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This zipped folder contains the files used to generate the results of this article, submitted to the journal Climatic Change.

Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) ; Pós-graduação em Alimentos e Nutrição - FCFAR ; No presente trabalho, inicialmente foi feito um estudo da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (RSM) que tem sido adotada com muita freqüência na otimização com várias aplicações na biotecnologia. Foi feita uma revisão na literatura científica dos conhecimentos existente, onde se priorizou as bases teóricas da RSM que consiste em: trabalho preliminar, onde são determinados as variáveis independentes e seus níveis; seleção do projeto experimental com a previsão e verificação da validade da equação do modelo e, representação gráfica da equação do modelo e determinação das condições ótimas de operação. Em seguida a RSM foi aplicada na otimização de biomassa pela levedura recombinante Pichia pastoris. Pichia pastoris que é uma levedura metilotrófica, geneticamente manipulada para expressar proteínas heterólogas que são de grande valor biotecnologico na pesquisa básica e em usos industriais na produção de grande variedade de proteínas heterólogas. Glicerol quinase (GK; EC 2.7.1.30) é uma enzima chave no metabolismo do glicerol e catalisa glicerol para glicerol-3- fosfato na biossíntese de fosfolípidos. Nessa etapa foi conduzido um estudo para determinar um meio otimizado para a produção de biomassa máxima pela recombinante Pichia pastoris com cultivo em frascos agitados usando 2,31% (p/v) de glicerol como fonte de carbono. A otimização foi realizada por metodologia de superfície de resposta (RSM). Em experimentos preliminares, realizados seguindo um planejamento Plackett-Burman, o conteúdo de glicerol (Gli) e tempo de crescimento (t) foram selecionados como os fatores mais importantes na produção de biomassa. Assim, os ensaios subsequentes foram realizados para a otimização da produção de biomassa, seguindo um delineamento composto central rotacionado. ; In this study, was initially used to study the response surface methodology (RSM) has been adopted frequently in optimization with many applications in biotechnology. A review ...

Aiming to meet the environmental needs of the world economy and protect the environment from the exacerbated consumption of fossils, the seventh Goal defends clean and affordable energy. In search of evaluation strategies and public policies for the sustainable market, providing circularity in production processes, the circular has become an economic model. Bioenergy comes to a growing world energy demand and energy resources for energy consumption comes in the global energy matrix in the mitigation of complementary forests of greenhouse gases, in food security, in the greenhouse and in the economy. More specifically, it carried out a review of eco-efficiency recommendations and the international energy framework for bioenergy (PFE) for a bioenergy from a circular economy perspective; evaluated the echo of PFEs through a multi-criteria analysis, adjusting to a global concentration and competitiveness of their exports. The methodologies used were bibliometrics and content analysis; a multi-criteria analysis (Promethee); market concentration indicators; differential and structural analysis, and; revealed comparative advantages. The main results that are efficient and the bioenergy economics studies are recent, the most important being the most environmentally friendly PFEs and the pellets are the most recent. In the late 20th century PFE mergers, as indicators were projected, as final concentrated and competitive mergers. From the 21st century onwards, deconcentration trends occurred and after 2010 of production, exports and FE production had a competitive market. As a consumption, differential and consumption model, which is in front of the PFE carbonization goals, if he is the consumer. In this way, through the comparative advantages revealed, countries with a forestry vocation have specialized in the production of PFE. It is concluded that PFE represents an adequate, safe and circular energy option, providing a functional and sustainable market structure. ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível ...

