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Ce jeu de données a été produit dans le cadre de l "Atelier master" du programme de recherche Archival City. La liste détaillée des éléments du jeu de données est contenue dans le document ACP04_FA01_AP. Ce jeu de données est décrit dans le research paper suivant https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455. This dataset was produced as part of the "Master Workshop" of the Archival City research programme. The detailed list of elements in the dataset is contained in document ACP04_FA01_AP. This dataset is described in the following research paper https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455. https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455

This study provides a tool by means of which a road planner, usually a civil engineer, can achieve a durable infrastructure of high quality, acceptable to all parties concerned. The various elements which facilitate the work of planning are united into a modernized methodology for the elaboration of road projects, called a methodology of concert. After analysing the sort of problems encountered in the planning of road infrastructure (Chapter 1), the author classifies the main causes of these into a hierarchy. This brings to light many factors which may stem from the structure of the project, the environment or from the various participants. The modernization of the working methods of road planners is a highly practical idea based on case studies (Chapter 2). The particular study on which this work is based is the "Comparaison de variantes 1999", made on the A 144 road between the cities of Villeneuve and Le Bouveret. From an initial group of four variants, which were a source of much contention between the interested parties, an optimal and consensual solution, called "Solution COPIL", was evolved in seven months, by means of this study. The choice of this solution was based on a method of multicriteria decision analysis of a completely aggregational form. This used the weightings defined by all the political partners in the study. The present author was allowed to sit in on about fifteen working sessions of the Technical Group and of the Guiding Committee, which consists of the political partners. The examination of this particular case provided him with much valuable information about the process of elaboration of a road plan. The requirements and aims of road infrastructure are analysed (Chapter 3). Here, the focus is on the definition of individual and collective needs and the evolution of social expectation of the general public. The implementation of public policy is then examined. Particular emphasis is laid on the principal public policies whose spatial incidence affects the road plan : land distribution, transport and environment. Some attention is paid to the consideration of mobility, its value, characteristics and future developments. The difference between the standard and the norm of road infrastructure is described explicitly. The various stages of the process of elaboration of a road plan are analysed in depth. (Chapter 4) Particular attention is paid to the initial stages of impulsion for the elaboration of the project and of the identification of needs, since these influence strongly the quality and the acceptability of the project. The author then proposes that the various stages of road infrastructure be presented in the form of a life cycle of which the present study only concerns some aspects. Various special procedures are then analysed critically in order to extract propositions to be integrated into the methodology of concert. The type of partners in the road project and the characteristics of the relationships between them are discussed. (Chapter 5) The set of weightings made by the political partners in the case study "Comparaison de variantes 1999" are used to analyze the relations between the various participants in this study. A "representative profile of a participant" is defined from the examination of their individual weighting profiles. The notion of sustainability is presented (Chapter 6). After a recapitulation of definitions and of the reasons for this new idea, the principles of a durable mobility are presented. The practical aspects of this new paradigm of society for the planner are defined and discussed. They concern the inclusion of the life cycle in the analysis of the effects of a project, the weighing of interests from the three points of view of economy, social utility and the environment, public participation and the use of consultation right from the start of the study. Public participation (Chapter 7) is an important element in the elaboration of a road plan as it ensures its acceptation by the public. It may even allow the phenomenon of appropriation of a project by peripheral partners to develop. The various forms of public participation are presented in a table showing almost seventy which can affect a road project. The detailed description of some of these methods are given in appendix. Rules for applying the methodology of concert are then presented and the advantages and limits of this are discussed. After in-depth consideration of the decision procedure and its participants, with details of the various subjective and objective factors which may influence it, the study describes the methods of multicriteria decision analysis. (Chapter 8) Terminology is defined and the main types of these methods are presented. In this study, partial aggregation methods have been applied to the road infrastructure projects. These methods may be divided into three categories according to whether they are applicable to a situation of choice, of sorting or of order. A complete presentation is then given of the principles and ways of using the various methods of partial aggregation of the Electre family (I, II, III, IV, IS and Tri). For projects of road infrastructure, the method of partial aggregation Electre III is suggested. This method is based on the idea of fuzzy criteria, defined by thresholds of preference, indifference or of veto. It can be used with computer software which greatly simplifies the work of the planner. To illustrate the use of this method, Electre III have been applied to the case of "Comparaison de variantes 1999". The method was used on the set of weightings defined by the members of the Guiding Committee. The specific software is convivial and intuitively simple to use, so that the author was able to recommend it to the road planner. Information systems of spatial reference are described and their relevance for road projects in the establishment of optimal corridors or as a support for a method of multicriteria decision analysis. The methodology of concert for the elaboration of road plans is presented in detail (Chapter 9) in the form of successive flow diagrams illustrating the various stages of the procedure. These diagrams, based on an iterative process of study, provide the basis of the methodology of concert. They are intended for the road planner who follows them through and orients his planning according to his answers to the various questions contained there. In conclusion (Chapter 10), various prospects for the utilization of the proposed modernized methodology are indicated, together with the lines of possible future research suggested by the results and ideas contained in this study.

