiin uhkaaviin tilanteisiin kuten radikalisoitumisen kohteeksi tai ympäristökatastrofiin. Lisäksi vastaajia pyydettiin arvioimaan turvallisuuteen ja oikeudenmukaisuuteen liittyviä väittämiä, joiden teemoina olivat politiikan hyväksyttävyys, turvallisuustekijät, teknologian vaikutus sosiaalisiin suhteisiin, median luoma turvallisuus ja kansalaisten tasa-arvoinen ja oikeudenmukainen kohtelu. Tämän jälkeen kartoitettiin turvattomuuden tunteita ja sitä, millä tahoilla on vaikutus turvallisuuden tunteen lisäämisessä. Lopuksi kartoitettiin pienten lasten ja vanhusten turvattomuustekijöitä. Taustamuuttujina ovat asuinpaikkakunnan tyyppi, maakunta, suuralue, tilastollinen kuntajako ja suurimmat kaupungit sekä ikä ja ikäryhmä, sukupuoli, perhemuoto, vanhempien syntyperä, korkein koulutus, pääasiallinen toiminta ja tulojen riittävyys. This survey charted Finnish views and opinions on safety and security in Finland. The study was conducted in 2017 by Suomen Kyselytutkimus in collaboration with the Finnish National Rescue Association (SPEK). First, some questions on the respondents' personal wellbeing and security were asked (e.g. whether they thought they would receive financial help from the people close to them if they needed it). The respondents' preparedness for different threats and disturbances was examined with questions regarding, for instance, how many days their household would fare without electricity, water, public transport, etc. Views on national security were also charted, and the respondents were asked how likely they considered Finland facing different problems within the next three years (e.g. threat of terrorism or sustained recession, problems with the supply of electricity, political problems, epidemics or pandemics, a massive influx of refugees, environmental catastrophes). Next, the respondents were presented with a set of attitudinal statements concerning the state's role in guaranteeing citizens' safety and livelihood, safety in different types of residential areas and in Finland more generally, the effect of technology on social relationships, the impact of media on safety, righteousness of the treatment of criminals and victims of crime, and trust in foreigners living in Finland. Feelings of unsafety were also charted, and the respondents were asked to what extent their feelings of safety were increased by different actors (e.g. the police, the Defence Forces, emergency services, healthcare services, family). The respondents' views on the biggest factors decreasing the safety of children and the elderly were surveyed (e.g. traffic, loneliness, crime, accidents, substance abuse). Finally, the respondents were asked how they thought the availability of various services, such as police or emergency services and public child day care, would change within the next three years. Background variables included the type of the respondent's municipality of residence, NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions of residence, statistical grouping of municipalities, and residence in the seven largest cities in Finland (categorised). Additionally, the background variables included the respondent's age and age group, gender, household composition, whether R's parents were born in Finland, highest level of education, economic activity and occupational status, and sufficiency of the household's income. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Puhelinhaastattelu: tietokoneavusteinen (CATI)Interview.Telephone.CATI Telephone interview: Computer-assisted (CATI)Interview.Telephone.CATI
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research product2005 FinlandAuthors: Martikainen, Antti;Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutusta sähköverkkoliiketoimintaan. Ilmastonmuutosennusteet laadittiin RCAOilmastomallin antamien laskelmien perusteella. Ilmastomuuttujien ennusteet tehtiin ajanjaksolle 2016 - 2045 ja ennusteiden vertailujaksona käytettiin ajanjaksoa 1960 - 1990. Ennusteet laadittiin sadannalle, lämpötilalle, kuuraantumiselle, huurteelle, ukkoselle, routaantumiselle ja tuulisuudelle. Ilmastomuuttujien vaikutukset arvioitiin sekä tekniseltä että taloudelliselta kannalta. Ilmastonmuutoksen myötä on odotettavissa, että ilmastomuuttujien aiheuttamat rasitukset verkkoliiketoimintaa kohtaan tulevat olemaan niistä saatuja hyötyjä suuremmat. Vikamäärien kasvu on merkittävin ja haastavin ilmastonmuutoksen aiheuttama haitta. Ukkonen, lumikuormat ja tuuli tulevat aiheuttamaan nykyistä enemmän vikoja erityisesti keskijänniteverkoissa avojohdoille ellei verkkoja kehitetä vikavarmemmiksi. Lämpötilan nousun seurauksena lämmitystarve laskee ja jäähdytystarve nousee. Tämä näkyy merkittävimmin voimakkaasti lämpötilariippuvaisten käyttäjäryhmien sähkönkulutuksessa ja huippukuormissa. In this paper the effect of climate change on electricity network business is presented. The results are based on RCAO climate model scenarios. The climate predictions were composed to the period 2016 - 2045. The period 1960 - 1990 was used as a control period. The climate predictions were composed for precipitation, temperature, hoarfrost, thunder, ground frost and wind. The effects of the change of the climate variables on electricity network business were estimated from technical and economical points of view. The estimationwas based on the change predictions of the climate variables. It is expected that the climate change will cause more damages than benefits on electrical network business. The increase of the number of network fault will be the most important and demanding disadvantage caused by the climate change. If networks are not developed more resistant for faults, thunder, heavy snow and wind will cause more damages especially to overhead lines in medium voltage network. As a consequence of increasing temperature the demand of heating energy will decrease and the demand of cooling energy will increase. This is significant for the electricity consumption and the peak load of temperaturedependent electricity users.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2017Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Taloustutkimus; Ulkoasiainministeriö; Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin suomalaisten mielipiteitä kehitysyhteistyöstä. Tutkimuksen on toteuttanut Taloustutkimus Oy Ulkoasiainministeriön toimeksiannosta. Kysely on jatkoa vuodesta 2002 toteutetuille tutkimuksille. Kysymykset käsittelivät laajasti kehitysyhteistyötä ja kehityspolitiikkaa. Niillä kartoitettiin mm. kehitysyhteistyön kohdentumista ja tuloksia, kehitysyhteistyön määrärahoja sekä kehitysyhteistyöstä saatavaa tietoa ja omaa osallistumista kehitysyhteistyöhön. Osa kysymyksistä on ollut mukana vuosien ajan samanmuotoisina, jolloin mielipiteiden muutosta voidaan seurata. Taustamuuttujina ovat sukupuoli, ikä, talouden tyyppi, internetin käyttö, työelämään osallistuminen, ammatti, koulutus, siviilisääty, perheen eniten ansaitsevan henkilön ammatti/asema ja koulutus, perheen tuloluokka, asunnon tyyppi sekä aluemuuttujia. The survey charted Finnish opinions on and knowledge of the country's development cooperation, its importance, content, objectives, and allocation. Some