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This dataset contains terrestrial fluxes of nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ecosystem respiration (carbon dioxide (CO2)) calculated from static chamber measurements in riparian buffers of oil palm plantations on mineral soil, in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Measurements were made monthly, from January 2019 until September 2021, with a break from April 2019 to October 2019 to allow for felling and replanting, and another break from January 2021 to June 2021 due to Covid-19 restrictions. To help to reduce the environmental impact of oil palm plantations, riparian buffers are now required by regulations in many Southeast Asian countries. The experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of greenhouse gas emissions from the riparian buffers. Research was funded through NERC grant NE/R000131/1 Sustainable Use of Natural Resources to Improve Human Health and Support Economic Development (SUNRISE) Greenhouse gas concentrations were measured using static chambers, enclosed for 45 minutes. Multiple regressions (including linear and hierarchical multiple regression) were fitted to calculate the best fit flux, using the RCflux R package, written by Dr Peter Levy (UKCEH).

Abstract Background Polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable polymer, has the potential to replace (at least partially) traditional petroleum-based plastics, minimizing “white pollution”. However, cost-effective production of optically pure L-lactic acid is needed to achieve the full potential of PLA. Currently, starch-based glucose is used for L-lactic acid fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Due to its competition with food resources, an alternative non-food substrate such as cellulosic biomass is needed for L-lactic acid fermentation. Nevertheless, the substrate (sugar stream) derived from cellulosic biomass contains significant amounts of xylose, which is unfermentable by most lactic acid bacteria. However, the microorganisms that do ferment xylose usually carry out heterolactic acid fermentation. As a result, an alternative strain should be developed for homofermentative production of optically pure L-lactic acid using cellulosic biomass. Results In this study, an ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain, SZ470 (ΔfrdBC ΔldhA ΔackA ΔpflB ΔpdhR ::pflBp6-acEF-lpd ΔmgsA), was reengineered for homofermentative production of L-lactic acid from xylose (1.2 mole xylose = > 2 mole L-lactic acid), by deleting the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (adhE) and integrating the L-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhL) of Pediococcus acidilactici. The resulting strain, WL203, was metabolically evolved further through serial transfers in screw-cap tubes containing xylose, resulting in the strain WL204 with improved anaerobic cell growth. When tested in 70 g L-1 xylose fermentation (complex medium), WL204 produced 62 g L-1 L-lactic acid, with a maximum production rate of 1.631 g L-1 h-1 and a yield of 97% based on xylose metabolized. HPLC analysis using a chiral column showed that an L-lactic acid optical purity of 99.5% was achieved by WL204. Conclusions These results demonstrated that WL204 has the potential for homofermentative production of L-lactic acid using cellulosic biomass derived substrates, which contain a significant amount of xylose.

Rising CO 2 levels may induce nutritional deficits (protein, minerals, and vitamins) in the highest rice-consuming countries.

Accumulating evidence suggests that regular moderate consumption of wine can positively influence risk factors associated with cardiovascular health. These effects are often attributed to grape and wine-derived phenolic compounds and their effects on risk factors such as atherosclerosis, for which mechanisms have been clearly identified, such as a decrease in the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol and reduction of oxidative stress, and an increase in nitric oxide and related restoration of endothelial function. In addition, the ethanol component of wine increases HDL-cholesterol, inhibits platelet aggregation, promotes fibrinolysis and reduces systemic inflammation. Scientific research needs to be conducted, however, before we can begin to provide science-based dietary recommendations, although there is sufficient evidence to generally recommend consuming food sources rich in bioactive compounds such as wine in moderation. This narrative review examines published evidence on the cardioprotective effects associated with wine-derived compounds, with a primary focus on the development and progression of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

The primary objective of this review is to propose an approach for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) based upon its known sources, its role in photosynthesis and its biosynthetic pathway. The chemistry, health benefits, market, and industrial production of vitamin K are also summarized. Vitamin K compounds (K vitamers) are required for the normal function of at least 15 proteins involved in diverse physiological processes such as coagulation, tissue mineralization, inflammation, and neuroprotection. Vitamin K is essential for the prevention of Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding (VKDB), especially in neonates. Increased vitamin K intake may also reduce the severity and/or risk of bone fracture, arterial calcification, inflammatory diseases, and cognitive decline. Consumers are increasingly favoring natural food and therapeutic products. However, the bulk of vitamin K products employed for both human and animal use are chemically synthesized. Biosynthesis of the menaquinones (vitamin K2) has been extensively researched. However, published research on the biotechnological production of phylloquinone is restricted to a handful of available articles and patents. We have found that microalgae are more suitable than plant cell cultures for the biosynthesis of phylloquinone. Many algae are richer in vitamin K1 than terrestrial plants, and algal cells are easier to manipulate. Vitamin K1 can be efficiently recovered from the biomass using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.

