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Background: At the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic attacked the world and affected the continuity of the world economy. This condition also causes oil prices to decline further. OPEC plans a strategy to realize its role as a regulator of the world oil trade. Not only the global economy but the stock market is also affected by the decline in oil prices. Production of shale oil in the United States lowered OPEC oil prices, coupled with economic conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic which worsened the international economy. Aim: The authors examined changes in oil prices due to United States’ shale oil. Method: The qualitative method and literature review were employed in this study. The information was compiled from a variety of documents and other sources. Findings: The United States reduced its reliance on OPEC imports, which resulted in lower OPEC oil prices due to an oversupply and decreasing demand. Along with the Covid-19 epidemic, not only is the global economic collapse growing worse, but the decrease in oil prices in early 2020 is getting worse as well. Finally, the world economy suffered a downturn, which impacted the international capital market.

Twenty-minute neighbourhoods highlight the importance of well-connected and mixed-used neighbourhoods and communities with proximate access to employment, essential services, public transport, and open spaces. Shorter distances together with re-prioritised public spaces encourage more active transport choices, resulting in public health benefits and reduced environmental pollution. Higher liveability brought about by mixed-use developments enables people to have equitable access to local facilities, amenities, and employment opportunities, promoting vibrancy, social cohesion, and intergenerational connections. The attributes of 20-minute neighbourhoods also combine to create places, that are acknowledged as friendly for all ages, address changing needs across the life course, and provide better support for the ageing population. Furthermore, there are indications that 20-minute neighbourhoods may be more resilient against many of the negative impacts of stringent public health protocols such as those implemented in periods of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this article, we evaluate and compare planning policies and practices aimed at establishing 20-minute neighbourhoods in Melbourne (Australia) and Scotland (the UK). Using case studies, we discuss similarities and differences involved in using place-based approaches of 20-minute neighbourhoods to address 21st-century challenges in key areas of health and wellbeing, equity, environmental sustainability, and community resilience.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sudden and deep recession contributing, among other things, to a sharp rise in unemployment. The article addresses changes in the labor markets of the Visegrad countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia), covering the period 2018–2021. It attempts to answer the questions: how deep a slump was caused by the pandemic in these markets, how flexible forms of employment responded to it, and whether there were discriminatory phenomena (decline in employment and increase in unemployment in the most vulnerable groups in the labor market). The analysis was based on quarterly data published by Eurostat on the size and structure of the employed and unemployed population. The results of the compilations indicate a relatively small deepening of imbalances in the labor markets of the analyzed countries, a differentiated reaction of flexible forms of employment (depending on the form of employment), which was in line with expectations (they were used as a business cycle buffer). In most of the V4 countries, women were relatively less likely to lose their jobs than men during the pandemic. In a few cases, a relatively stronger decline in employment (increase in unemployment) affected young people, people aged 55–64, and people with the lowest education.

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) rest on a set of broadly accepted values within a human rights framework. The SDGs seek to improve human lives, improve the planet, and foster prosperity. This paper examines the human rights framework and the principles of social justice and shows that, while the SDGs do not specifically state that there is human right to food, the SDGs do envision a better, more just, world which rests upon the sufficiency of the global food supply, on environmental sustainability, and on food security for all. Then the paper examines the interrelationships between the SDGs, food access and waste, and human rights within a framework of social justice. Finally, it looks at the potential pandemic of hunger wrought by COVID-19, showing that COVID-19 serves as an example of a crisis that has raised unprecedented challenges to food loss and waste in the global food supply system and tests our commitment to the principles espoused by the SDGs.

La pandemia del COVID-19 ha generado una crisis humanitaria y económica a nivel global, y Perú, especialmente, ha sido golpeado por este virus. Después de la finalización de la cuarentena (01 de julio), la nueva normalidad ha impuesto nuevas reglas de convivencia —como el distanciamiento social—, y bajo la presión de diversos actores económicos, el Gobierno peruano viene impulsando un plan de reactivación económica en cuatro fases controladas para acelerar el crecimiento económico que ha decaído en 15% del PBI. Sin embargo, el costo de esta reactivación se viene centrando en impactos ambientales y sociales de las inversiones. En ese sentido, analizaremos cómo los antecedentes de planes de recuperación económica (2013), el contexto político en el que vivimos y el nuevo marco legal —así como propuestas de normas— pueden contribuir a un mayor impacto ambiental y social. No solo mostraremos que tienen una inconsistencia normativa con la regulación que las precedió, sino que no hay certeza de la efectividad de su cometido, poder reactivar la economía peruana desde criterios de sostenibilidad y un enfoque de derechos humanos.