Energy is an essential factor regarding the economic development and for providing a high standard of living to the population of any country. Because energy is produced mainly using classic fuels (coal, oil and gas) for a few decades there are signals regarding their exhaustion. Therefore, mankind should concern more about finding viable alternatives to replace the classical fuels. This way the use of nuclear fuels appeared, then the force of the wind, of the tides and of the photovoltaic cells. However, there are still enough energy resources for further growth of the global energy production. The great consumers are both the major energy producers, only their hierarchy has changed and changes over time. The paper presents all these countries, and also Romania, including its specific developments in recent years.

Serum concentrations of psychotropic drugs were measured in 363 drivers injured in road accidents and admitted to the emergency department of Angers regional university hospital. The figures obtained were correlated to the presumed responsibility of each driver in the accident. Benzodiazepines and phenobarbitone were found in the serum of 39 drivers, and responsibility was significantly increased in this group. The role played by these medicines in road accidents has often been alluded to in the literature, but the value of these previous studies was limited by the lack of quantitative assays. Measuring serum concentrations has permitted a more accurate analysis of the relationship between responsibility for road accident and consumption of psychotropic drugs, including barbiturates. This has prompted the authors to organize a regional information campaign intended for the general public and doctors and aimed at drawing attention to the higher risk of accident among road users taking these drugs.

Formerly on the margins of the European agricultural landscape, liquid biofuels for transport have recently come into sharp focus with the help of three drivers: the depletion of oil resources and the political motto of energy independence, international negotiations on climate, and finally - in Europe at least - the overhaul of the common agricultural policy underpinning the need to diversify this sector. This political purpose has led to aggressive development targets in both Europe and the United States, implying a nearly ten-fold increase of biofuel production within ten years. This article introduces the current biofuel production technologies (so-called ;first generation'), whose common marker is the reliance on the storage organs of agricultural plants. This implies a relatively strong demand in arable areas, along with only moderately positive energy and environmental advantages compared to fossil fuels. 'Second generation' biofuels, which are based on generic biomass (ligno-cellulose) are expected to overcome these limitations, but will not be deployed on the market for another ten years.

