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In the described case, the dust and ash particles are removed in a product gas filter. A scrubber with packed bed was used to clean the product gas from the tar components. The solvent of the scrubber was RME (rapeseed methyl ester), a biodiesel. RME is used because of its good tar separating characteristics. To investigate these tar separation characteristics of RME and the separation efficiency of the scrubber, four enrichment experiments were carried out during this work. These experiments took place at the 'Technikum' nearby the biomass steam gasification plant G��ssing. There, a pilot-scale scrubber and product gas from the gasification plant were used to perform the enrichment experiments. The four experiments are long term experiments with duration of approximately 120 hours each to obtain comparable results, it is necessary to make sure most of parameters are constant during the experiments. Only the RME temperature was changed from 0��C in the first experiment to 40��C in the last experiment. The task of this master thesis was to investigate the removal efficiency of the scrubber for the tar components benzene, toluene and xylene from the gas. During the enrichment experiments, a continuing data recording was fulfilled and in addition discontinuous tar sampling was accomplished. The discontinuous tar samples were taken 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h, 120h after the start of the experiments. The tar samples were analyzed in a laboratory and the results give the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the scrubber to eliminate benzene, toluene and xylene from the product gas. Using an exponential model, the results were fitted as scrubber efficiency as function of dry product gas volume at standard pressure and temperature. The results give good information about the behavior of toluene and xylene, because they show a good correlation between the temperature of RME and the separation efficiency. The results of benzene do not show this clear correlation. The results show, that, if fresh RME is used, a very good, nearly 100% tar separation is possible. Comparing the results to the CHP's scrubber, it can be concluded, that only a very little fraction of the tar components, which were investigated in this work, are actually removed there. Es wurde im Technikumsma��stab ein Versuchsw��scher mit Produktgas aus dem Biomasseheizkraftwerk G��ssing betrieben. Es wurden vier 120h Anreicherungsversuche bei Temperaturen von 0��C bis 40��C durchgef��hrt, um das Abscheideverhalten zu untersuchen. Die bei den Versuchen betrachteten Teerkomponenten waren Benzol, Toluol und Xylol. Sie wurden ausgew��hlt, da sie die am schwersten abzutrennende Teerfraktion sind. W��hrend der Anreicherungsversuche wurden s��mtliche Parameter m��glichst konstant gehalten, einzig die Temperatur des W��schermediums wurde variiert. Neben einer kontinuierlichen Datenaufzeichnung wurden 0:15h, 1h, 5h, 25h und 120h nach Versuchsstart Teerproben vor und nach dem Versuchsw��scher genommen. Diese Probenahme liefert Messpunkte, um die Effizient des Versuchsw��schers zu beurteilen. Durch ein exponentielles Modell wurden die ermittelten Daten in eine kontinuierliche Funktion des Abscheidegrades umgerechnet. Um die Vergleichbarkeit mit ��hnlichen, mit dem gleichen L��sungsmittel betriebenen W��scher zu gew��hrleisten, wurde das durch den W��scher gereinigte Produktgasnormvolumen in eine Beladung des L��sungsmittels umgerechnet. Somit erh��lt man einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Abscheidegrad und der Beladung des L��sungsmittels. Die Ergebnisse liefern f��r die Teerkomponenten Toluol und Xylol einen eindeutig erkennbaren Zusammenhang zwischen L��sungsmitteltemperatur und Abscheidegrad. Benzol zeigt diesen Zusammenhang ohne ausf��hrliche Fehlerbetrachtung nicht. Bei geringer Beladung des L��sungsmittels kann ein Abscheidegrad von 100% f��r alle betrachteten Komponenten erreicht werden, mit steigender Beladung nimmt der Abscheidegrad f��r alle Komponenten jedoch stark ab. Die Ergebnisse zeigen des Weiteren, dass sich mit steigender L��sungsmitteltemperatur der Abscheidegrad bei gleicher betrachteter Teerkomponente verschlechtert. Diese Gegebenheiten deuten darauf hin, dass Absorptionsprozesse f��r die Teerabscheidung in einem Biodieselw��scher verantwortlich sind und Kondensation eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Ein Vergleich mit dem Kraftwerksw��scher zeigt, dass dieser die beobachteten Teerkomponenten nur zu einem geringen Teil abscheidet.

