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Ce jeu de données a été produit dans le cadre de l "Atelier master" du programme de recherche Archival City. La liste détaillée des éléments du jeu de données est contenue dans le document ACP04_FA01_AP. Ce jeu de données est décrit dans le research paper suivant https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455. This dataset was produced as part of the "Master Workshop" of the Archival City research programme. The detailed list of elements in the dataset is contained in document ACP04_FA01_AP. This dataset is described in the following research paper https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455. https://archivalcity.hypotheses.org/5455

This study provides a tool by means of which a road planner, usually a civil engineer, can achieve a durable infrastructure of high quality, acceptable to all parties concerned. The various elements which facilitate the work of planning are united into a modernized methodology for the elaboration of road projects, called a methodology of concert. After analysing the sort of problems encountered in the planning of road infrastructure (Chapter 1), the author classifies the main causes of these into a hierarchy. This brings to light many factors which may stem from the structure of the project, the environment or from the various participants. The modernization of the working methods of road planners is a highly practical idea based on case studies (Chapter 2). The particular study on which this work is based is the "Comparaison de variantes 1999", made on the A 144 road between the cities of Villeneuve and Le Bouveret. From an initial group of four variants, which were a source of much contention between the interested parties, an optimal and consensual solution, called "Solution COPIL", was evolved in seven months, by means of this study. The choice of this solution was based on a method of multicriteria decision analysis of a completely aggregational form. This used the weightings defined by all the political partners in the study. The present author was allowed to sit in on about fifteen working sessions of the Technical Group and of the Guiding Committee, which consists of the political partners. The examination of this particular case provided him with much valuable information about the process of elaboration of a road plan. The requirements and aims of road infrastructure are analysed (Chapter 3). Here, the focus is on the definition of individual and collective needs and the evolution of social expectation of the general public. The implementation of public policy is then examined. Particular emphasis is laid on the principal public policies whose spatial incidence affects the road plan : land distribution, transport and environment. Some attention is paid to the consideration of mobility, its value, characteristics and future developments. The difference between the standard and the norm of road infrastructure is described explicitly. The various stages of the process of elaboration of a road plan are analysed in depth. (Chapter 4) Particular attention is paid to the initial stages of impulsion for the elaboration of the project and of the identification of needs, since these influence strongly the quality and the acceptability of the project. The author then proposes that the various stages of road infrastructure be presented in the form of a life cycle of which the present study only concerns some aspects. Various special procedures are then analysed critically in order to extract propositions to be integrated into the methodology of concert. The type of partners in the road project and the characteristics of the relationships between them are discussed. (Chapter 5) The set of weightings made by the political partners in the case study "Comparaison de variantes 1999" are used to analyze the relations between the various participants in this study. A "representative profile of a participant" is defined from the examination of their individual weighting profiles. The notion of sustainability is presented (Chapter 6). After a recapitulation of definitions and of the reasons for this new idea, the principles of a durable mobility are presented. The practical aspects of this new paradigm of society for the planner are defined and discussed. They concern the inclusion of the life cycle in the analysis of the effects of a project, the weighing of interests from the three points of view of economy, social utility and the environment, public participation and the use of consultation right from the start of the study. Public participation (Chapter 7) is an important element in the elaboration of a road plan as it ensures its acceptation by the public. It may even allow the phenomenon of appropriation of a project by peripheral partners to develop. The various forms of public participation are presented in a table showing almost seventy which can affect a road project. The detailed description of some of these methods are given in appendix. Rules for applying the methodology of concert are then presented and the advantages and limits of this are discussed. After in-depth consideration of the decision procedure and its participants, with details of the various subjective and objective factors which may influence it, the study describes the methods of multicriteria decision analysis. (Chapter 8) Terminology is defined and the main types of these methods are presented. In this study, partial aggregation methods have been applied to the road infrastructure projects. These methods may be divided into three categories according to whether they are applicable to a situation of choice, of sorting or of order. A complete presentation is then given of the principles and ways of using the various methods of partial aggregation of the Electre family (I, II, III, IV, IS and Tri). For projects of road infrastructure, the method of partial aggregation Electre III is suggested. This method is based on the idea of fuzzy criteria, defined by thresholds of preference, indifference or of veto. It can be used with computer software which greatly simplifies the work of the planner. To illustrate the use of this method, Electre III have been applied to the case of "Comparaison de variantes 1999". The method was used on the set of weightings defined by the members of the Guiding Committee. The specific software is convivial and intuitively simple to use, so that the author was able to recommend it to the road planner. Information systems of spatial reference are described and their relevance for road projects in the establishment of optimal corridors or as a support for a method of multicriteria decision analysis. The methodology of concert for the elaboration of road plans is presented in detail (Chapter 9) in the form of successive flow diagrams illustrating the various stages of the procedure. These diagrams, based on an iterative process of study, provide the basis of the methodology of concert. They are intended for the road planner who follows them through and orients his planning according to his answers to the various questions contained there. In conclusion (Chapter 10), various prospects for the utilization of the proposed modernized methodology are indicated, together with the lines of possible future research suggested by the results and ideas contained in this study.