questions focused on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030). The data were collected as part of Taloustutkimus's national CAPI Omnibus study. The respondents were asked what they thought development cooperation was, how important they regarded development cooperation to be, and to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to development cooperation (e.g. "Development cooperation increases Finland's international influence"). Familiarity with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030) was surveyed as well as views on the most important Sustainable Development Goals. Opinions on funding the private sector of developing countries were studied. Furthermore, thoughts on the significance of development cooperation in alleviating poverty and improving the lives of people in developing countries were investigated. The respondents were asked to choose two of the most important areas for advancing the rights and circumstances of girls and women. Regarding inequality, the respondents were asked how Finland could decrease global inequality. Views were studied on whether development cooperation could prevent refugee crisis from happening by helping people in their own country, and if Finland's development cooperation could help with preventing climate change. With regard to development cooperation by Finland, opinions were studied on the importance of Finnish humanitarian aid, the most important forms of development cooperation for Finland (e.g. bilateral, multilateral, cooperation through the EU), and to what causes should humanitarian aid primarily be directed to. The respondents' factual knowledge was charted by asking how much the respondents thought Finland was going to spend on development cooperation in 2017 (as percentage of the GNI and in euros). The respondents were asked whether Finland should increase or decrease the amount of funding allocated to development cooperation in light of the current economic situation. Some questions pertained to whether there was enough information available on development cooperation and developing countries, from which information sources the respondents had received information on these topics, and how reliable public authorities, voluntary/civic organisations and the media were as sources of such information. The respondents were also asked how they thought they could help the developing countries as individuals and how they had participated in helping the developing countries or people in those countries in the past year. Background variables included, among others, the respondent's age, gender, economic activity and occupational status, education, and marital status as well as economic activity/occupational status and education of the household head, household composition, ages of children living at home, gross annual income of the household, municipality size and type, major region (NUTS2) and region (NUTS3) of residence, type of accommodation, type of mobile phone, and Internet and social media use. Ei-todennäköisyysotanta: kiintiöpoimintaNonprobability.Quota Non-probability: QuotaNonprobability.Quota Kasvokkainen haastattelu: tietokoneavusteinen (CAPI tai CAMI)Interview.FaceToFace.CAPIorCAMI Face-to-face interview: Computer-assisted (CAPI/CAMI)Interview.FaceToFace.CAPIorCAMI
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research product2006 FinlandAuthors: Uitti, Jani;Tässä diplomityössä on tarkasteltu Oulun Energian kaukolämpötoiminnan kehitystä lähitulevaisuudessa. Työn yhteydessä selvitettiin nykyisessä tilanteessa mitoituslämpötilaa -32 oC vastaava tehotilastollisen analyysin avulla ja laadittiin kasvuennuste kaukolämmityksen tehontarpeesta seuraavalle viidelletoista vuodelle. Kasvuennusteen perusteella on tehty tarkastelu kaukolämmön varatehon riittävyydestä. Verkoston tehonsiirtokykyä nykyisissä ja tulevaisuuden kuormitustilanteissa on tarkasteltu Process VisioninGrades Heating -verkostolaskentaohjelmiston avulla. Tarkastelun perusteella kaukolämpöverkoston siirtokyky on kohtalaisen hyvä. Verkoston ongelmakohtia ovat länsi-itäsuunnassa olevat siirtolinjat. Varatehon määrä tulee laskemaan lähivuosina alle suositeltavan määrän, mikäli uutta lämmöntuotantokapasiteettia ei rakenneta. Alkuvaiheessa paras ratkaisu tilanteen korjaamiseksi olisi uusien lämpökeskusten rakentaminen sekä kaupungin etelä- että itä-osiin. 2010-luvulla tarve uuden voimalaitoksen rakentamiselle kaukolämpötehon tarpeen kattamiseksi tulee kasvamaan. This thesis studies the development of Oulun Energia's district heating network and the production of district heating in the near future. The demand of the district heating power in dimensioning temperature of -32 oC was obtained using statistical analysis. Furthermore, a growth forecast of the district heating power demand for the next fifteen years was prepared. Part of the thesis was to examine the adequacy ofthe reserve heating power capacity in the near future. This was done on the basis of the growth forecast of the district heating power. The transfer capacity of the district heating network was studied in current and future load situationsusing Process Vision's Grades Heating network computation software application. Based on the analysis, the transfer capacity of the districtheating network is rather good. The problematic transfer pipelines are the onesthat run from west to east. The amount of reserve district heating power will drop under the common recommendation, if new capacity is not going to be built. At the beginning the best solution is to build new heating centres to the south and the east regions of the city. On the next decade the demand for a new power plant to satisfy the need of district heating power will grow.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research product2001 FinlandAuthors: Puupponen, Tero;Työn tavoitteena oli luoda menetelmä leijukerroskattilan petin lämpötilojen ja toiminta-alueen arvioimiseksi annetuilla lähtötiedoilla. Toimintatapana oli tutkia polttoaineen ominaisuuksien ja kattilan geometrian vaikutuksia petin energiataseeseen ja tätä kautta petin lämpötilaan kattilan ajotapa huomioiden. Työn teoriaosassa esitellään aluksi biopolttoaineiden ominaisuuksia ja leijukerroskattilan toimintaa petin toimintaympäristön selvittämiseksi. Teoriaosan lopussa käsitellään perusteellisesti petin hydrodynamiikkaa ja reaktiokinettikkaa sekä petin alueen mekaanista mitoitusta. Lisäksi polttoaineen syöttötapa ja palaminen petissä tuodaan esille. Tutkimusosassa selvitetään petin energiatasemallin määrittämistä teoriaan ja diplomityön aikana eri kattiloilla suoritettuihin mittauksiin perustuen. Mittauksista on erillinen selvitys seitsemännessä kappaleessa. Lopuksi kuvaillaan petin energiatasetta mallintavan menetelmän toimintaa sekä siihen syötettäviä lähtötietoja. Tuloksena on saatu suppealla alueella toimiva laajennettavissa oleva petin energiataseen malli. Menetelmän testaamiseen käytetään mittaustietoa kahdelta kattilalta, joita ei olla käytetty petin energiatasemallin virityksessä. The purpose of this study was to create a method to estimate bed temperatures and thereby the range of action of the bubbling fluidized bed. The