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ABSTRACTIntraguild interactions among carnivores have long held the fascination of ecologists. Ranging from competition to facilitation and coexistence, these interactions and their complex interplay influence everything from species persistence to ecosystem functioning. Yet, the patterns and pathways of such interactions are far from understood in tropical forest systems, particularly across countries in the Global South. Here, we examined the determinants and consequences of competitive interactions between dholes Cuon alpinus and the two large felids (leopards Panthera pardus and tigers Panthera tigris) with which they most commonly co‐occur across Asia. Using a combination of traditional and novel data sources (N = 118), we integrate information from spatial, temporal, and dietary niche dimensions. These three species have faced catastrophic declines in their extent of co‐occurrence over the past century; most of their source populations are now confined to Protected Areas. Analysis of dyadic interactions between species pairs showed a clear social hierarchy. Tigers were dominant over dholes, although pack strength in dholes helped ameliorate some of these effects; leopards were subordinate to dholes. Population‐level spatio‐temporal interactions assessed at 25 locations across Asia did not show a clear pattern of overlap or avoidance between species pairs. Diet‐profile assessments indicated that wild ungulate biomass consumption by tigers was highest, while leopards consumed more primate and livestock prey as compared to their co‐predators. In terms of prey offtake (ratio of wild prey biomass consumed to biomass available), the three species together harvested 0.4–30.2% of available prey, with the highest offtake recorded from the location where the carnivores reach very high densities. When re‐examined in the context of prey availability and offtake, locations with low wild prey availability showed spatial avoidance and temporal overlap among the carnivore pairs, and locations with high wild prey availability showed spatial overlap and temporal segregation. Based on these observations, we make predictions for 40 Protected Areas in India where temporally synchronous estimates of predator and prey densities are available. We expect that low prey availability will lead to higher competition, and in extreme cases, to the complete exclusion of one or more species. In Protected Areas with high prey availability, we expect intraguild coexistence and conspecific competition among carnivores, with spill‐over to forest‐edge habitats and subsequent prey‐switching to livestock. We stress that dhole–leopard–tiger co‐occurrence across their range is facilitated through an intricate yet fragile balance between prey availability, and intraguild and conspecific competition. Data gaps and limitations notwithstanding, our study shows how insights from fundamental ecology can be of immense utility for applied aspects like large predator conservation and management of human–carnivore interactions. Our findings also highlight potential avenues for future research on tropical carnivores that can broaden current understanding of intraguild competition in forest systems of Asia and beyond.

Responses of soil water content, soil inorganic nitrogen, aboveground and belowground biomass, soil respiration, ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem production, and gross ecosystem production to precipitation variability from a 3-y manipulative experiment (2004-2016) and a 12-y model simulation (2000-2011).

These files have the raw data and GenStat analysis outputs for final biomass and percentages, allometric analyses, LAI data and analyses and RUE data and analyses

The main aim of study is examing farmers understanding towrds the emerging concepts of sustainable agricultural waste management falls under circular agriculture-a circular, green economy with cleaner production and bioeconomy reconciled with economic, social and environmental dimensions. This study is a prototype in Mirab Gojjam Zone of Amhara region as well in Ethiopia. we seek to determine farmers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for eco-friendly AWM. Data were collected through a contingent valuation survey of 353 randomly selected farmers in Mirab Gojjam. The improper discarding and unsafe use of agricultural waste causes health and environmental problems. It also contributes to GHG emissions, particularly in Mirab Gojjam, the focus of our study. We thus assessed farmers’ WTP for eco-friendly AWM to improve the local environment in Mirab Gojjam and maintain low carbon sustainable development. The result indicates an annual WTP of 6.84 household days (equivalent to 273.5 Birr) for the surveyed farmers. The Tobit results indicate that the social capital, socioeconomic, cognitive, and altruism variables significantly influence the degree of WTP. Our results are thus useful for understanding farmers’ attitudes and WTP for eco-friendly AWM, as well as the need for private and public instruments in agricultural waste for developing and disseminating resource technology.To improve the use of agricultural waste in biofuel, construction, and feedlot and to enhance sources of rural income, green marketing and low-carbon innovative recycling technologies should be established parallel to proper discarding. In our study, the mean WTP in labour days per year was higher than the amount of money farmers that were willing to pay for eco-friendly AWM.We thus propose three suggestions for sustainable and eco-friendly AWM. First, the government must assess and understand the current generation potential of agricultural waste. It must formulate rural sustainable waste management policies and create awareness accordingly.Second, agricultural waste recycling technology should be provisioned in rural areas through public–private collaboration. The vacuum in the local waste recycling market should be addressed by opening the market to private and informal micro-enterprise sectors, along with full government support.Lastly, proper follow-up and inspection is important to ensure all parties function in accordance with the laws, norms, and policies.Generally speaking, AWM must be prioritised as much as other SDGs to sustain holistic development, cleaner production, and clean-living environments for reducing carbon emission and looping conventional waste into circular agriculture.