Serum concentrations of psychotropic drugs were measured in 363 drivers injured in road accidents and admitted to the emergency department of Angers regional university hospital. The figures obtained were correlated to the presumed responsibility of each driver in the accident. Benzodiazepines and phenobarbitone were found in the serum of 39 drivers, and responsibility was significantly increased in this group. The role played by these medicines in road accidents has often been alluded to in the literature, but the value of these previous studies was limited by the lack of quantitative assays. Measuring serum concentrations has permitted a more accurate analysis of the relationship between responsibility for road accident and consumption of psychotropic drugs, including barbiturates. This has prompted the authors to organize a regional information campaign intended for the general public and doctors and aimed at drawing attention to the higher risk of accident among road users taking these drugs.

Chapter 1. Climate justice: addressing the responsibility for climate changeAt the heart of climate justice is research and understanding of the inequalities associated with global warming. By seeking to address all dimensions of vulnerability to climate change, particularly social vulnerability, the concept of climate justice contributes to developing our responsibility to address the climate emergency. However, in an operational approach, climate justice has several approaches depending on who is interested and claims it. From the climate justice demanded to repair an ecological debt, to climate justice as a principle of action recognized and implemented in public policies, many perspectives are emerging to think of a development model that is more united and respectful of the rights of everyone, including the most vulnerable and the most deprived.

After its modest beginnings focusing on arctic Quebec in 1999, the Quebec research programme on health and climate change became interested in the remainder of the province around 2002. The European heat wave in 2003 accelerated the pace of this programme and prompted the Quebec health sector's participation in the Ouranos Research Consortium. The research findings from the 2003-2006 period have directly fed into the health component of the Quebec government's climate change action plan (2006-2012), financed through the first carbon tax in the Americas. This component is planning for a series of adaptations to the health network and to some other public networks, which will apply to construction, the built environment and outdoor developments, clinical management methods and practices, public health surveillance as well as emergency preparedness. In this article, the authors describe how research is supporting action and implementation, while also preparing for the future, and how this interaction has progressively established itself over the last 10 years.