development is based on the effects of the fuel properties and boiler's geometry to bed's energy balance and and thus bed temperature. Also, boiler's operational conditions were involved with the development of the method. Biofuel's properties and the combustion conditions in the BFB boiler are de-scribed at the beginning of the theory part. This has to be done in order to figure out the operational conditions of the bubbling fluidized bed. In the latter part reaction kinetics and hydrodynamics of the bed and also the mechanical dimensioning of bed area are described. In addition, fuel feeding procedure and the combustion of fuel in the bubbling fluidized bed are introduced. In the research part the energy balance of bed on the basis of theory and measurements is defined. There is account of the measurements in the seventh part of the study. Finally, procedure of the model is presented with the input data, which is needed for proper function of the model. As a result, a model of the energy balance of the bubbling fluidized bed has been created. The area of operation of the model is not wide, but it can be expanded in the further development. Process data from two different boilers is used for testing the model. The process data from these boilers were not used when the model was created.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2001Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Kiljunen, Pentti;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin väestön suhtautumista energiapoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Aineisto on osa laajaa 1983 aloitettua tutkimussarjaa. Vastaajien erilaisia energia-asioita koskevia käsityksiä, kannanottoja, mielipiteitä, uskomuksia, arvostuksia, asenteita ja tietoja kartoitettiin esittämällä useita energian tuotantoon liittyviä väitteitä. Vastaajilta kysyttiin myös mihin suuntaan Suomen sähköntuotantoa tulisi kehittää ja miten tärkeinä hän pitää erilaisia energian tuotantoon liittyviä tekijöitä kuten hintaa, saasteettomuutta, saatavuutta, kotimaisuutta, turvallisuutta ja tuotantovarmuutta. Taustamuuttujina ovat mm. sukupuoli, ikä, asuinpaikkakunnan koko, lääni, ammatti, koulutus ja poliittinen suuntautuneisuus. The survey studied Finnish public opinion on energy policy issues. The data are part of an extensive survey series launched in 1983. The respondents' conceptions of various energy issues, their evaluations, opinions, beliefs, assessments, attitudes and knowledge about them were studied by presenting several statements about energy production. The respondents were also asked in what direction should energy production be developed in Finland and how important they thought the various factors connected with energy production to be (e.g. price, low pollution, availability, degree of domestic added value, safety and secureness of production). The respondents were also asked the extent to which they were worried about various things (e.g. spread of AIDS, threat of war, nuclear disasters, having a traffic accident). Finally, the respondents were asked to select advantages and disadvantages of different sources of energy. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age, size of municipality of residence, province of residence, occupation, education, and political orientation. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Itsetäytettävä lomake: paperinen lomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper Self-administered questionnaire: PaperSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2006Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Yhdyskuntatutkimus;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin väestön suhtautumista energiapoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Aineisto on osa laajaa 1983 aloitettua tutkimussarjaa. Vastaajien erilaisia energia-asioita koskevia käsityksiä, kannanottoja, mielipiteitä, uskomuksia, arvostuksia, asenteita ja tietoja kartoitettiin esittämällä useita energian tuotantoon liittyviä väitteitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa vastaajat kertoivat, kuinka luotettavina tietolähteinä he pitävät eri tahoja sähköntuotantovaihtoehtojen ympäristövaikutuksista tiedotettaessa. Kysyttiin myös, millaisena he näkevät sähköntuotantojärjestelmän nykytilan ja tulevaisuuden. Lisäksi vastaajilta tiedusteltiin, mihin suuntaan Suomen sähköntuotantoa tulisi kehittää. Taustamuuttujina ovat mm. sukupuoli, ikä, asuinpaikkakunnan koko, maakunta, koulutus ja poliittinen suuntautuneisuus. The survey charted Finnish attitudes to energy production and energy strategy. The data are part of an extensive survey series launched in 1983. The respondents' conceptions, opinions, beliefs, assessments, attitudes and knowledge about various energy issues were studied by presenting several statements relating to energy production. Opinions on whether Finland should increase or decrease the use of certain energy sources (e.g. coal, peat, natural gas, nuclear power, water power, wind power, bioenergy) in electricity generation were investigated. Relating to information on the environmental impact, prices and risks of different energy sources, the respondents rated the reliability of a number information sources (e.g. government, various ministries, Greenpeace, other environmental groups, energy industries, researchers). The survey also carried a a number of statements relating to the electricity market in Finland, and the respondents were asked how close to their own views the statements were. Finally, opinions on the location of the planned new nuclear power plant were charted. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, basic and vocational education, economic activity, size of municipality, region of residence, and which political party the respondent would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Itsetäytettävä lomake: paperinen lomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper Self-administered questionnaire: PaperSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2016Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Gregow, Hilppa; Haavisto, Riina; Harjanne, Atte; Luhtala, Sanna; Mäkelä, Antti; Tuomenvirta, Heikki; Halonen, Mikko; Raivio, Tuomas; Hildén, Mikael; Jakkila, Juho; Parjanne, Antti; Peltonen-Sainio, Pirjo; Kollanus, Virpi; Lanki, Timo; Miettinen, Ilkka; Haanpää, Simo; Juhola, Sirkku; Jurgilevich, Alexandra; Räsänen, Aleksi;Tutkimus käsittelee sään ja ilmaston vaikutuksia suomalaisten organisaatioiden toimintaan ja riskienhallintaan, sää- ja ilmastotiedon lähteitä ja niiden koettua hyödyllisyyttä riskien hallinnan kannalta, sekä sää- ja ilmastoriskien ennakoinnin ja varautumisen kehittämistä. Aluksi pyrittiin selvittämään sään ja ilmaston vaikutuksia organisaatioiden toimintaan sekä sää- ja ilmastoriskien hallinnan laatua ja ajureita organisaatioissa. Näitä kartoitettiin esittämällä väittämiä sää- ja ilmastoilmiöiden merkittävyydestä organisaation toiminnan kannalta, kysymällä ilmastonmuutoksen myönteisistä vaikutuksista organisaatiolle sekä kartoittamalla, mitkä ovat organisaation kannalta merkittävimpiä haitallisia sääilmiöitä. Seuraavaksi vastaajille lueteltiin erilaisia sää- ja