Les grandes caractéristiques hydrobiologiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron sont définies par quatre campagnes saisonnières de 120 prélèvements chacune effectuée-, en 15 stations en demi-cycle de marée. Les salinités y fluctuent de 10 '/rr. et ce secteur peut donc être assimilé à un vaste estuaire contrôlé principalement par les apports fluviaux de la Charente. La turbidité reste élevée souvent supérieure à 100 mg.I"', les teneurs en oxygène dissous montrent un déficit en amont de la Charente et de la Seudre de 4 mg.L1 tandis que les sels nutritifs sont apportés par la Charente pour les nitrates, phosphates et silicates. Ces derniers suivent les courbes de dilution théorique excepté lors des poussées phytoplanctoniques et lors des crues hivernales. Lors de ces crues, les nitrates semblent soit apportés par la Gironde, soit dus à une minéralisation organique. Au même moment, les phosphates pourraient être absorbés sur les particules et être piégés dans les sédiments. Les biomasses phytoplanctoniques exprimées par les teneurs en chlorophylle a sont supésieures à 30 f^-g.1 ' en amont des estuaires au printemps avec des teneurs en phéopigmenls pouvants dépasser 200 IUJ.1 . par contre, dans le bassin, les teneurs ne dépassent guère 10 fig.l ''. Les concentrations en ATP montrent que peu de phytoplancton est physiologiquement actif en particulier dans les estuaires, tandis que les dosages de protéines permettent de quantifier la part des apports allochtone - par rapport à la production autochtone des estuaires. Line analyse factorielle des correspondances définit le schéma général hydrobiologique du bassin estuarien en précisant que 'e rôle de la Charente ne se limite pas à l'apport en sels minéraux azotés et phosphatés, mais aussi à l'apport d'une biomasse phytoplanctonique d'eau douce en voie de dégénérescence. Les auteurs proposent qu'une nouvelle stratégie d'échantillonnage, mieux adaptée aux objectifs recherchés, soit suivie ultérieurement en assurant des prélèvements en cycle de marée mais avec une périodicité la plus élevée possible. Four seasonal compaigns providing a sampling of 15 stations each followed during half a tide cycle, i.e. 120 water samples permit the definition of the main hydrobiological features of Marennes-Oleron Bay: salinity and turbidity, phytoplanktonic biomasses, ATP concentrations. The authors suggest that a new way of adapted sampling to their objectives, will work out in the future by sampling during tidal cycles but as frequently as possible.

[Paper in French] The European public policy in favor of the biodiesel consumption is highly debated. Available estimates of the induced land use changes conclude that this policy is inefficient to reduce emissions of GreenHouse Gas. We show that the crop yield evolutions in these estimates are significantly lower than the observed and expected evolutions. This difference is directly related to biased calibration choice of behavioral parameters. We show using the GTAP-BIO framework that a consistent calibration of these parameters leads to a strong reduction (by around 80% in the long run) of the land use changes and induced emissions.

Competitive abilities of plants were interpreted by measuring their morphological traits in interspecific competitive cultivation conditions. Measurements were realised by a comparative approach with interspecific cultivation of fourteen arable weeds growing with a domestic species cultivated at a large scale: the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum var Darius). Results show that arable weeds characterised by an important biomass and allocation of biomass to the stems are responsible for a decrease in wheat biomass, and for the ear, a decrease in height, biomass and number of seeds. These results are discussed in view of predicting competitive abilities of arable weeds with a simple method and for the conservation of arable weeds since some of them are among the most threatened species of the European flora.

Peripheral lymphocyte subpopulations have been quantified by a direct and indirect, immunofluorescence technique, using monoclonal antibodies, in 22 patients with continued heavy drinking, hepatocellular dysfunction (spider angiomata, ascites, and factor V decrease) (group I), in 16 patients with a history of heavy drinking and abstinence maintained for at least 6 months and hepatocellular dysfunction (group II) and in 28 patients admitted for continued heavy drinking, without hepatocellular dysfunction (group III). Sixteen normal subjects were studied as controls. The total number of lymphocytes and T lymphocytes (OKT3+) were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) in groups I and II. A significant decrease of B lymphocytes was observed in group II (p less than 0.02). The OKT8+ lymphocytes were significantly reduced in group I (p less than 0.01) and in group II (p less than 0.001); the decrease of the OKT4+ lymphocytes was significant in group II (p less than 0.01) only. The OKT4/OKT8 ratio was higher in group I (p less than 0.05) and group II (p less than 0.01) than in the control group. Normal values of total lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes subsets and OKT4/OKT8 ratio were observed in group III. In group III, the lymphocyte subpopulations and OKT4/OKT8 ratio were similar in patients with or without abnormalities of liver function tests. In group I and II, no correlation was found between the lymphocyte subpopulations or the OKT4/OKT8 ratio and factor V or nutritional status assessed by anthropometrical and biological tests. T-cell imbalance in alcoholic liver disease does not seem to be related to alcohol consumption, factor V decrease or malnutrition.