Relevance of the work. Estimation of the stability of free face is an important task due to the fact that part of headings of tube railroad is erected by mining, with the forehead of the face fixed manually, while indirect methods of forecasting engineering-geological and hydrogeological conditions before the forehead of the face indicate the presence of local softening and watering capable affect sustainability. Purpose of the work. Estimation of the zone of influence and the type of drainage of the element of heterogeneity on the stability of the tunnel face passed in the array of Proterozoic clays. Method and methodology. The finite element method used in the PLAXIS software package was chosen as the research method. The Hardening Soil Small Strain hardening soil model was selected as a geomechanical model of soil behavior. The design situations of deforming the unfixed forehead of the face approaching the water-saturated element of heterogeneity, are considered when simulating an element with a capacity of 1 and 4 m and changing the nature of water filtration along the element. Results of the work. When deformation properties of the calculated soil elements differ by 30% with the given level of groundwater, both in the case of drainage and nondrainability, an increase in displacements occurs when the tunneling face approaches the zone of influence of heterogeneity. The size of the zone of influence depends on the chosen type of drainage of the element of heterogeneity. Applicable scope of the results described in the paper. The results described in the paper (subject to determining the parameters of the model that meet the conditions of penetration) can be used to estimate the stability of the forehead of the tunnel face in the area of heterogeneity, which is the water supply canal. Conclusion. When designing construction of a linear underground facility in an area of heterogeneity, it is necessary to evaluate the stability of the forehead of the face using numerical modeling. When modeling an element of heterogeneity, it is necessary to take into account the degree of water saturation, the thickness of the element of heterogeneity and the nature of permeability of water along the element of heterogeneity.

Die intensive Nutzung in Landwirtschaft und Forstwirtschaft und damit einhergehende Bodendegradation stellen eine enorme Herausforderung für die menschliche Gesellschaft dar. Insbesondere die Übernutzung reduziert die Ernährungssicherheit, führt zur Emission von Treibhausgasen und Aerosolen, treibt den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt an, verschmutzt das Wasser und untergräbt eine Vielzahl von Ökosystemdienstlei - stungen, die über die Nahrungsmittelversorgung sowie die Wasser- und Klimaregulierung hinausgehen. Die direkten Emissionen durch Entwaldung, Düngung, Reisanbau und Wiederkäuer belaufen sich derzeit auf etwa 25% aller menschlichen Treibhausgasemissionen. Der intensiven Landnutzung zugrunde liegen sowohl das Bevölkerungswachstum, der Anstieg im pro-Kopf-Verbrauch an Kalorien, Holz und Fasern sowie verstärkter Konsum von Fleisch- und Milchprodukten. Dieses Kapitel fasst diese soziökonomischen Aspekte kurz zusammen und führt in die grundsätzlichen Prozesse ein, die der Emission von CO2, CH4 und N2O zugrunde liegen. In verschiedenen Kapiteln in diesem Buch werden diese Prozesse wieder aufgegriffen und unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten detaillierter beleuchtet. Socioeconomic aspects of land use change, effects on biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gas emissions: Intensive agriculture and forestry and associated land degradation, pose an enormous challenge to human society. Overuse of land ecosystems reduces food security, leads to emissions of greenhouse gases and aerosols, drives biodiversity loss, pollutes water, and undermines a wide range of ecosystem services beyond food supply and water and climate regulation. Direct emissions from deforestation, fertilization, rice cultivation, and ruminants currently amount to about 25% of all human greenhouse gas emissions. Drivers of intensive land useare population growth, together with increases in per capita consumption of calories, wood, and fiber, and a shift towards consumption of meat and dairy products. This chapter briefly summarizes these socioeconomic aspects and introduces the basic processes underlying the emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O. Various chapters in this book revisit these processes and examine them in more detail from different perspectives. Aspectos socioeconómicos del cambio de uso de la tierra, efectos en los ciclos biogeoquímicos y emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero: El uso intensivo del suelo en la agricultura y la silvicultura asi como la asociada degradación del suelo representan un enorme desafío para la sociedad humana. En particular, el sobreuso hace peligrar la seguridad alimentaria, conduce a la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero y aerosoles, incrementa la pérdida de biodiversidad, contamina el agua y socava una variedad de servicios de los ecosistemas más allá del suministro de alimentos y la regulación del agua y el clima. Las emisiones directas de la deforestación, la fertilización, el cultivo de arroz y los rumiantes representan actualmente alrededor del 25% de todas las emisiones antrópicas de gases de efecto invernadero. El uso intensivo de la tierra se basa en el crecimiento de la población, el aumento del consumo per cápita de calorías, madera y fibra y un mayor consumo de carne y productos lácteos. Este capítulo resume brevemente estos aspectos socioeconómicos e introduce los procesos fundamentales que subyacen a la emisión de CO2, CH4 y N2O. Estos procesos se retoman en varios capítulos de este libro y se examinan con más detalle desde varias perspectivas.