ilmastotietojen lähteitä ja kysyttiin, kuinka usein niitä käytettiin ja kuinka hyödyllisiksi käyttäjät ne kokivat. Kysyttiin myös kerätäänkö organisaatiossa tietoa poikkeuksellisten sääolojen ja ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksista organisaatiossa ja onko tämä tieto ulkopuolisille saatavissa. Lopuksi kysymykset käsittelivät ennakoinnin ja varautumisen kehittämistä. Vastaajille lueteltiin rajoittavia tekijöitä, jotka saattavat vaikeuttaa sää-ja ilmastoriskien hallintaa ja pyydettiin arviota niiden merkittävyydestä organisaation kannalta. Lisäksi lueteltiin erilaisia tapoja edistää sää- ja ilmastoriskien hallintaa ja kysyttiin, miten merkittäviä ne ovat organisaation kannalta. Taustamuuttujina olivat organisaation tyyppi, toimiala, koko ja pääasiallinen toiminta-alue sekä vastaajan asema organisaatiossa, ensisijainen vastuualue tai toimenkuva ja työkokemus vuosina nykyisellä alalla. The study was part of the ELASTINEN project funded by the Prime Minister's Office Finland whose aim was to produce information and seek solutions to improve weather and climate risk management. The survey was conducted by a reasearch consortium consisting of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, University of Helsinki, Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Resources Institute Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, and Gaia Consulting. The survey charted the effects of weather and climate on the activities and risk management of Finnish organisations. The study surveyed sources of weather and climate information and views on the usefulness of these sources in risk management. A further topic under study was improvement of weather and climate risk prevention and preparedness. Significance of different weather conditions and phenomena in the activities of the organisation were charted (e.g. severe weather phenomena occurring in Finland) as well as potential positive impacts of climate change on the organisation and the most significant harmful weather phenomena for the organisation. With regard to management of weather and climate risks, the respondents were asked how these risks were managed in the organisation's activities, who was responsible for managing these risks in the organisation, what the most important motivators for managing the risks were, how big the risks were in the organisation compared to other risks, and whether the organisation had experienced a realisation of some weather or climate risk. Use and awareness of different sources of weather and climate information were canvassed (e.g. long-term forecasts of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, climate change scenarios of the IPCC) as well as opinions on the usefulness of some sources of information in terms of climate risk management (e.g. scientific publications, social media, websites on weather and climate). The respondents were also asked whether their organisation collected data on the effects of exceptional weather phenomena and climate change on the organisation's activities and whether these data were available to outsiders. Finally, relating to improvement of risk preparedness, the respondents were asked how significant they regarded different factors that hinder the management of climate risks (e.g. organisation's limited resources, lack or problems of technological solutions) and how significant different ways of improving weather and climate risk management were for the organisation. Background variables included the type, field, and size of organisation, primary area of operations as well as the respondent's position and area of responsibility in the organisation, and work experience in the field. KokonaisaineistoTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Total universe/Complete enumerationTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Itsetäytettävä lomake: verkkolomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI)SelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI
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apps Other research product2002 FinlandAuthors: Ronkainen, Sami;Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tarkastella tulevaisuuden kehitysnäkymien vaikutusta Vaasan kaukolämpötoimintaan. Komartekin Flowra 32 verkostolaskentaohjelman avulla tutkitaan kaukolämpöverkon siirtokykyä nykyisissä ja tulevaisuuden kuormitustilanteissa. Työn yhteydessä laaditaan kaukolämmityksen kasvuennuste seuraavalle kymmenelle vuodelle ja selvitetään mitoituslämpötilaa -29°C vastaava teho tilastollisen analyysin avulla. Lisäksi tutkitaan mahdollisia ratkaisuja huippu- ja varatehon tuottamiseksi. Tarkastelun kohteena on myös lämmön lyhytaikaisvarastoinnin kannattavuus energianhankintajärjestelmässä. Kaukolämpöverkon siirtokyky on tarkastelun perusteella kohtalaisen hyvä, mutta liittymistehojen kasvaessa paine-erot verkon häntäpäässä jäävät liian alhaisiksi. Paras ratkaisu paine-ero ongelmaan on rakentaa välipumppaamo Hovioikeudenpuistoon. Tarkastelun perusteella kaukolämmön varatehon lisätarve on kymmenen vuoden kuluttua noin 40 MW ja varatehoksi on kannattavinta rakentaa raskasta polttoöljyä käyttävä lämpökeskus. Lämmön lyhytaikaisvarastointi on nykyisillä energianhinnoilla kohtalaisen kannattavaa varsinkin, jos Kauppa- ja teollisuusministeriö myöntää hankkeelle täyden 30%:n investointiavustuksen. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effects of future prospects on district heating in the town of Vaasa. Using Komartek`s Flowra 32 network computation software application, the transfer capacity of the district heating network is studied in current and future load situations. A growth forecast for the next ten years is prepared in connection with this thesis and the power that corresponds to a dimensioning temperature of -29°C obtained using statistical analysis. In addition, possible solutions for generating peak and back-up power are examined. The economic viability of the short-term heat storage in the energy purchasing system is also focus of the study. On the basis of the analysis, the transfer capacity of the district heat network is rather good, although as the connection power increases, pressure differences at the end of the network remain too low. The best solution for the pressure difference problem is to construct a booster pumping station in Hovioikeudenpuisto. The analysis showed that after ten years, the need for back-up district heating energy will be 40 MW and the most economically viable way of providing back-up energy will be to build a heating centre that runs on heavy fuel oil. At current energy prices, the short-term heat storage is economically viable, especially if the Ministry of Trade and Industry grants the project 30% of its value in the form of investment support.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2002Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Hoikka, Paavo; Kiljunen, Pentti;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin väestön suhtautumista energiapoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Aineisto on osa laajaa 1983 aloitettua tutkimussarjaa. Vastaajien erilaisia energia-asioita koskevia käsityksiä, kannanottoja, mielipiteitä, uskomuksia, arvostuksia, asenteita ja tietoja kartoitettiin esittämällä useita energian tuotantoon liittyviä väitteitä. Vastaajilta tiedusteltiin myös mihin suuntaan Suomen sähköntuotantoa tulisi kehittää. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin henkilökohtaisen energiansäästön motiiveita ja esteitä sekä tarkasteltiin eri tiedonlähteiden luotetavuutta energiansäästöasioissa. Lopuksi kysyttiin, mitä mieltä vastaajat ovat eduskunnan kielteisestä viidennen ydinvoimalan rakentamispäätöksestä. Taustamuuttujina ovat mm. sukupuoli, ikä, asuinpaikkakunnan koko, lääni, ammatti, koulutus ja poliittinen suuntautuneisuus. The survey charted Finnish attitudes towards energy policy issues. The data are part of an extensive survey series launched in 1983. The respondents' conceptions, opinions, beliefs, assessments, attitudes, and knowledge about various energy issues were studied by presenting several statements about energy production and energy conservation. The respondents were also asked in what direction electric power production should be developed in Finland. Some questions charted what motivates or hinders citizens' individual energy saving, and probed the respondents' views on how reliable they thought certain bodies (e.g. electric power companies, nature conservation organizations) were as an information source of household energy saving issues. The respondents were also asked what they thought about the parliament's decision not to approve the construction of a fifth nuclear power plant. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age, size of the municipality of residence, region, occupation, education, and which political party R would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Itsetäytettävä lomake: paperinen lomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper Self-administered questionnaire: PaperSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2020Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Kekki, Tuula;Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin Suomen kansalaisten näkemyksiä ja mielipiteitä turvallisuudesta. Kysely laadittiin yhteistyössä SPEKin ja Suomen Kyselytutkimus Oy:n kesken. Kyselyn alussa kerättiin tietoa kansalaisten turvallisuuteen vaikuttavista tekijöistä sekä yksilöiden ja yhteisöjen resursseista varautua yhteiskunnan elintärkeitä toimintoja vaarantaviin häiriötilanteisiin ja uhkiin. Kysyttiin esimerkiksi, kuinka monta päivää yksilön talous kestää ilman sähköä tai juoksevaa vettä. Seuraavaksi kyselyssä tarkasteltiin yhteiskunnan turvallisuuden ja oikeudenmukaisuuden nykytilaa ja kehityssuuntaa lähitulevaisuudessa. Kysyttiin muun muassa, kuinka todennäköisenä vastaaja pitää Suomen joutumista erilaisiin uhkaaviin tilanteisiin kuten radikalisoitumisen kohteeksi tai ympäristökatastrofiin. Lisäksi vastaajia pyydettiin arvioimaan turvallisuuteen ja oikeudenmukaisuuteen liittyviä väittämiä, joiden teemoina olivat politiikan hyväksyttävyys, turvallisuustekijät, teknologian vaikutus sosiaalisiin suhteisiin, median luoma turvallisuus ja kansalaisten tasa-arvoinen ja oikeudenmukainen kohtelu. Tämän jälkeen kartoitettiin turvattomuuden tunteita ja sitä, millä tahoilla on vaikutus turvallisuuden tunteen lisäämisessä. Lopuksi kartoitettiin pienten lasten ja vanhusten turvattomuustekijöitä. Taustamuuttujina ovat asuinpaikkakunnan tyyppi, maakunta, suuralue, tilastollinen kuntajako ja suurimmat kaupungit sekä ikä ja ikäryhmä, sukupuoli, perhemuoto, vanhempien syntyperä, korkein koulutus, pääasiallinen toiminta ja tulojen riittävyys. This survey charted Finnish views and opinions on safety and security in Finland. The study was conducted in 2017 by Suomen Kyselytutkimus in collaboration with the Finnish National Rescue Association (SPEK). First, some questions on the respondents' personal wellbeing and security were asked (e.g. whether they thought they would receive financial help from the people close to them if they needed it). The respondents' preparedness for different threats and disturbances was examined with questions regarding, for instance, how many days their household would fare without electricity, water, public transport, etc. Views on national security were also charted, and the respondents were asked how likely they considered Finland facing different problems within the next three years (e.g. threat of terrorism or sustained recession, problems with the supply of electricity, political problems, epidemics or pandemics, a massive influx of refugees, environmental catastrophes). Next, the respondents were presented with a set of attitudinal statements concerning the state's role in guaranteeing citizens' safety and livelihood, safety in different types of residential areas and in Finland more generally, the effect of technology on social relationships, the impact of media on safety, righteousness of the treatment of criminals and victims of crime, and trust in foreigners living in Finland. Feelings of unsafety were also charted, and the respondents were asked to what extent their feelings of safety were increased by different actors (e.g. the police, the Defence Forces, emergency services, healthcare services, family). The respondents' views on the biggest factors decreasing the safety of children and the elderly were surveyed (e.g. traffic, loneliness, crime, accidents, substance abuse). Finally, the respondents were asked how they thought the availability of various services, such as police or emergency services and public child day care, would change within the next three years. Background variables included the type of the respondent's municipality of residence, NUTS2 and NUTS3 regions of residence, statistical grouping of municipalities, and residence in the seven largest cities in Finland (categorised). Additionally, the background variables included the respondent's age and age group, gender, household composition, whether R's parents were born in Finland, highest level of education, economic activity and occupational status, and sufficiency of the household's income. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Puhelinhaastattelu: tietokoneavusteinen (CATI)Interview.Telephone.CATI Telephone interview: Computer-assisted (CATI)Interview.Telephone.CATI