This paper seeks to analyze biomass participation in the context of a global discussion involving the need to address the two key issues of the 21st century: energy security and climate change. The idea was to try to discuss the growth of energy demand and the representativeness of renewable sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuel sources both in the domestic supply of energy (OIEE) and in theinternal energy supply (OIE). It is based on a more general approach that involves the discussion on sustainability and the transformation and use of biomass in the world and after an analysis involving changes in the Brazilian electricity sector (SEB) since 2004. The assumption that guided this research highlighted the importance of energy for the economic development of any country or nation, as well as biomass and other renewable energies, in the context of the need to deal with climate change. In Brazil, the discussions about the field of energy in general and of electricity, specifically, go through the effort to organize the electrical system, seeking the possibility of contracting new sources of energy, especially renewable ones, such as wind, biomass, the small Hydroelectric Power Plants (SHP), solar. This contracting is carried out in specific contracting environments and conditions for pricing according to the tariff modification criterion, in the case of the Regulated Contracting Environment (ACR), as well as taking into account the energy sold in the Free Contracting Environment (ACL).The importance of renewable energies in SEB is also highlighted by a brief approach on the importance of the Alternative Energy Sources Incentive Program (PROINFA) in the process of market creation for renewable sources. By means of the methodology used, it is concluded that the biomass follows an expansion trajectory, especially sugarcane bagasse, where its relative importance was verified in the process of contracting this source in the ACR. Therefore, it is estimated that biomass will continue to be important in the national ...

Young plants of Coffea arabica grafted over C. canephora were submitted to six watering cycles (WC) during 35 days. Each WC was accomplished until net photosynthesis (PN) close to zero or leaf water potential (Ψ) close to -2.0 MPa in Acauã (AC), Mundo- Novo (MN), and Obatã (OB) cultivars. After 2 WC (about 10 days) gs dropped from 0.15 to 0.01 mol m-2 s-1 in all cultivars changing the pattern of leaf gas exchange in subsequent WC. From 3 to 6 WC the cultivars showed high oscillations of water use efficiency or substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) besides negative PN at the end of WC. After 3 WC, gs increased faster than PN after watering and Ci increased indicating some damage in photosynthetic machinery. It happened strongly in OB, which showed progressive reduction of PN after 3 WC and the lowest values of Ψ (-2.0 MPa) at the end of 6 WC. The survivorships for cultivars were 80% till 3 WC and 70% after 6 WC. The gas exchange pattern alteration could indicate the potential hardening of AC, MN and OB cultivars. After field plantation of hardened and control (without perivous hardening) Mundo-Novo and Obatã cultivars, with 180-days-old, it was observed significant (p<0.05) greater accumulation of leaf, stem and root biomass in hardened in control plants. Stem diameter, height and the number of leaf and branch were also higher (p<0.05) in previous hardened individuals. Greater differences in crown structure and biomass between control and hardened plants were observed mainly after the first period of low water availability (210 days under field conditions). The higher leaf number and leaf area in more branched crowns could carbon assimilation and grain production. For practical proposes, 3 WC before growing under field conditions are sufficient for changing consistently the leaf gas exchange pattern in 3 cultivars studied, keeping photosynthetic machinery free of damage and high survivorship. Previous hardening proportioned less interrupted vegetative development after transplantation under field conditions in ...

