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This paper analyzes the role of agroforestry systems (AFS) as an adaptative measure to climate change in Brazil. A treatment-effects model (Propensity Score Matching) was developed. We identified the main determinants of the use of AFS and if the municipalities in which this technique is used are less vulnerable to climate change. The results showed that socioeconomic variables (land ownership, financing options, access to information and technical assistance) and agronomic variables (water resources availability and soil quality) influence the adoption of agroforestry systems in Brazilian municipalities. Climate conditions (temperature and precipitation) also play an important role in the use of these systems, which confirms their role as an adaptative strategy. It was also concluded that the AFS have the potential to improve the Brazilian agricultural performance due to the fact that the land value tends to be higher in municipalities where these systems are used. Thus, the AFS can make the agricultural sector less exposed to the negative effects of climate change in both the present and in future scenarios.

The major objective of this chapter is to analyse and briefly describe the evolution of Portuguese agriculture in the context of the European Agriculture. It is not a comprehensive analysis. It is a sketch of its major changes due to major aspects that had influenced in particular the Common Agricultural Policy, and how has evolved with respect to changes in CAP orientation and reforms. This analysis provides an example that might be useful to understand what can be done in the future both in Portugal as in other countries In some aspects figures about these countries including Poland will be presented to benchmark the analysis. Besides this introduction, the chapter has five additional sections. In the next section, background on the Portuguese agriculture and policy before accession is provided. Then, in the third, socio-economic structural characteristics of Portuguese agriculture and their evolution for the last four decades are briefly presented. In the fourth section analysis turns read and understand the evolution as major implications of changes in agricultural policy from CAP reforms. In the fifth section we turn to aspects that are the focus of post-2013 CAP reform and 14 relate them to Portuguese status. Finally, as a conclusion, we look for CAP and the sustainable orientations for Portuguese farmers.

This paper assesses the impacts of the increase in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the United States on the agricultural production and land use. A global economic model representing agricultural and energy markets, trade among countries, ethanol supply and the demand in Brazil and in the US and changes in the land use is used. We simulate increases in the ethanol demand in Brazil and in the US to reflect the US policy and forecasts about the Brazilian demand for the upcoming decade. Results suggest a specialization in sugarcane and ethanol production in Brazil and decreases in other agricultural commodities. The area cultivated with sugarcane would move up from 5 million to 15 to 20 million hectares in 2020, replacing areas of pasture, other crops and forest. The Cerrado region in Brazil would lose 2.5 million hectares to agriculture, while tropical forests would only be considerably affected if the US trade barriers on ethanol imports were reduced.

Resumo: O presente estudo visou verificar a tratabilidade de efluente sanitário contendo formaldeído por meio do sistema combinado de fluxo contínuo composto de um filtro anaeróbio (FA) seguido de biofiltro aerado submerso (BAS), com tempo de detenção hidráulica de 12 h em cada reator. As concentrações de formaldeído adicionado ao esgoto sanitário afluente foram 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 e 946 ± 131 mg/L, sendo que o aumento da concentração se deu após estabilização do sistema em cada etapa. A carga máxima de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema combinado foi de 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d e a removida foi 1,116 kg HCHO/m3.d. Neste período foi encontrada a máxima carga de DQO aplicada e removida no sistema de, respectivamente, 2,5 kg DQO/m3.d e de 2,2 kg DQO/ m3.d. Não foi atingida a carga máxima de redução da concentração de formaldeído e DQO do sistema combinado. Durante toda a operação do sistema com aplicação de formaldeído, a redução de concentração de formaldeído no sistema combinado foi de 94 ± 2 %, sendo que a concentração média de formaldeído no efluente do sistema combinado foi de 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. No entanto, a redução de DQO do sistema combinado em relação ao seu efluente decantado, foi de 84 ± 11 %. Foi constatada a importância do gerenciamento