{"references": ["BENAZZOU L. et al (2021), \u00ab Covid-19 : An unexpected lever for accelerating the transformation of organizations in Morocco \u00bb, International journal of management sciences. Vol.4, n\u00b02 (2021)", "ELWARDI K. et al (2021), \u00ab Management of the Covid19 crisis : Case of a Moroccan public hospital \u00bb,International journal of management sciences. Vol.4, n\u00b02 (2021)", "De Briey V. (2005), \u00ab Spotlight on microfinance in 2005 \u00bb, Regards Economique, n\u00b028, Mars, pp.", "CAMPION, A. (2003), \"Improving internal control. Practical guide for use by microfinance institutions \", Practical Guide n \u00b0 1, June.", "ALCHIAN A. (1969), \u00ab Corporate Management and Property Rights: Economic Policy and the Regulation of Corporate Securities \u00bb, (publishedby H. Manne, Washington D.C.), American Institute for Public Policy Research.", "DEMSETZ H. (1967), \"Towards a Theory of Property Rights\", American Economic Review, May, pp.347-359.", "FURUBOTN E. & PEJOVITCH S. (1972), \"Property Rights and Economic Theory: A Survey of Recent Literature\", Journal of Economic Literature, December", "ALESSI de L. (1983), \u00ab Property Rights, Transaction Costs and The X-efficiency \u00bb, American Economic Review, vol. 73, n\u00b0 1, March, p. 64-81", "AMANN, B., (1999), \u00ab The theory of property rights \u00bb, in Koenig G\u00e9rard (ed.), New Theories for Managing the Enterprise of the XXIst Century, Economica, Paris, 13-60"]} The end of decade 1990 is marked by the proliferation of microfinance institutions that constitute powerful instruments for fight against poverty and the reduction of unemployment. In the meanwhile, considering the ephemeral character of some of those institutions, the object of this study is to understand the elements that are at the basis of the life expectancy of microfinance institutions in Cameroun in covid 19 context. The literature shows that variables such as a system of internal control and financial objectives influence the longevity of microfinance institutions. The test of chisquare on 35 institutions of microfinance observed within the period of 2004-2020 in Cameroun enable to establish connexions among variables. The results obtained show that the survival of microfinance institutions in Cameroun depends on internal control systems the board of directors, the separation of functions of president and that of general manager, the frequency of meeting of the board of directors, the effective presence participation of the members of the board of directors to the meetings and the joint decision making by the boards of directors and the general management.

This paper analyzes the causes and effects of the COVID-19 crisis, with a specific focus on the food system. Food consumption and production has not only been impacted by the crisis, but it may have also contributed to causing the pandemic. After providing a brief introductory framework, the paper presents the results of a pilot study on the link between COVID-19 and the food system, as indicated by the social media activity of selected European Union (EU) Twitter accounts, measured using an original “theme popularity” metric. Thereafter, a systematic review of the literature is proposed to identify the causes of the rise in popularity of a sustainable food system theme, the potential consequences of the COVID-19 crisis for the food system (targeting the production, consumption and waste disposal phases) and possible solutions, focusing on the circular economy. Challenges and opportunities for policymakers in the short and long term are discussed. A holistic approach is advocated, as the global food system is intimately connected with society and requires deep cooperation among nation states and economic actors.

Background: Out of the MYR 14 billion of fuel subsidy, the top 20% households (T20) in the country enjoy MYR 8 billion compared to MYR 6 billion of the fuel subsidy restructure enjoyed by the low income (B40) households. As the Malaysian government has started to restructure the fuel subsidy scheme in December 2022 when the national economy began to recover post coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this study is in need as it highlights the key concerns of B40 and middle 40% (M40) households to the government. This research aims to determine key factors affecting fuel subsidy restructure effectiveness from the perspective of B40 and M40 households in Malaysia post COVID-19 pandemic. Methods:  A total of 150 questionnaires were disseminated to Malaysia B40 and M40 households. The questionnaire was completed by 105 households with no missing value. This paper utilized cross-sectional design to examine factors that contribute to fuel subsidy restructure in Malaysia post COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Efficient targeting and social protection were the most important factor that contribute to the effectiveness of fuel subsidy restructure in Malaysia. Conclusions: This research serves as the pioneer research to provide valuable insights to the Malaysian government to effectively restructure fuel subsidy initiative towards creating greater social protection, efficient targeting and better governance and administrative capacity in improving the quality of life of the B40 and M40 households.