Auf der Grundlage vorhandener Sturmflut-Messdaten aus dem Bereich der Uferlinie vor Westerland werden Gegebenheiten der Sturmbrandung am Modell resonanter Beckenschwingungen bezüglich der Ausprägung von Reflexion, Resonanz und anomaler Dispersion untersucht. Das Auftreten partiell stehender Wellen bedeutenden Ausmaßes unterstützt die These des Autors von der „Sturmwellenresonanz“. Durchschnittliche Abbruchraten von der Randdüne Westerland werden für extreme Sturmflutwasserstände zu 1,5m/h abgeschätzt. Based on existing storm surge data from the inshore and foreshore zone of Sylt island/North Sea, the circumstances of storm surf are analyzed with respect to the model of resonant basin oscillations, marked by reflection, resonance and anomalous dispersion. Partial standing waves of impressive extent support the author's finding of a „storm wave resonance“. Average sand removal rates can be estimated as 1.5m/h at heavy storm surge action.

Since the establishment of the activited sludge process in everyday life, we are constantly in search of new solutions to optimize the biologic process of sewage purification in a sustinable and economic way. The application of ultrasonic sound, which is investigated in this thesis, manifests itself as a qualified technique. After the influence of ultrasound an optimal morphological modification in the flake structure is achieved and the microbial activity in the activated sludge is enhaced. Furthermore, we can observe a reduction of the excess biomass by pro-rata dissolution of the activated sludge. Seit der Etablierung des Belebtschlammverfahens im Alltag ist man auf der Suche nach neuen Lösungen um den biologischen Prozess der Abwasserreinigung nachhaltig und wirtschaftlich zu optimieren. Der in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Einsatz des Ultraschalls zeigte sich als geeignete Technik. Nach der Ultraschalleinwirkung werden optimale morphologische Veränderungen in der Flockenstruktur erreicht, infolge dessen wird die mikrobielle Aktivität im Belebtschlamm gesteigert. Darüber hinaus durch Auflösung eines Teils des Belebtschlammes wird eine Verringerung der überschüssigen Biomasse beobachtet.

The germ reducing efficacy of tap water, soap, pHisoHex, pHisoDerm and 70% ethanol was compared using the model of hands artificially contaminated with E. coli. Each of ten persons washed 1, 2 or 4 minutes. Reduction factors were calculated from pre- and post-values and were compared for each individual. After one minute the logarithms of the geometric means of the reduction factors amounted to 2,99, 3,23, 3,28, 3,61, 4,25 in the above used sequence (Table 2). After one minute the reductions came off more slowly and the slopes were linear and parallel as far as the mechanical germ reducing procedures are concerned (Fig. 2). In contrast, ethanol caused a steeper slope even after one minute wash. The strong reduction achieved by mechanical procedures (even with water for one minute 3 powers of ten were observed) demonstrates the high hygienic importance of hand washings for removal of the transient flora. Detergents like pHisoDerm produce further significantly higher reductions and seem to be more suitable than aggressive disinfectants for application in fields where bactericidal action is not imperative. The proposals for procedures aiming at disinfecting of the transient flora issued by the Austrian Society for Hygiene, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine require a reduction factor of at least 10(5) after two minutes hand wash. The results of this investigation show that this is practicable with ethanol and necessary, otherwise the bactericidal action would not be different from a mechanical removal of the transient flora.