da biomassa nos reatores de modo a não interferir na qualidade dos efluentes tratados. A nitrificação no BAS atingiu seu máximo durante o período de aplicação de formaldeído de 90 ± 55 mg/L e durante este mesmo período iniciou seu declínio. Nos ensaios cinéticos, a biomassa aeróbia apresentou maiores velocidades de consumo de formaldeído e maior capacidade de redução da concentração de DQO que a biomassa anaeróbia. As reações de primeira ordem foram a que melhor representaram o consumo de formaldeído nestes ensaios, e sua taxa depende da concentração inicial de formaldeído, da localização da biomassa nos reatores, da concentração de formaldeído aplicada ao sistema e seu estágio de adaptação. A maior velocidade específica de consumo de formaldeído encontrada para a biomassa aeróbia foi de 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h, sendo sua média igual a 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. Para a biomassa anaeróbia, estes valores foram inferiores, sendo a maior velocidade encontrada de 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h e sua média para todos os experimentos de 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h Foi possível verificar a adaptação da biomassa aeróbia frente ao efeito tóxico do formaldeído através de ensaio cinético com biomassa não adaptada, a qual sua velocidade de consumo de formaldeído após o período de adaptação foi de 0,42 mg HCHO/L.h. e sua velocidade específica de 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h. Abstract: This study was developed with the intent to verify the treatability of domestic wastewater containing formaldehyde in a combined system formed by an Anaerobic Filter followed by a Biological Aerated Filter, each one with 12 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The reactor's performance was monitored by different influent formaldehyde concentration applied in the influent domestic wastewater, ranging from 57 ± 59, 90 ± 55, 267 ± 53, 420 ± 137, 533 ± 174 until 946 ± 131 mg/L, considering that the raising concentration was given after the wastewater treatment stabilization in each stage. The maximum formaldehyde rate applied in the combined system achieved 1,121 kg HCHO/m3.d and the maximum removed was 1,116 kg HCHO/ m3. d. During this stage there was also the maximum applied and removed COD loading rate, represented respectively by 2,5 kg COD/m3.d and 2,2 kg COD/m3.d. The maximum removed formaldehyde and COD rate were not reached. The removal average of the formaldehyde concentration in the combined system was 94 ± 2 %, and the average formaldehyde concentration in combined system effluent was 5 ± 2,4 mg/L. However, the average COD concentration reduction was 84 ± 11 %. The importance of controlling the biomass in the reactors was noticed for the quality treated effluent. The maximum BAS nitrification reached the maximum rate during the 90 ± 55 mg/L formaldehyde concentration in the influent and, in the same formaldehyde concentration, this rate started to decrease. In the tests for kinetics parameters, the formaldehyde consumption rates and COD concentration removal obtained for the aerobic biomass was higher than anaerobic biomass. The formaldehyde consumption was the first order reaction and it's rate depends on initial formaldehyde concentration, biomass localization in the reactors, formaldehyde concentration applied in the system and biomass adaptation stage. The maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,457 mg HCHO/g STV.h for aerobic biomass.and your formaldehyde consumption rate was 0,325 ± 0,120 mg HCHO/g STV.h. For the anaerobic biomass, this values is less than it was for aerobic biomass and the maximum formaldehyde consumption specific rate was the 0,360 mg HCHO/g STV.h and the average was 0,135 ± 0,117 mg HCHO/g STV.h. It was possible to verify the aerobic biomass adaptation through the kinetics tests, after the adaptation its specific formaldehyde consumption specific rate was 0,404 mg HCHO/g STV.h.. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo Orientador: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour Mestre em Engenharia Civil Saneamento e Ambiente Mestrado

This study, conducted along the year 2003, was held in the environment of a cement company plant located in the São Paulo State. That industry has used carbon black as predominant energetic source which besides resulting a huge emission of gases (CO and CO2) into the atmosphere, has been more expensive than some other alternatives of biomass sources. Taking into consideration the location of that plant, there was a large supply of available biomass to be used as alternative fuel for industrial ovens. Several biomasses were analyzed and it was concluded that the sugar cane bagasse and residues of wood (sawdust and woodchips) were the most appropriate alternatives to such an industry.