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research product2005 FinlandAuthors: Martikainen, Antti;Tässä diplomityössä tutkittiin ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutusta sähköverkkoliiketoimintaan. Ilmastonmuutosennusteet laadittiin RCAOilmastomallin antamien laskelmien perusteella. Ilmastomuuttujien ennusteet tehtiin ajanjaksolle 2016 - 2045 ja ennusteiden vertailujaksona käytettiin ajanjaksoa 1960 - 1990. Ennusteet laadittiin sadannalle, lämpötilalle, kuuraantumiselle, huurteelle, ukkoselle, routaantumiselle ja tuulisuudelle. Ilmastomuuttujien vaikutukset arvioitiin sekä tekniseltä että taloudelliselta kannalta. Ilmastonmuutoksen myötä on odotettavissa, että ilmastomuuttujien aiheuttamat rasitukset verkkoliiketoimintaa kohtaan tulevat olemaan niistä saatuja hyötyjä suuremmat. Vikamäärien kasvu on merkittävin ja haastavin ilmastonmuutoksen aiheuttama haitta. Ukkonen, lumikuormat ja tuuli tulevat aiheuttamaan nykyistä enemmän vikoja erityisesti keskijänniteverkoissa avojohdoille ellei verkkoja kehitetä vikavarmemmiksi. Lämpötilan nousun seurauksena lämmitystarve laskee ja jäähdytystarve nousee. Tämä näkyy merkittävimmin voimakkaasti lämpötilariippuvaisten käyttäjäryhmien sähkönkulutuksessa ja huippukuormissa. In this paper the effect of climate change on electricity network business is presented. The results are based on RCAO climate model scenarios. The climate predictions were composed to the period 2016 - 2045. The period 1960 - 1990 was used as a control period. The climate predictions were composed for precipitation, temperature, hoarfrost, thunder, ground frost and wind. The effects of the change of the climate variables on electricity network business were estimated from technical and economical points of view. The estimationwas based on the change predictions of the climate variables. It is expected that the climate change will cause more damages than benefits on electrical network business. The increase of the number of network fault will be the most important and demanding disadvantage caused by the climate change. If networks are not developed more resistant for faults, thunder, heavy snow and wind will cause more damages especially to overhead lines in medium voltage network. As a consequence of increasing temperature the demand of heating energy will decrease and the demand of cooling energy will increase. This is significant for the electricity consumption and the peak load of temperaturedependent electricity users.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2017Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Taloustutkimus; Ulkoasiainministeriö; Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin suomalaisten mielipiteitä kehitysyhteistyöstä. Tutkimuksen on toteuttanut Taloustutkimus Oy Ulkoasiainministeriön toimeksiannosta. Kysely on jatkoa vuodesta 2002 toteutetuille tutkimuksille. Kysymykset käsittelivät laajasti kehitysyhteistyötä ja kehityspolitiikkaa. Niillä kartoitettiin mm. kehitysyhteistyön kohdentumista ja tuloksia, kehitysyhteistyön määrärahoja sekä kehitysyhteistyöstä saatavaa tietoa ja omaa osallistumista kehitysyhteistyöhön. Osa kysymyksistä on ollut mukana vuosien ajan samanmuotoisina, jolloin mielipiteiden muutosta voidaan seurata. Taustamuuttujina ovat sukupuoli, ikä, talouden tyyppi, internetin käyttö, työelämään osallistuminen, ammatti, koulutus, siviilisääty, perheen eniten ansaitsevan henkilön ammatti/asema ja koulutus, perheen tuloluokka, asunnon tyyppi sekä aluemuuttujia. The survey charted Finnish opinions on and knowledge of the country's development cooperation, its importance, content, objectives, and allocation. Some questions focused on the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030). The data were collected as part of Taloustutkimus's national CAPI Omnibus study. The respondents were asked what they thought development cooperation was, how important they regarded development cooperation to be, and to what extent they agreed with a number of statements relating to development cooperation (e.g. "Development cooperation increases Finland's international influence"). Familiarity with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030) was surveyed as well as views on the most important Sustainable Development Goals. Opinions on funding the private sector of developing countries were studied. Furthermore, thoughts on the significance of development cooperation in alleviating poverty and improving the lives of people in developing countries were investigated. The respondents were asked to choose two of the most important areas for advancing the rights and circumstances of girls and women. Regarding inequality, the respondents were asked how Finland could decrease global inequality. Views were studied on whether development cooperation could prevent refugee crisis from happening by helping people in their own country, and if Finland's development cooperation could help with preventing climate change. With regard to development cooperation by Finland, opinions were studied on the importance of Finnish humanitarian aid, the most important forms of development cooperation for Finland (e.g. bilateral, multilateral, cooperation through the EU), and to what causes should humanitarian aid primarily be directed to. The respondents' factual knowledge was charted by asking how much the respondents thought Finland was going to spend on development cooperation in 2017 (as percentage of the GNI and in euros). The respondents were asked whether Finland should increase or decrease the amount of funding allocated to development cooperation in light of the current economic situation. Some questions pertained to whether there was enough information available on development cooperation and developing countries, from which information sources the respondents had received information on these topics, and how reliable public authorities, voluntary/civic organisations and the media were as sources of such information. The respondents were also asked how they thought they could help the developing countries as individuals and how they had participated in helping the developing countries or people in those countries in the past year. Background variables included, among others, the respondent's age, gender, economic activity and occupational status, education, and marital status as well as economic activity/occupational status and education of the household head, household composition, ages of children living at home, gross annual income of the household, municipality size and type, major region (NUTS2) and region (NUTS3) of residence, type of accommodation, type of mobile phone, and Internet and social media use. Ei-todennäköisyysotanta: kiintiöpoimintaNonprobability.Quota Non-probability: QuotaNonprobability.Quota Kasvokkainen haastattelu: tietokoneavusteinen (CAPI tai CAMI)Interview.FaceToFace.CAPIorCAMI Face-to-face interview: Computer-assisted (CAPI/CAMI)Interview.FaceToFace.CAPIorCAMI
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research product2006 FinlandAuthors: Uitti, Jani;Tässä diplomityössä on tarkasteltu Oulun Energian kaukolämpötoiminnan kehitystä lähitulevaisuudessa. Työn yhteydessä selvitettiin nykyisessä tilanteessa mitoituslämpötilaa -32 oC vastaava tehotilastollisen analyysin avulla ja laadittiin kasvuennuste kaukolämmityksen tehontarpeesta seuraavalle viidelletoista vuodelle. Kasvuennusteen perusteella on tehty tarkastelu kaukolämmön varatehon riittävyydestä. Verkoston tehonsiirtokykyä nykyisissä ja tulevaisuuden kuormitustilanteissa on tarkasteltu Process VisioninGrades Heating -verkostolaskentaohjelmiston avulla. Tarkastelun perusteella kaukolämpöverkoston siirtokyky on kohtalaisen hyvä. Verkoston ongelmakohtia ovat länsi-itäsuunnassa olevat siirtolinjat. Varatehon määrä tulee laskemaan lähivuosina alle suositeltavan määrän, mikäli uutta lämmöntuotantokapasiteettia ei rakenneta. Alkuvaiheessa paras ratkaisu tilanteen korjaamiseksi olisi uusien lämpökeskusten rakentaminen sekä kaupungin etelä- että itä-osiin. 