Les maladies infectieuses émergent à un rythme sans précédent tandis que la production alimentaire s'intensifie pour suivre le rythme de la croissance démographique. Les systèmes d'irrigation à grande échelle ont le potentiel de transformer de manière permanente le paysage avec des avantages sanitaires, nutritionnels et socio-économiques ; cependant, cela conduit également à un changement dans les modes d'utilisation des terres qui peuvent promouvoir des insectes vecteurs et des agents pathogènes endémiques et invasifs. L'équilibre entre la sécurité alimentaire et la prévention des maladies infectieuses émergentes est une nécessité ; pourtant, l'impact de l'irrigation sur les maladies à transmission vectorielle au niveau épidémiologique, entomologique et économique est incertain et dépend du contexte géographique et climatologique. Ici, nous mettons en évidence les facteurs de risque et les défis auxquels sont confrontés la surveillance et le contrôle des maladies à transmission vectorielle dans un écosystème agricole émergent dans la région de la basse vallée de la Shire, dans le sud du Malawi. Un programme d'irrigation à grande échelle échelonné (The Shire Valley Transformation Project, SVTP) promet de transformer plus de 40 000 ha en terres agricoles viables et résilientes, mais la vallée est endémique du paludisme et de la schistosomiase et connaît fréquemment des inondations extrêmes à la suite de cyclones tropicaux. Ces derniers exacerbent le risque de maladie à transmission vectorielle tout en faisant de toute évaluation empirique de ce risque un obstacle important. Nous proposons que le SVTP offre une occasion unique d'adopter une approche One Health pour atténuer le risque de maladie à transmission vectorielle tout en maintenant la production agricole. Une approche à long terme et multidisciplinaire avec l'adhésion de plusieurs parties prenantes sera nécessaire pour atteindre cet objectif. Las enfermedades infecciosas están surgiendo a un ritmo sin precedentes, mientras que la producción de alimentos se intensifica para mantener el ritmo del crecimiento de la población. Los planes de riego a gran escala tienen el potencial de transformar permanentemente el paisaje con beneficios sanitarios, nutricionales y socioeconómicos; sin embargo, esto también conduce a un cambio en los patrones de uso de la tierra que pueden promover insectos vectores y patógenos endémicos e invasores. El equilibrio entre garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y prevenir las enfermedades infecciosas emergentes es una necesidad; sin embargo, el impacto del riego en las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores a nivel epidemiológico, entomológico y económico es incierto y depende del contexto geográfico y climatológico. Aquí, destacamos los factores de riesgo y los desafíos que enfrenta la vigilancia y el control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en un ecosistema agrícola emergente en la región del valle inferior del Shire en el sur de Malawi. Un programa de riego a gran escala por fases (The Shire Valley Transformation Project, SVTP) promete transformar más de 40.000 hectáreas en tierras de cultivo viables y resilientes, pero el valle es endémico para la malaria y la esquistosomiasis y experimenta frecuentes inundaciones extremas después de los ciclones tropicales. Estos últimos exacerban el riesgo de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores y, al mismo tiempo, hacen que cualquier evaluación empírica de ese riesgo sea un obstáculo significativo. Proponemos que la SVTP brinde una oportunidad única para adoptar un enfoque de One Health para mitigar el riesgo de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores mientras se mantiene la producción agrícola. Se necesitará un enfoque a largo plazo y multidisciplinario con la participación de múltiples partes interesadas para lograr este objetivo. Infectious diseases are emerging at an unprecedented rate while food production intensifies to keep pace with population growth. Large-scale irrigation schemes have the potential to permanently transform the landscape with health, nutritional and socio-economic benefits; yet, this also leads to a shift in land-use patterns that can promote endemic and invasive insect vectors and pathogens. The balance between ensuring food security and preventing emerging infectious disease is a necessity; yet the impact of irrigation on vector-borne diseases at the epidemiological, entomological and economic level is uncertain and depends on the geographical and climatological context. Here, we highlight the risk factors and challenges facing vector-borne disease surveillance and control in an emerging agricultural ecosystem in the lower Shire Valley region of southern Malawi. A phased large scale irrigation programme (The Shire Valley Transformation Project, SVTP) promises to transform over 40,000 ha into viable and resilient farmland, yet the valley is endemic for malaria and schistosomiasis and experiences frequent extreme flooding events following tropical cyclones. The latter exacerbate vector-borne disease risk while simultaneously making any empirical assessment of that risk a significant hurdle. We propose that the SVTP provides a unique opportunity to take a One Health approach at mitigating vector-borne disease risk while maintaining agricultural output. A long-term and multi-disciplinary approach with buy-in from multiple stakeholders will be needed to achieve this goal. تظهر الأمراض المعدية بمعدل غير مسبوق بينما يكثف الإنتاج الغذائي لمواكبة النمو السكاني. تتمتع مخططات الري واسعة النطاق بالقدرة على تحويل المناظر الطبيعية بشكل دائم مع الفوائد الصحية والتغذوية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية ؛ ومع ذلك، يؤدي هذا أيضًا إلى تحول في أنماط استخدام الأراضي التي يمكن أن تعزز ناقلات الحشرات ومسببات الأمراض المتوطنة والغازية. التوازن بين ضمان الأمن الغذائي والوقاية من الأمراض المعدية الناشئة أمر ضروري ؛ ومع ذلك فإن تأثير الري على الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل على المستوى الوبائي والحشري والاقتصادي غير مؤكد ويعتمد على السياق الجغرافي والمناخي. هنا، نسلط الضوء على عوامل الخطر والتحديات التي تواجه مراقبة الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل ومكافحتها في نظام إيكولوجي زراعي ناشئ في منطقة وادي شاير السفلى في جنوب ملاوي. يعد برنامج الري واسع النطاق على مراحل (مشروع تحويل وادي شاير، SVTP) بتحويل أكثر من 40 ألف هكتار إلى أراض زراعية قابلة للحياة ومرنة، ومع ذلك فإن الوادي مستوطن للملاريا والبلهارسيا ويواجه أحداث فيضانات شديدة متكررة بعد الأعاصير المدارية. يؤدي هذا الأخير إلى تفاقم مخاطر الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل مع جعل أي تقييم تجريبي لهذا الخطر عقبة كبيرة في الوقت نفسه. نقترح أن يوفر SVTP فرصة فريدة لاتخاذ نهج One Health في التخفيف من مخاطر الأمراض المنقولة بالنواقل مع الحفاظ على الإنتاج الزراعي. وستكون هناك حاجة إلى نهج طويل الأجل ومتعدد التخصصات مع المشاركة من أصحاب المصلحة المتعددين لتحقيق هذا الهدف.