The objective of the present study is to estimate the factors that influencing global agricultural production, as well as to assess the technical efficiency of countries, taking account the context of climate change. The problem is: are countries that seek productive solutions to increase productivity and competitiveness the most efficient in a sustainable production logic? It is believed that the countries that increased the most production were those that intensified the emission of GHG (Greenhouse Gases), which leads to associate the false interpretation that growing countries pollute more. The hypothesis to be tested, therefore, is: the countries that grew the most (or increased production) were those that used the most technology that sequesters carbon, increasing its technical efficiency. To do this, a Stochastic Frontier model was used, based on the 1992-2014 data from 118 countries, available from the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the World Bank and the Food Agriculture Organization (FAO). The study show that sustainable solutions in agricultural production, which increase the capacity of CO2 capture by soil, imply an increase in productive efficiency and that these measures are not fully disseminated worldwide, only in countries listed as more technically efficient.

The dissertation intends to exemplify mechanisms of technological innovations that are focused on sustainable development and relevant to the contemporary challenges of the maritime transport market. First, we will talk about what is maritime transport as a mode of trade, especially international. We also intend to clarify what is sustainable and what could be a sustainable technological innovation or “blue tech”. Decarbonization is an option that is not only viable, but necessary. The problem arises when pointing out contemporary challenges, such as climate change and COVID 19, and what practical measures are being taken by the countries and proposals to overcome these challenges. Our context will be that of the European Union and the practical measures will be the laws and pacts formed in favor of sustainable development. The decarbonization pact being the big pivot of the moment. We understand, however, that decarbonization must be part of the implementation in the area of innovation: digitization and automatization. Whether on land and / or sea. A dissertação pretende exemplificar mecanismos de inovações tecnológicas que sejam voltados ao desenvolvimento sustentável e relevantes aos desafios contemporâneos do mercado de transporte marítimo. Primeiramente, falaremos sobre o que é transporte marítimo enquanto modal de comércio, sobretudo internacional. Pretendemos, ainda, esclarecer o que é sustentável e o que poderá ser uma inovação tecnológica sustentável ou azul. Sendo a descarbonização uma opção não somente viável, mas necessária. A problemática surge ao apontar desafios contemporâneos, tal qual mudanças climáticas e COVID 19, e quais as medidas práticas que estão sendo tomados pelos países e propostas para superar esses desafios. Nosso contexto será o de União Europeia e as medidas práticas serão as legislações e pactos formados em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável, sendo o pacto de descarbonização o grande pivô do momento. Entendemos, porém que a descarbonização deve existir no contexto da inovação: a digitalização e automatização. Seja em âmbito terrestre e/ou marítimo.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho tem como propósito principal o de analisar o modelo de gestão atual do setor sucroalcooleiro do bioetanol e desenvolver um modelo prático de gestão do conhecimento com foco na troca de informações entre as áreas da agricultura, e usina de álcool na geração de bioenergia que utilizam como base uma matéria-prima com alto índice de sustentabilidade econômica e que oferece o menor impacto ambiental, a cana-de-açúcar. Foi desenvolvido um Modelo com foco em gestão de conhecimento alimentado por dados coletados com tecnologia embarcada para agricultura de precisão com indicadores de desempenho das etapas do manejo da cana-de-açúcar incluindo dados de conhecimento tácito nos sistemas de informações, bancos de dados e mapas do conhecimento oferecendo uma visibilidade global dos processos em um modelo prático com front-end em software que facilitou a integração total e a comunicação rápida entre as áreas da agricultura e usina. O processo de inovação tecnológica para agricultura de precisão foi promovido através da gestão do conhecimento e da troca de informações entre as áreas da agricultura no manejo da cana-de-açúcar e a aferição da ATR na usina para a produção de bioetanol favorecendo o feedback de informações dos eventos em cada processo durante todo o ciclo do processo desta produção. O resultado obtido com os