This thesis aims to examine the causal mechanisms of living environments on leisure mobilities and verify whether their inclusion is actually able to challenge the compact city as a sustainable urban form. The research focuses on the Swiss case and in particular the cities of Geneva and Zurich. The empirical approach is based on three types of additional analysis carried out in these areas: contextual analysis, quantitative analyzes based on data from the Mobility and Transport Microcensus 2010 and qualitative analysis through interviews. The main results are the following: â ¢ We find the existence of two opposing logics of association between land density and distance traveled: a decreasing link to daily mobility, but a positive correlation for occasional mobility (day trips and overnight trips). The denser is the living environment, the greater is the distance for this mobility. â ¢ Adding the two types of mobility to obtain a total average, we find that the inner city dwellers displayed, ultimately, much higher totals than would suggest the analysis of their daily mobility alone which therefore represent an invitation to invalidate the link compact city=short distances. â ¢ By transforming these distances into environmental impact, however, our calculations show that even while taking into account the many trips of urban dwellers, the negative relationship between total energy consumption and land density of the territory remains. â ¢ By examining in detail the share of leisure in daily and occasional mobility, we see that the logic of compensation is not what structures the links with urban environnements. In everyday life, the logic of proximity prevails: to live in the centre is rather correlated to more compactophile leisure and residing in the periphery to more leisure oriented towards the attributes of nature. â ¢ For occasional trips, we show firstly that compactophile mobilities represent a large part of these practices among all respondents, and secondly, that even in the case of very important and high energy consuming naturophile mobility, the relationship with the density of the living environment is not established. The central Genevans and are much less consumers of this type of leisure than people in the centre of Zurich even though their city is much more airy and green. Moreover, we also highlight, in peri-urban dwellers, a very intense mobility or this purpose. â ¢ The interpretation that we propose refers to lifestyles and residential choice of city dwellers which takes into account their leisure aspirations. These tastes are then translated into specific leisure activities and travel. In everyday life, they rely on proximity and functional, social and sensitive attributes of their living environment that they have chosen largely also for this. When it comes to breaking the routines during holidays and vacations, the same lifestyles result in significant occasional mobility whose motives can register in continuity of their daily lifestyle (loving the same things elsewhere) or by contrast (appreciate the diversity of spaces). In both cases, these motivations echo the valorisation of the diversity inherent in urbanity without questioning the urban residential location quality itself. Our results lead us ultimately to reject the compensation effect hypothesis and reaffirm, against the defenders of the sprawl-city, the virtues of the compact city, which remains a sustainable urban form, including for our leisure mobility.

L'article se propose de réfléchir sur l'existence des collections dans les écomusées. En faisant tout d'abord une introduction sur l'évolution des concepts de la muséologie et sur ce qu'il faut entendre par écomusée, on verra que le rapport à l'objet a toujours été pris en compte. L'écomusée est une façon de concevoir le territoire et de faire face aux problèmes à travers la culture. L'écomusée travaille justement dans ce sens, du moment que la collection, ainsi que les autres activités proposées, témoignent de l'existence d'un patrimoine culturel local, qui est étroitement lié aux vocations économiques du territoire, au paysage et aux changements survenus dans le temps. This paper aims to reflect about the presence of collections in ecomuseums. We will start with a brief introduction on the evolution of museums studies and ecomuseology, which will show us that the relationship between objects and ecomuseums it has being considered since the beginning. The ecomuseum approach focuses on the recreation of territorial knowledge, which is based on the interconnection of know-hows and on the promotion of cultural heritage by individuals who reinterpret them as a collective resource. Using cultural heritage as an instrument of social and democratic action gives people the tools to understand their own cultural heritage, considered in its evolution, and helps to strengthen the local identity by increasing the population's awareness of the importance of taking action to safeguard its territory.

Extreme weather events (EWE) are the most direct and visible example of how climate change threatens human health. Notwithstanding the diversity of EWEs, they all have recurrent impacts on mortality, morbidity and mental health. These impacts largely depend on exposure conditions, on the response measures implemented, and on socio-economic determinants. Forest fires and heat waves are the EWEs in all likelihood presenting the highest risks for respiratory health, and they are likely to rapidly evolve over the coming years. Since 2004, more than 10,000 excess deaths have been recorded during heat waves in France, 76 % of them after 2015. Pronounced synergies between extreme heat and air pollution are now documented in the literature. In addition to appropriate behaviours and medical care during EWEs, adaptation must now focus on long-term interventions, the objectives being to reduce exposure, to improve the quality of our environment and to reinforce social ties.