2010-luvulla tarve uuden voimalaitoksen rakentamiselle kaukolämpötehon tarpeen kattamiseksi tulee kasvamaan. This thesis studies the development of Oulun Energia's district heating network and the production of district heating in the near future. The demand of the district heating power in dimensioning temperature of -32 oC was obtained using statistical analysis. Furthermore, a growth forecast of the district heating power demand for the next fifteen years was prepared. Part of the thesis was to examine the adequacy ofthe reserve heating power capacity in the near future. This was done on the basis of the growth forecast of the district heating power. The transfer capacity of the district heating network was studied in current and future load situationsusing Process Vision's Grades Heating network computation software application. Based on the analysis, the transfer capacity of the districtheating network is rather good. The problematic transfer pipelines are the onesthat run from west to east. The amount of reserve district heating power will drop under the common recommendation, if new capacity is not going to be built. At the beginning the best solution is to build new heating centres to the south and the east regions of the city. On the next decade the demand for a new power plant to satisfy the need of district heating power will grow.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research product2001 FinlandAuthors: Puupponen, Tero;Työn tavoitteena oli luoda menetelmä leijukerroskattilan petin lämpötilojen ja toiminta-alueen arvioimiseksi annetuilla lähtötiedoilla. Toimintatapana oli tutkia polttoaineen ominaisuuksien ja kattilan geometrian vaikutuksia petin energiataseeseen ja tätä kautta petin lämpötilaan kattilan ajotapa huomioiden. Työn teoriaosassa esitellään aluksi biopolttoaineiden ominaisuuksia ja leijukerroskattilan toimintaa petin toimintaympäristön selvittämiseksi. Teoriaosan lopussa käsitellään perusteellisesti petin hydrodynamiikkaa ja reaktiokinettikkaa sekä petin alueen mekaanista mitoitusta. Lisäksi polttoaineen syöttötapa ja palaminen petissä tuodaan esille. Tutkimusosassa selvitetään petin energiatasemallin määrittämistä teoriaan ja diplomityön aikana eri kattiloilla suoritettuihin mittauksiin perustuen. Mittauksista on erillinen selvitys seitsemännessä kappaleessa. Lopuksi kuvaillaan petin energiatasetta mallintavan menetelmän toimintaa sekä siihen syötettäviä lähtötietoja. Tuloksena on saatu suppealla alueella toimiva laajennettavissa oleva petin energiataseen malli. Menetelmän testaamiseen käytetään mittaustietoa kahdelta kattilalta, joita ei olla käytetty petin energiatasemallin virityksessä. The purpose of this study was to create a method to estimate bed temperatures and thereby the range of action of the bubbling fluidized bed. The development is based on the effects of the fuel properties and boiler's geometry to bed's energy balance and and thus bed temperature. Also, boiler's operational conditions were involved with the development of the method. Biofuel's properties and the combustion conditions in the BFB boiler are de-scribed at the beginning of the theory part. This has to be done in order to figure out the operational conditions of the bubbling fluidized bed. In the latter part reaction kinetics and hydrodynamics of the bed and also the mechanical dimensioning of bed area are described. In addition, fuel feeding procedure and the combustion of fuel in the bubbling fluidized bed are introduced. In the research part the energy balance of bed on the basis of theory and measurements is defined. There is account of the measurements in the seventh part of the study. Finally, procedure of the model is presented with the input data, which is needed for proper function of the model. As a result, a model of the energy balance of the bubbling fluidized bed has been created. The area of operation of the model is not wide, but it can be expanded in the further development. Process data from two different boilers is used for testing the model. The process data from these boilers were not used when the model was created.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2001Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Kiljunen, Pentti;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin väestön suhtautumista energiapoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Aineisto on osa laajaa 1983 aloitettua tutkimussarjaa. Vastaajien erilaisia energia-asioita koskevia käsityksiä, kannanottoja, mielipiteitä, uskomuksia, arvostuksia, asenteita ja tietoja kartoitettiin esittämällä useita energian tuotantoon liittyviä väitteitä. Vastaajilta kysyttiin myös mihin suuntaan Suomen sähköntuotantoa tulisi kehittää ja miten tärkeinä hän pitää erilaisia energian tuotantoon liittyviä tekijöitä kuten hintaa, saasteettomuutta, saatavuutta, kotimaisuutta, turvallisuutta ja tuotantovarmuutta. Taustamuuttujina ovat mm. sukupuoli, ikä, asuinpaikkakunnan koko, lääni, ammatti, koulutus ja poliittinen suuntautuneisuus. The survey studied Finnish public opinion on energy policy issues. The data are part of an extensive survey series launched in 1983. The respondents' conceptions of various energy issues, their evaluations, opinions, beliefs, assessments, attitudes and knowledge about them were studied by presenting several statements about energy production. The respondents were also asked in what direction should energy production be developed in Finland and how important they thought the various factors connected with energy production to be (e.g. price, low pollution, availability, degree of domestic added value, safety and secureness of production). The respondents were also asked the extent to which they were worried about various things (e.g. spread of AIDS, threat of war, nuclear disasters, having a traffic accident). Finally, the respondents were asked to select advantages and disadvantages of different sources of energy. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age, size of municipality of residence, province of residence, occupation, education, and political orientation. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Itsetäytettävä lomake: paperinen lomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper Self-administered questionnaire: PaperSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2006Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Authors: Yhdyskuntatutkimus;Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin väestön suhtautumista energiapoliittisiin kysymyksiin. Aineisto on osa laajaa 1983 aloitettua tutkimussarjaa. Vastaajien erilaisia energia-asioita koskevia käsityksiä, kannanottoja, mielipiteitä, uskomuksia, arvostuksia, asenteita ja tietoja kartoitettiin esittämällä useita energian tuotantoon liittyviä väitteitä. Tässä tutkimuksessa vastaajat kertoivat, kuinka luotettavina tietolähteinä he pitävät eri tahoja sähköntuotantovaihtoehtojen ympäristövaikutuksista tiedotettaessa. Kysyttiin myös, millaisena he näkevät sähköntuotantojärjestelmän nykytilan ja tulevaisuuden. Lisäksi vastaajilta tiedusteltiin, mihin suuntaan Suomen sähköntuotantoa tulisi kehittää. Taustamuuttujina ovat mm. sukupuoli, ikä, asuinpaikkakunnan koko, maakunta, koulutus ja poliittinen