dados inferindo em mapas do conhecimento foi um aumento expressivo de informações operacionais das áreas e uma maior visibilidade com um aumento ao fomento no processo de inovação tecnológica em uma busca pela melhoria contínua favorecida pela integração das áreas do setor sucroalcooleiro baseada em uma plataforma tecnológica como a Web com utilização de Intranets, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) ou Extranets para a comunicação entre as áreas de forma instantânea, melhorando a previsão do aumento de produtividade e expectativas econômicas da produção anual Abstract: The main goal of the present work was to analyze the current management model of the sugar-alcohol sector for bioethanol production and to develop a practical model of knowledge management with focus on the information exchange among agriculture, ethanol plant in the generation of bioenergy which use a self-sustaining raw-material that offers the high index of economic sustainability and lowest environmental impact, the sugarcane. A Model was developed with focus on a knowledge management fed by collected data from embedded technology for the precision agriculture with performance indicators on the stages of sugarcane management including data from tacit information included on information systems, databases, and knowledge maps offering a global process and visibility in a practical model with a front-end software that facilitated the seamless integration and fast communication between agriculture and ethanol plant areas. The process of technology innovation to precision agriculture has been promoted through the knowledge management and information exchange between the areas of sugarcane agriculture and the measurement of ATR at the bioethanol plant for the production of bioethanol favoring the feedback of information events in each process during the entire process of production. The obtained result with the inferred data in knowledge maps was an expressive increase of the operational information of areas and a larger visibility, offering an increase in the technology innovation with a search for a continuous improvement favored by the integration of the areas of the sugar-alcohol sector based on a technological platform as the Web Browser using Intranets, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) or Extranets between areas, instantly improving the prediction of productivity increase and economic expectation of annual production Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Materiais e Processos de Fabricação Orientador: Carlos Kenichi Suzuki Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica Mestrado

De todas as energias renováveis existentes, a biomassa é o recurso com maior disponibilidade e versatilidade, podendo desempenhar um papel importante no desenvolvimento de um sistema energético sustentável. A gaseificação térmica de biomassa é um processo termoquímico amplamente utilizado para a obtenção de produtos de maior valor e potencial para aplicações energéticas e químicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho é comparar o desempenho de dois processos diferentes de gaseificação térmica, em escala piloto, um de leito fluidizado e outro de leito fixo, utilizando como matéria-prima peletes de bagaço de azeitona (resíduos agroindustriais), peletes de Miscanthus (plantação energética) e peletes de pinho (resíduos agroflorestais), a diferentes temperaturas. O desempenho dos processos de gaseificação foi avaliado através do poder calorífico inferior do syngas, relação ER (razão entre o ar que entra na reação e o ar estequiométrico, relativo à combustão total dos produtos) e génese de subprodutos relativamente ao volume de syngas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a viabilidade das tecnologias estudadas no que respeita à elevada produção de energia utilizando resíduos biomássicos como combustível. Os testes realizados apresentaram as seguintes caraterísticas, para um consumo de 100 kg/h (0,17 m³/h), um LHV de syngas de 4,55 a 6,62 MJ/m³ para o leito fluidizado e de 5,12 a 5,84 MJ/m³ para o leito fixo, produção de material particulado (cinzas e carvões) e alcatrões de 0,013 a 0,016 m³ (material particulado) e 0,009 a 0,021 m³ (alcatrões) para o sistema de leito fluidizado e 0,008 a 0,015 m³ (material particulado) e 0,002 e 0,004 m³ (alcatrões) para o leito fixo, sendo que o volume de syngas produzido situa-se entre os 130,50 e 156,67 m³ e para leito fluidizado e para o leito fixo entre 230,91 e 330,68 m³. Com base nas premissas estudadas, foram propostas e comparadas duas instalações (leito fluidizado e leito fixo) para o mesmo consumo de matéria-prima (100 kg/h), localizadas junto a uma indústria de processamento florestal e/ou agroindustrial. A análise técnico-económica mostrou que o projeto de leito fluidizado