Les Sherpa de la région de l'Everest au Népal expérimentent des transformations importantes de leur environnement et notamment des variations du climat. Notre ambition est de comprendre les perceptions que les habitants ont des modifications des phénomènes atmosphériques et météorologiques, et de voir s'ils relient ces variations locales à un changement climatique plus global. Notre recherche en géographie humaine, menée en immersion longue sur un terrain himalayen et basée sur des données qualitatives recueillies lors d'entretiens, fait ressortir des grandes tendances au niveau des transformations environnementales ressenties autour de la diminution de la neige, de la plus grande variabilité des pluies de mousson et de l'augmentation d'événements extrêmes. Ces observations, collectées au niveau du territoire de Pangboche sur le sentier de l'Everest, varient selon l'âge des personnes interrogées, et font apparaître des problèmes d'échelle et de temps avec un décalage entre la vision alarmiste globale du changement climatique et son appréhension locale. Le climat est à considérer en interaction avec d'autres facteurs de changements socio-économiques dans une région profondément marquée par le tourisme, la présence d'étrangers, les échanges et la circulation des discours. Mots clés : Perception du climat, perception de la météorologie, changement climatique, facteurs de changement, distinction générationnelle, marqueurs environnementaux, Sherpa, Everest. A wind of change is blowing on Everest : the multiple facets of Sherpa perceptions of weather and climate. Sherpa people of the Everest region in Nepal are experiencing local environmental change and particularly climatic variation. Our objective is better to understand how villagers perceive atmospheric and meteorological changes, and how they relate local phenomena to possibly global climate change. Our research in human geography, carried out through long-term immersion in a Himalayan area and based on qualitative data collected during interviews, reveals major trends in relation to the decreasing amount of snow, the greater variability in monsoon rains, and the increase of extreme weather events. These observations, gathered in Pangboche territory on the trail to Everest, vary according to the age of the respondents and reveal problems of scale and time, with a gap between the global alarmist vision of climate change and its local understanding. Thus, we argue, climate should be viewed in interaction with other factors of (socio-economic) change in a region deeply marked by tourism, the presence of foreigners, and the exchange and circulation of discourse on nature and the environment. Keywords : Perception of climate, perception of meteorology, climate change, drivers of change, generational differences , environmental indicators, Sherpa, Everest.

En France, la gouvernance de l'espace se conçoit et se concrétise quasi exclusivement au prisme de l'idéologie du territoire. Phagocyté par des processus géopolitiques, le territoire est également débordé par les enjeux de durabilité. L'espace, coincé entre le territoire et le réseau, est dans l'impasse. Il se doit d'être à la fois un support pour le développement durable et un vecteur de lien, de proximité démocratique. Notre communication vise à réactiver les termes du débat sur la gouvernance des métropoles au prisme du développement durable, dont les enjeux semblent peu, ou pas, se plier à une approche locale simplificatrice voire approximative à laquelle la figure du territoire se prête néanmoins bien mieux que celle du réseau. Nous discuterons l'usage potentiel de l'aire urbaine pour la gouvernance des métropoles avec l'idée selon laquelle la gestion de l'espace, par le biais du territoire, tend à empêcher l'émergence au sein du débat de ces nouveaux défis de la durabilité. In France, the governance of space is implemented through the ideology of the territory. Distorted by geopolitical processes, the concept of territory cannot handle critical sustainability issues. Our common space is neither territory nor network: it suffers from a lack of manageable representations. It should be a catalyst for sustainability, democracy and help bring people together at the same time. This communication aims to rethink the terms of the debate on metropolitan governance in regard to sustainability, which is too big an issue to be approximated by simplified, local approaches, though these are better managed through territories than networks. We will discuss the use of the «urban area» as a governance tool for metropolitan governance, and argue that the management of space through territories prevents the emergence of the complex challenges of sustainability in the public debate. Martial Vialleix, Clarence Bluntz - L'espace dans l'impasse : le développement durable des métropoles françaises en question(s)