suuntautuneisuus. The survey charted Finnish attitudes to energy production and energy strategy. The data are part of an extensive survey series launched in 1983. The respondents' conceptions, opinions, beliefs, assessments, attitudes and knowledge about various energy issues were studied by presenting several statements relating to energy production. Opinions on whether Finland should increase or decrease the use of certain energy sources (e.g. coal, peat, natural gas, nuclear power, water power, wind power, bioenergy) in electricity generation were investigated. Relating to information on the environmental impact, prices and risks of different energy sources, the respondents rated the reliability of a number information sources (e.g. government, various ministries, Greenpeace, other environmental groups, energy industries, researchers). The survey also carried a a number of statements relating to the electricity market in Finland, and the respondents were asked how close to their own views the statements were. Finally, opinions on the location of the planned new nuclear power plant were charted. Background variables included the respondent's gender, age group, basic and vocational education, economic activity, size of municipality, region of residence, and which political party the respondent would vote for if the parliamentary elections were held at that time. Todennäköisyysotanta: ositettu otantaProbability.Stratified Probability: StratifiedProbability.Stratified Itsetäytettävä lomake: paperinen lomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper Self-administered questionnaire: PaperSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.Paper
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euapps Other research productkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other ORP type 2016Publisher:Yhteiskuntatieteellinen tietoarkisto Gregow, Hilppa; Haavisto, Riina; Harjanne, Atte; Luhtala, Sanna; Mäkelä, Antti; Tuomenvirta, Heikki; Halonen, Mikko; Raivio, Tuomas; Hildén, Mikael; Jakkila, Juho; Parjanne, Antti; Peltonen-Sainio, Pirjo; Kollanus, Virpi; Lanki, Timo; Miettinen, Ilkka; Haanpää, Simo; Juhola, Sirkku; Jurgilevich, Alexandra; Räsänen, Aleksi;Tutkimus käsittelee sään ja ilmaston vaikutuksia suomalaisten organisaatioiden toimintaan ja riskienhallintaan, sää- ja ilmastotiedon lähteitä ja niiden koettua hyödyllisyyttä riskien hallinnan kannalta, sekä sää- ja ilmastoriskien ennakoinnin ja varautumisen kehittämistä. Aluksi pyrittiin selvittämään sään ja ilmaston vaikutuksia organisaatioiden toimintaan sekä sää- ja ilmastoriskien hallinnan laatua ja ajureita organisaatioissa. Näitä kartoitettiin esittämällä väittämiä sää- ja ilmastoilmiöiden merkittävyydestä organisaation toiminnan kannalta, kysymällä ilmastonmuutoksen myönteisistä vaikutuksista organisaatiolle sekä kartoittamalla, mitkä ovat organisaation kannalta merkittävimpiä haitallisia sääilmiöitä. Seuraavaksi vastaajille lueteltiin erilaisia sää- ja ilmastotietojen lähteitä ja kysyttiin, kuinka usein niitä käytettiin ja kuinka hyödyllisiksi käyttäjät ne kokivat. Kysyttiin myös kerätäänkö organisaatiossa tietoa poikkeuksellisten sääolojen ja ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksista organisaatiossa ja onko tämä tieto ulkopuolisille saatavissa. Lopuksi kysymykset käsittelivät ennakoinnin ja varautumisen kehittämistä. Vastaajille lueteltiin rajoittavia tekijöitä, jotka saattavat vaikeuttaa sää-ja ilmastoriskien hallintaa ja pyydettiin arviota niiden merkittävyydestä organisaation kannalta. Lisäksi lueteltiin erilaisia tapoja edistää sää- ja ilmastoriskien hallintaa ja kysyttiin, miten merkittäviä ne ovat organisaation kannalta. Taustamuuttujina olivat organisaation tyyppi, toimiala, koko ja pääasiallinen toiminta-alue sekä vastaajan asema organisaatiossa, ensisijainen vastuualue tai toimenkuva ja työkokemus vuosina nykyisellä alalla. The study was part of the ELASTINEN project funded by the Prime Minister's Office Finland whose aim was to produce information and seek solutions to improve weather and climate risk management. The survey was conducted by a reasearch consortium consisting of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, University of Helsinki, Finnish Environment Institute, Natural Resources Institute Finland, National Institute for Health and Welfare, and Gaia Consulting. The survey charted the effects of weather and climate on the activities and risk management of Finnish organisations. The study surveyed sources of weather and climate information and views on the usefulness of these sources in risk management. A further topic under study was improvement of weather and climate risk prevention and preparedness. Significance of different weather conditions and phenomena in the activities of the organisation were charted (e.g. severe weather phenomena occurring in Finland) as well as potential positive impacts of climate change on the organisation and the most significant harmful weather phenomena for the organisation. With regard to management of weather and climate risks, the respondents were asked how these risks were managed in the organisation's activities, who was responsible for managing these risks in the organisation, what the most important motivators for managing the risks were, how big the risks were in the organisation compared to other risks, and whether the organisation had experienced a realisation of some weather or climate risk. Use and awareness of different sources of weather and climate information were canvassed (e.g. long-term forecasts of the Finnish Meteorological Institute, climate change scenarios of the IPCC) as well as opinions on the usefulness of some sources of information in terms of climate risk management (e.g. scientific publications, social media, websites on weather and climate). The respondents were also asked whether their organisation collected data on the effects of exceptional weather phenomena and climate change on the organisation's activities and whether these data were available to outsiders. Finally, relating to improvement of risk preparedness, the respondents were asked how significant they regarded different factors that hinder the management of climate risks (e.g. organisation's limited resources, lack or problems of technological solutions) and how significant different ways of improving weather and climate risk management were for the organisation. Background variables included the type, field, and size of organisation, primary area of operations as well as the respondent's position and area of responsibility in the organisation, and work experience in the field. KokonaisaineistoTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Total universe/Complete enumerationTotalUniverseCompleteEnumeration Itsetäytettävä lomake: verkkolomakeSelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI Self-administered questionnaire: Web-based (CAWI)SelfAdministeredQuestionnaire.CAWI
add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eu0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
more_vert add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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