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This paper proposes different smart charging algorithms for electric vehicles (EVs) to find out the maximum grid capability in dealing with these new devices. The main objective is to obtain maximum EV penetration in the distribution grid without reinforcing the grid in order to avoid any cost for distribution system operators (DSOs). Two smart charging algorithms are proposed in this study. The proposed algorithms are applied to a part of the Danish distribution grid as a case study. As a comparison, a dumb charging scenario, i.e. charging EVs without any specific order or algorithm, is also simulated. Simulation results demonstrate the capability of the smart charging methods to increase the penetration of EVs up to three times, compared to the base case.

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) systems are an emerging concept of utilizing the battery storage of electric vehicles (EVs) for providing power system regulation services. This technology could be used to balance the variable electricity generated from various renewable energy sources. This article considers a model of an aggregated electric vehicle based battery storage to support an isolated power system operating with a large wind power penetration in the Danish island of Bornholm. From the simulation results, the EV battery storages represented by the V2G systems are able to integrate more fluctuating wind power. The islanded Bornholm power system operates satisfactory for the case of replacing most of the conventional generator reserves with V2G systems, which may represent a future operation scenario.

The main objective of this study was to determine the global potential of ICT-enabled solutions in reducing CO2 emissions from road transport. The secondary objective was to identify the relative significance of various ICT-enabled transportation solution alternatives. The focus was limited to application areas concerning private road transport. Many solutions and measures have been proposed in recent years, not least due to ever-tightening policies on climate change. Most of the planned or already implemented solutions are intended either to reduce the driven mileage through a modal change from personalized motorized transportation to e.g. less polluting public transportation or ride sharing, or to reduce the emissions from each vehicle through motor technology, aerodynamics, weight, and tyre friction etc., but also by guiding traffic onto less congested routes, hence affecting individual vehicle energy consumption and related emissions. Achieving the goals in cutting CO2 emissions in the transport sector will require a vast array of measures. The new systems alone are not enough; people, drivers and travellers will all need to put the new technology to use as well as modifying their travelling behaviour.

The ability to store electrical energy adds several interesting features to a ships distribution network, as silent power, peak shaving and a ride through in case of generator failure. Modern intrinsically safe Li-ion batteries bring these within reach. For this modern lithium battery applications thermal management is vital in achieving a good trade off between maximum lifetime and optimal performance. This article addresses part of the thermal design of a battery storage system, based on commercially available lithium battery technology. During the design process the model assisted in assessment of design choices by checking that battery temperature rise would remain within acceptable levels. The final design is based on eight modules in parallel called PowerBlocks, where each module consists of thirty lithium batteries in series (30×12.8V = 384V; 130Ah) and a three phase converter. The complete battery storage system was modeled thermally, where validation of the model was done in the laboratory. Based on the experimental results from the validation a safe operating area was defined, which marks the thermal boundaries of the system. This study's conclusions indicate that commercially available lithium battery technology can, with good thermal management, be applied to improve the performance of power distribution systems in maritime applications.

The prospects of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in providing clean transportation and supporting renewable electricity is widely discussed in sustainable energy forums worldwide. The battery storage of EVs could be used to address the variability and unpredictability of electricity produced from renewable energy sources like wind in power systems. The EV batteries could be used to charge during periods of excess electricity production from wind power and reduce the charging rate or discharge on deficit of power in the grid, supporting system stability and reliability. By providing such grid services, the vehicle owner, vehicle fleet operator and other parties involved in the process could economically benefit from the process. This paper investigates an optimal EV charging plan in Danish residential distribution grids in view of supporting high volumes of wind power in electricity grids. The results of the analysis show that the charging of the EVs could ensure effective demand response in the local grids, within the existing grid capabilities and random charging patterns of EVs.