não é economicamente viável nas atuais condições de mercado, para as biomassas estudadas, apresentando um VAL negativo de -75.790 € (bagaço de azeitona), -265.354 € (Miscanthus) e -279.928 € (pinho), uma TIR de -9,08 % (bagaço de azeitona) e não reproduzível para as restantes biomassas, e um PB de 14 anos para o bagaço de azeitona e não reproduzível para as restantes biomassas. No que respeita ao projeto de leito fixo mostrou-se economicamente viável para as biomassas bagaço de azeitona, Miscanthus e pinho, com um VAL positivo de 126.190 €, 10.119 € e 158.930 €, uma TIR de 47,23 %, 6,81 % e 45,32 %, e um PB de 2, 10 e 2 anos, respetivamente. Concluiu-se que a gaseificação térmica é uma tecnologia perfeitamente adequada para a valorização de matérias-primas de origem lenhocelulósicas, apresentando viabilidade económica, no que respeita à tecnologia de leito fixo Of all the existing renewable energies, biomass is the resource with the greatest availability and versatility, and it can play an important role in the development of a sustainable energy system. Biomass gasification is a thermochemical process widely used to obtain products of greater value and potential for energy and chemical applications. The objective of the present work is to compare the performance of two different thermal gasification processes, on a pilot scale, one of fluidized bed and one of fixed bed, using olive pomace pellets (agroindustrial residues), Miscanthus pellets as raw material (energetic crops) and pine pellets (agroforestry waste), at different temperatures. The performance of the gasification processes was evaluated through the lower calorific value of the syngas, the ER ratio (ratio between the air entering the reaction and the stoichiometric air, relative to the total combustion of the products) and the genesis of by-products in relation to the volume of syngas. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of the technologies studied with regard to high energy production using biomass residues as fuel. The tests performed revealed the following characteristics, for a consumption of 100 kg/h (0.17 m³/h), an LHV of syngas from 4.55 to 6.62 MJ/m³ for the fluidized bed and from 5.12 to 5.84 MJ/m³ for the fixed bed, production of particulate material (ash and chars) and tars, of 0.013 to 0.016 m³ (particulate material) and 0.009 to 0.021 m³ (tars) for the fluidized bed system and 0.008 to 0.015 m³ (particulate material) and 0.002 and 0.004 m³ (tar) for the fixed bed, the volume of syngas produced was between 130.50 and 156.67 m³ and for fluidized bed and for the fixed bed between 230.91 and 330.68 m³. Based on the assumptions studied, two facilities (fluidized bed and fixed bed) for the same consumption of raw material (100 kg/h) were proposed and compared, located next to a forestry and/or agroindustrial processing industry. The technical-economic analysis presented that the fluidized bed project is not economically viable in the current market conditions, for the studied biomasses, presenting a negative VAL of -75,790 € (olive pomace), -265,354 € (Miscanthus) and -279,928 € (pine), an IRR of -9.08% (olive pomace) and non-reproducible for the remaining biomasses, and a 14-year PB for olive pomace and non-reproducible for the remaining biomasses. Regarding the fixed bed project, it proved to be economically viable for olive pomace, Miscanthus and pine biomass, with a positive VAL of 126,190 €, 10,119 € and 158,930 €, an IRR of 47.23%, 6.81% and 45.32%, and a BP of 2, 10 and 2 years, respectively. It was concluded that thermal gasification is a perfectly suitable technology for the valorization of raw materials of lignocellulosic origin, presenting economic viability, with respect to the fixed bed technology

This paper aimed to analyze the effects of climate change on the agricultural sector of Minas Gerais. Methodologically, we used the Ricardian model, which allowed us to estimate how changes in climate, in different counties, may affect the farmers’ land values. The climate change projections were based on forecasts of temperature and precipitation (A1B and A2 scenarios) of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). In all simulation periods, on average, the results indicated that the land values may have a small increase. However, this result should not give the false impression that agriculture in Minas Gerais would not be adversely affected by climate change. When we consider the regional results, approximately 60% of the counties may suffer high losses, and these may reach R$24 million in 2020. Therefore, policymakers should closely observe the impact assessments in order to identify the most effective adaptation options. It will be necessary to program local and decentralized actions, allowing more flexibility and more beneficial results locally.