The present work had as objective to use guava residues (seeds) as biomass for the production of bio-oil through conventional pyrolysis. The biomass presented a moisture content of 3.49 ± 0.03 %, high carbon content (67.04 %), nitrogen (3.96 %), oxygen (22.86 %), hydrogen (6.18 %), protein content (11.81 ± 0.36 %), fiber (11.78 ± 0.45 %), calorific power (24.69 MJ kg -1), ash content (0.76 ± 0.02 %), oil (11.78 ± 0.45 %), cellulose (48.71 %), hemicellulose (11.52 %) and lignin (10.12 %). The thermogravimetric curve of the sample amounts to 90 % of mass loss at 450 °C. The biomass was used in two reactors (quarzto and inox) for the production of bio-oil. Preliminary, the experiments in a quartz reactor evaluated the conditions: temperature (500 to 700 °C), sample mass (5 and 11 g) and pyrolysis time (5 and 10 min) with flow 1mL min-1. The best condition in the quartz reactor was 500 °C, 11 g of seed with the collection time of 5 min and 17.1 % of bio-oil yield. The following experiments were carried out in the steel reactor with constants pyrolysis temperature and flow, 500 ºC and 1mL min-1, respectively. Also, the following variables: sample mass (10 and 20 g), granulometry (seed entire and grain) and salts (K2HPO4 and K3PO4). The best condition in the stainless steel reactor was 20 g of sample, ground seed and without addition of salt, obtaining 23.94 % of bio-oil yield. Since the bio-oil was obtained, it was submitted to liquid-liquid extractions in a 250 mL separating funnel using dichloromethane (DCM) (60 mL) to separate the organic phase (bio-oil) and aqueous phase. For the improvement with model molecule (phenol), diisobutylene was used as reagent and sulfuric acid, Amberlyst (A-15) and sulfated zirconia as catalysts. The conditions for the enhancement were temperature (120 to 180 ° C), molar ratio (1: 1 to 1: 5) and percentage of catalyst (1 to 5% w / w), where the best product conversion was gotten with 150 °C, 1: 3 ratio and 3 % Amberlyst (A-15) yielding 99.8 % product conversion. From the last ...

Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.) is a palm tree with an oleaginous fruit which endocarp may have potential as an alternative aggregate to produce bio-concretes.This paper proposes a study of the characteristics of the endocarp of macaúba, to evaluate its potential and behavior as a coarse aggregate in bio-concretes. The endocarp used for the study was provided by the Engineering Department of the Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), located in Lavras, MG, Brazil. The endocarps were characterized as to its chemical composition, anatomical characteristics, physical properties and durability in alkaline conditions The chemical compatibility between the endocarp and the cement matrix was evaluated by semi-adiabatic calorimetry analysis with macauba endocarp treated and untreated with Ca(OH)2 and hot water in a proportion of 10% in relation to the cement mass. Bio-concretes were developed using Portland cement (CP- V ARI), with substitutions in mass and volume of 25, 50 and 100% of coarse aggregate by macauba endocarp. The bio-concretes were mechanically characterized by axial compression and tensile tests by diametrical compression. The results showed that the endocarp has a bulk density of 1.23 g/cm3 and an absorption capacity of 9%. Chemical analysis showed a high lignin content (39.60%) and low extractive content (3.10%). The durability of the endocarp was more compromised in the presence of alkaline NaOH solution after 30 and 60 days, with a decrease in mechanical strength and modification of the chemical composition of the material. The hot water treatment was more efficient in removing extractives from the endocarp and improving the chemical compatibility with the matrix. The addition of 25% of the volume of coarse aggregate by macauba endocarp provided a bio- concrete with compressive strength of approximately 30 MPa, within the strength range required for application as structural concrete in civil construction. ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) ; A ...

Solid waste is a global problem, many countries such as India, Germany, Finland, among others, already use sustainable technologies to reduce the impacts caused by MSW on the environment. In Brazil, the alternative used to minimize this impact is landfills. However, the volumes of green coconut residue have attracted attention across the country. According to IBGE, in 2017 approximately 1.8 million fruits were produced, with the Northeast region responsible for 75% of the total produced. In view of this scenario, this work carried out a survey of data on the generation of green coconut waste in the city of João Pessoa using data from 2007 and 2018 prepared by EMLUR- Special Municipal Cleaning Agency and identified that all this waste is destined to the landfill, compromising its useful life and impacting the environment through vectors and gas generation at the landfill. The compiled data showed that in 2007 around 1 million units of coconut were generated in the city of João Pessoa and the survey carried out in 2018 showed new points of sale of coconut. The research also carried out the characterization of green coconut biomass by identifying the thermal behavior of the mesocarp and endocarp. The Higher Calorific Power of green coconut biomass showed values similar to other forest crops. The rapid pyrolysis performed at temperatures of 500 ° C, 550 ° C and 600 ° C of the coconut residue presented oxygenated compounds with potential raw material for biofuels. ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES ; Os resíduos sólidos são uma problemática mundial, muitos países como a índia, Alemanha, Finlândia entre outros, já utilizam de tecnologias sustentáveis para diminuir os impactos ocasionados pelos RSU no meio ambiente. No Brasil, a alternativa utilizada para minimização desse impacto são os aterros sanitários. Contudo, os volumes de resíduo de coco verde têm chamado atenção em todo país. De acordo com o IBGE, no ano de 2017 foram produzidos aproximadamente 1,8 milhão de frutos, sendo a ...

