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This dataset contains spatial predictions of the potential environmental spaces for pingos, ice-wedge polygons and rock glaciers across the Northern Hemisphere permafrost areas. The potential environmental spaces, i.e. conditions where climate, topography and soil properties are suitable for landform presence, were predicted with statistical ensemble modelling employing geospatial data on environmental conditions at 30 arc-second resolution (~1 km). In addition to the baseline period (1950-2000), the predictions are provided for 2041-2060 and 2061-2080 using climate-forcing scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways 4.5 and 8.5). The resulting dataset consists of five spatial predictions for each landform in GeoTIFF format.The data provide new information on 1) the fine-scale spatial distribution of permafrost landforms in the Northern Hemisphere, 2) the potential future alterations in the environmental suitability for permafrost landforms due to climate change, and 3) the circumpolar distribution of various ground ice types, and can 4) facilitate efforts to inventory permafrost landforms in incompletely mapped areas.

Herewith we present the extended 1Hz dataset of wind measurements from a Skipheia meteorological station on the island of Frøya on the western coast of Norway, Trondelag. The data binned in 10 min averages can be find at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2557500 The site represents an exposed coastal wind climate with open sea, land and mixed fetch from various directions. UTM-coordinates of the Met-mast: 8.34251 E and 63.66638 N. See the map for details (NorwegianMapping Authority): https://www.norgeskart.no/#!?project=norgeskart&layers=1003&zoom=3&lat=7035885.49&lon=539601.41&markerLat=7077031.483032227&markerLon=170902.83203125&panel=searchOptionsPanel&sok=Titranveien Presented data were gathered between years 2009-2016. Data&hardware summary: Years 2009-2016: Mast2 equipped with 6 pairs of 2D sonic anemometers at 10, 16, 25, 40, 70, 100 m above the ground, independent temperature measurements at the same heights and near the ground; pressure and relative humidity from local meteostation (Sula, 20 km away). Years 2014-2016: Mast4 equipped with 2 pairs of 2D sonic anemometers at 40 and 100 m above the ground. The distance between the masts is 79 m. Data is binned in years and months and stored in a ‘*.txt’ tab-separated values file. Data column order is described in SkipheiaMast2_header.txt and SkipheiaMast4_header.txt, where WSx is the wind speed (m/s), WDx is the wind direction (360 deg), ATx is the air temperature (deg C) and x designates the instrument number. The instruments are numbered starting from the ground. Example: For Mast2 (6 pairs of anemometers, ground temperature + 6 temperature sensors on the mast) that means that AT0 is the ground temperature. WS1 and WS2 are wind speed records at 10 m level. WS3 and WS4 are wind speed records at 16 m. For Mast4 (2 pairs of anemometers) that means that WS1 and WS2 are wind speed records at 40 m level. WS3 and WS4 are wind speed records at 100 m. Detailed site description with wind climate description can be found in attached analysis: Site analysys.pdf. Additional information and analysis can be found in listed below works, using data from Frøya site: Bardal, L. M., & Sætran, L. R. (2016, September). Spatial correlation of atmospheric wind at scales relevant for large scale wind turbines. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 753, No. 3, p. 032033). IOP Publishing, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032033, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/753/3/032033/pdf Bardal, L. M., & Sætran, L. R. (2016). Wind gust factors in a coastal wind climate. Energy Procedia, 94, 417-424, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.09.207 IEA Wind TCP Task 27 Compendium of IEA Wind TCP Task 27 Case Studies, Technical Report, Prepared by Ignacio Cruz Cruz, CIEMAT, Spain Trudy Forsyth, WAT, United States, October 2018; Chapter 1.8. https://community.ieawind.org/HigherLogic/System/DownloadDocumentFile.ashx?DocumentFileKey=8afc06ec-bb68-0be8-8481-6622e9e95ae7&forceDialog=0 Domagalski, P., Bardal, L. M., & Sætran, L. Vertical Wind Profiles in Non-neutral Conditions-Comparison of Models and Measurements from Froya. Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, doi: 10.1115/1.4041816, http://offshoremechanics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?articleid=2711333&resultClick=3 Møller, M., Domagalski, P., & Sætran, L. R. (2019, October). Characteristics of abnormal vertical wind profiles at a coastal site. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1356, No. 1, p. 012030). IOP Publishing. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1356/1/012030 Møller, M., Domagalski, P., and Sætran, L. R.: Comparing Abnormalities in Onshore and Offshore Vertical Wind Profiles, Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-2019-40 , in review, 2019.

Total oxygen uptake rates were assessed by conducting sediment core incubations. After MUC retrieval and sediment core preparation on deck, three cores were taken to a dark, temperature controlled laboratory on board Polarstern that was refrigerated to 2 °C-4 °C. Incubation procedure generally followed the approach described by Link et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5911-2013).