On September 11 and 12, 2017, a symposium on "Irrigation in agriculture", jointly organized by the Thünen Institute, the Julius-Kühn Institute and the University of Applied Sciences Ostfalia took place at the Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Campus Suderburg. For this purpose, experts from the field of irrigation were invited to give current assessments on the development of irrigation needs and the irrigation-worthiness of different crops at different locations in Ger-many as well as on the development of irrigation technology. The irrigation of crops in outdoor vegetables or special crops has long been a common practice. The profitability of irrigating agri-cultural crops in Germany has so far been limited to a few, dry locations. As a result of climate change, an increasing average annual temperature and changed precipitation patterns (in partic-ular lower rainfall at the beginning of the vegetation period in spring) have been observed in Germany for some years now. For the future, according to the results of climate models, a fur-ther increase in temperatures and further changes in the precipitation distribution such as a de-crease in the summer precipitation and an increase in winter precipitation are to be expected. The conference proceedings provide an overview of the latest research findings from the field of drought stress and discuss possible alternative sources for meeting the additional water require-ments of agricultural crops. Aspects of the landscape water balance and hydrological correlations in the agricultural landscape are addressed and solutions presented. Insights into possible con-flicts of water use and practical experience with the development of solutions are accompanied by the presentation of the legal framework for water use. The contributions are supplemented by reports of long-term irrigation field trials conducted by the LWK Lower Saxony. On the one hand, the experiments have shown that irrigation can increase the nutrient efficiency of crops and the quality of crops. On the other hand, the present state of the art of irrigation will be explained and limits and possibilities for increasing efficiency in the future will be presented. In order to in-crease the efficiency of irrigation, irrigation control is of great importance; its current status is presented and the trends for the future are shown. The profitability of investments in irrigation technology is presented in two contributions. Here, both the different techniques and their prof-itability in different crops are assessed economically. Possible developments of regional irrigation needs are exemplarily shown for the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The conference proceedings conclude with a chapter on the overview of previous projects in the field of water management and on irrigation of agricultural land in view of future climate change in Germany.

Weltweit spielen Großstaudämme eine immer wichtigere Rolle für die »erneuerbare« Energieversorgung und in den vielen Trockengebieten der Erde für die Bewässerung und Ausweitung der Landwirtschaft. Einige neuere Staudämme sind spektakuläre Riesenprojekte. Großstaudammprojekte sind aber inzwischen sehr umstritten, sie sind Konfliktherde; sie verändern die Landnutzung diametral, sie vertreiben die eingesessene Bevölkerung und zerstören deren Lebensgrundlagen. Die ökologischen und ökonomischen Auswirkungen sind nicht nur positiv, sondern sie weisen in erheblichem Maße auch negative Folgen auf. Dazu kommt, dass Staudamm und Nutzung der Wasserspeicher auch nur eine begrenzte Zeit möglich ist. Large water dams for energy generation and irrigation and its social problems: An introduction: Large dams play an increasingly important role worldwide for the renewable energy supply and in the many arid regions of the world for irrigation and the expansion of agriculture. Some of the newer dams are spectacular giant projects. Large dam projects are now very controversial, they are sources of conflicts; they change land use diametrically, they drive out the local population and destroy their livelihoods. The ecological and economic effects are not only positive, they also have negative consequences to a considerable extent. In addition, the dam and the use of the water reservoir are only possible for a limited time. Grandes represas para la generación de energía y proyectos de irrigación y sus conflictos sociales: Una introduccion: Las grandes represas desempeñan un papel cada vez más importante en todo el mundo en la producción de energia »renovable« y en las muchas regiones áridas del mundo para mejorar el riego y la expansión agricola. Algunas de las represas más nuevas son proyectos gigantescos. Muchos proyectos de represas tienen sus lados negativos y son fuentes de conflictos; cambian diametralmente el uso de la tierra, conducen al desalojos de la población local y destruyen sus fuentes de trabajo, también los efectos eco­lógicos y económicos son en gran medida negativos. Además el uso de las represan tienen un tiempo limitado y su desmontaje es costoso.

Surgery as an important part of the healthcare sector contributes to environmental pollution and therefore to the climate crisis. The aim of this review is to create an overview of the current data situation and possibilities for improvement.A literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE using the following five terms: "carbon footprint and surgery", "climate change and surgery", "waste and surgery" and "greening the operating room" focusing on energy, waste, water and anesthesia.The greatest part of emissions in surgery is generated by the use of energy. The operating rooms (OR) need 3-6 times more energy than the other hospital rooms. Of the total hospital waste 20-30% is produced during operations, which is particularly due to the increasing use of disposable articles and 50-90% of waste classified as hazardous is incorrectly sorted. The disposal of this waste is not only more environmentally harmful but also much more expensive. The processing of surgical items by autoclaving consumes large amounts of water. Modern sterilization methods, for example using plasma could be future alternatives. Up to 20% of volatile nonmetabolized anesthetic agents are vented into the stratosphere and destroy the ozone layer. Intravenous anesthetic drugs should be used whenever possible instead. The choice of operating method can also contribute to the environmental impact of an operation.The surgical disciplines are a relevant producer of environmental pollutants. Through diverse interdisciplinary approaches surgery can also contribute to protecting the environment.