This work aims to evaluate the agricultural practice and its interaction with the soil and water in the Microbacia do rio Piraporinha, Piedade-SP , important city in the backdrop of state and national agricultural production. Thus, diagnosing the consequences of this practice to the environment. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a data collection tool that guide the proposed work. This tool, in turn, is based in part on the methodologies of Diagnóstico Rural Participativo (DRP), which guided the interpretation of the territory built diagnosed. Through a semi-structured questionnaire with open and closed questions, was interviewed twenty farmers of the territory, that farmers who represent 25% of total farmers Watershed, which are eighty farmers. Besides the diagnosis performed in the field, owned by property, we used also the method MESMIS (Marco Evaluación Systems for Natural Resources Management Incorporating indicators sustentabilidad). Therefore, here are some agroecological concepts to deal with agriculture. The work points to an agricultural practice intensive and continuous synthetic pesticides and fertilizers as well as soil conservation practices ineffective. Consequently they bring financial loss, social and environmental for the study area. In addition to the problems identified, the study shows the relevance of considering a change of attitude in the Watershed agricultural work. We conclude that the analyzed territory lacks technical guidance public without commercial interest. That contrary to conventional knowledge are matters that are not part of the daily farmer's Watershed. ; Este trabalho objetiva avaliar a prática agrícola familiar por meio de indicadores, assim como a sua interação com o solo e água na Microbacia do rio Piraporinha, Piedade-SP, importante município no cenário de produção agrícola estadual e nacional, que por sua vez caracteriza-se pela agricultura familiar. Dessa forma, diagnosticar, por meio de indicadores, as consequências dessa prática ao meio ambiente, assim como ...

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of mesoporous materials from the use of amorphous silica extracted from rice husk ashes (RHAs), as well as the preparation of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) using the mesoporous materials as filler materials to be used in the remediation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The mesoporous materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and the MMMs by casting. It was possible to observe that the acid treatment did not alter the molecular structure of the RHSs, as well as there was an increase in the percentage of SiO2 in the thermal stability. The RHAs presented an amorphous silica nature, with the characteristics of a fine powder of white color, with type IV isotherms and H1 type hysteresis, and high surface area values. The hydrothermal method was efficient in the synthesis of the mesoporous materials, which presented TGA curves and characteristic bands of the formation of the amorphous condensed silica framework, typical of mesoporous materials of the M41S family, with high surface area. The casting method was efficient for the preparation of the MMMs, which showed a good dispersion of the mesoparticles incorporated, small-angle ordering and a small increase in the Tg values of the MMMs with the incorporation of the MCM−41−NH2 (CCA). The adsorption tests showed that there was an increase in the adsorbed amount (qe) with the increase of the initial concentration of the HPAs, adsorbent amount, contact time, and temperature, however pH variation was not significant. The adsorption kinetics was relatively fast and followed the non-linear pseudo-second order model, and the isotherms obtained were more adequate to the theoretical Langmuir model. The values of qe found for the mixture of HPAs Naf, B[b]F, B[k]F, and B[a]P were in the same order of magnitude for all adsorbent materials tested: Naf < B[a]P < B[k]F < B[b]F due to the hydrophobic effect. The transport properties were more influenced by the incorporation of the MCM−41−NH2 ...