Mesocosm experiments have been fundamental to investigate the effects of elevated CO2 and ocean acidification (OA) on planktic communities. However, few of these experiments have been conducted using naturally nutrient-limited waters and/or considering the combined effects of OA and ocean warming (OW). Coccolithophores are a group of calcifying phytoplankton that can reach high abundances in the Mediterranean Sea, and whose responses to OA are modulated by temperature and nutrients. We present the results of the first land-based mesocosm experiment testing the effects of combined OA and OW on an oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean coccolithophore community. Coccolithophore cell abundance drastically decreased under OW and combined OA and OW (greenhouse, GH) conditions. Emiliania huxleyi calcite mass decreased consistently only in the GH treatment; moreover, anomalous calcifications (i.e. coccolith malformations) were particularly common in the perturbed treatments, especially under OA. Overall, these data suggest that the projected increase in sea surface temperatures, including marine heatwaves, will cause rapid changes in Eastern Mediterranean coccolithophore communities, and that these effects will be exacerbated by OA. In order to allow full comparability with other ocean acidification data sets, the R package seacarb (Gattuso et al, 2021) was used to compute a complete and consistent set of carbonate system variables, as described by Nisumaa et al. (2010). In this dataset the original values were archived in addition with the recalculated parameters (see related PI). The date of carbonate chemistry calculation by seacarb is 2021-05-11.

Dataset on dispersal of alien species in relation to the historic development of hydropower generation and Navigation along the River Danube.

Quantitative reliability, availability, and maintainability (RAM) assessments are of fundamental importance at the early design stages, as well as planning and operation of marine renewable energy systems. This paper presents an RAM framework adaptable to different offshore renewable technologies, conceived to provide support in the choice of the device components and subsequent planning of the O&M strategies. A case study, characterizing a pilot farm of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WECs), is illustrated together with the method used to obtain reliable estimate of its key performance indicators (KPIs). Based on a fixed feed-in-tariff for the project, economic figures are estimated, showing a direct relationship with the availability of the farm and the cost of maintenance interventions. Consequently, the probability distributions of the most relevant output variables are presented, and the mutual correlations between them investigated using principal components analysis (PCA) with the aim of discovering the relationships influencing the performance of the offshore farm. In this way, the contributions of the individual factors on the profitability of the project are quantified, and generic guidelines to support the decision-making process are derived. It is shown how this type of analysis provides important insights not only to ocean energy farm operators after the deployment of the devices, but also to device developers at the early design stage of wave energy concepts.

The marine environment has been in the spotlight of economic development due to the growing demand for areas to promote activities associated with the concept of Blue Economy. This is the case of the renewable energy and aquaculture sectors, whose expansion towards offshore is determined by the increase global demand for energy and food, and by exceeding of the carrying capacity of coastal and terrestrial systems. In this context, the multi-use strategy can be an alternative to minimize conflicts between activities and impacts on the surrounding social-ecological environment. This contribution presents a preliminary approach to identify opportunities for individual exploitation and the possibilities of multi-use between wind energy, wave energy and aquaculture in Brazil?s Exclusive Economic Zone. Technical, operational, and biological aspects were evaluated, through a Suitability Index validated in previous works, to identify zones with favorable conditions for energy exploitation and farming of six fish species. Additionally, overlaps between conservation areas and multi-use zones were considered to analyze possible spatial conflicts. Zones with multi-use possibilities with different combinations between these sectors were identified: i) wave energy and aquaculture presented the largest areas for multi-use, distributed in the south, southeast and northeast; ii) possibility of combining wind energy and aquaculture was identified in the northeast; and iii) multi-use possibilities in the south for marine energies. Zones with multi-use possibilities were identified in protection and conservation areas, such as the combination of wave exploitation and Greater Amberjack farming, with 63% overlap. Therefore, this case study is a guide for future local studies in the marine region of Brazil, mainly in the selection of sites for analysis. The present contribution represents a starting point for the discussion about multi-use in the country C.V.C. Weiss is grateful to the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for the PDJ (Pós-doutorado Junior) fellowship granted (151228/2020–5), and the financial support from the Universidad de Cantabria (UC) through the Agusto González de Linares and Margarita Salas Grants (POS-UC-2019-06 and RMS-04, respectively). J. Bonetti is a Research Fellow of CNPq (Grant 306633/2019–1). Raúl Guanche acknowledges the Grant RYC-2017-23260 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and “ESF Investing in your future”. This work is framed in the project “ACUFLOT”, supported by the Biodiversity Foundation of the Ecological Transition and Demographic Challenge Ministry of Spain and the IHCantabria - Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental de la Universidad de Cantabria

The biotechnological development has traditionally focused on the compliance with regulatory demands rather than optimising the processes or analysing their sustainability. This work proposes the combination of available tools for the comprehensive sustainability assessment of a blue biotechnology process based on the cultivation of the microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis. The work aims to include environmental, economic and social dimensions to measure the sustainability of the production of a carotenoid with potential applications in food, nutraceutical, cosmetics and eventually pharmaceutical industries. Electricity for cultivation was identified as the major contributor to the environmental impacts, which depended significantly on the production scale. Social benefits were mainly related to workers and consumers, while the economic assessment suggested a profitable process with a relatively short period to recover the initial investment.