Assessment of the global burden of disease is based on epidemiological cohort studies that connect premature mortality to a wide range of causes, including the long-term health impacts of ozone and fine particulate matter with a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5). It has proved difficult to quantify premature mortality related to air pollution, notably in regions where air quality is not monitored, and also because the toxicity of particles from various sources may vary. Here we use a global atmospheric chemistry model to investigate the link between premature mortality and seven emission source categories in urban and rural environments. In accord with the global burden of disease for 2010 (ref. 5), we calculate that outdoor air pollution, mostly by PM2.5, leads to 3.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.61-4.81) million premature deaths per year worldwide, predominantly in Asia. We primarily assume that all particles are equally toxic, but also include a sensitivity study that accounts for differential toxicity. We find that emissions from residential energy use such as heating and cooking, prevalent in India and China, have the largest impact on premature mortality globally, being even more dominant if carbonaceous particles are assumed to be most toxic. Whereas in much of the USA and in a few other countries emissions from traffic and power generation are important, in eastern USA, Europe, Russia and East Asia agricultural emissions make the largest relative contribution to PM2.5, with the estimate of overall health impact depending on assumptions regarding particle toxicity. Model projections based on a business-as-usual emission scenario indicate that the contribution of outdoor air pollution to premature mortality could double by 2050.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), reported to be cytotoxic at micromolar concentrations for cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, are currently being tested in clinical trials as anti-cancer agents. This study has shown that seven PUFAs all inhibited the growth in vitro of three pancreatic cancer cell lines and the HL-60 leukaemic cell line. Five PUFAs induced cell death within 20-30 h, but two less potent PUFAs induced death between 50 and 75 h. Apoptosis was demonstrated to be the mode of cell death by light, UV fluorescence, and electron microscopy, together with studies of DNA fragmentation. In a time-course study of PUFA-treated Mia-Pa-Ca-2 cells, apoptosis accounted for an average of 80 per cent of the loss of viability, with 'secondary necrosis', a feature of late apoptosis, apparently accounting for the remainder. Correlations were found between the number of fatty acid double bonds and the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis induced in both Mia-Pa-Ca-2 cells (R = 0.88, P = 0.0001) and HL-60 cells (R = 0.85, P = 0.0001) and inversely with the micromolar concentrations of PUFAs required for 50 per cent inhibition of growth (IC50) of Mia-Pa-Ca-2 cells (R = -0.73, P = 0.05). Cell death was preceded by progressively increasing lipid peroxidation. The extent of PUFA-induced lipid peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde (MDA), also correlated with the proportion of apoptosis induced in Mia-Pa-Ca-2 cells (R = 0.69, P = 0.025) or HL-60 cells (R = 0.64, P = 0.043), as well as with the number of fatty acid double bonds (R = 0.82, P = 0.0015). PUFA-induced apoptosis was oxidative, being blocked by both vitamin E acetate and sodium selenite, the latter in a critically time-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effects of exposure to a PUFA and to gamma-irradiation simultaneously with, or prior to, the addition of PUFA.