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The following Diploma thesis presents the development of a model for predicting the consumption of electrical and thermal energy in residential buildings. A model which allows the calculation of energy usage on the basis of the surface of the building and additional influencing factors has been developed on the basis of the data on the energy usage in residential buildings. It was made upon the basis of the analysis of data acquired in the area of Dolenjska and is designed to predict the usage of electrical and thermal energy in the apartments, independent houses, and houses with associated farm buildings on the basis of the input data. Each type of the residential building has been modelled separately for the usage of electrical and thermal energy. I managed to develop the model for predicting the usage of electrical and thermal energy which – at 40 cases of test data – successfully predicted the energy consumption at the accuracy of ±35 %, its average deviation from the actual usage being 12 %. V diplomskem delu je predstavljen razvoj modela za napoved rabe električne in toplotne energije v stanovanjskih objektih. Na podlagi podatkov o rabi energije v stanovanjskih objektih je bil razvit model, ki omogoča izračun rabe na podlagi površine objekta in dodatnih vplivnih faktorjev. Model je bil sestavljen na podlagi analize podatkov, pridobljenih na območju dolenjske regije. Narejen je tako, da na podlagi vhodnih podatkov napove rabo električne in toplotne energije v stanovanjih, samostojnih hišah in hišah s kmetijskim poslopjem. Vsak tip stanovanjskega objekta sem modeliral ločeno tako za rabo električne kot tudi toplotne energije. Uspelo mi je razviti model za napoved rabe električne in toplotne energije, ki je pri 40-ih testnih podatkih napovedal rabo energije ±35 % točno, njegovo povprečno odstopanje od dejanske rabe pa je 12 %.

Needed time, energy consumption and referring wood drying costs are among the highest in wood product manufacturing. Analysis of the drying process is very complex as you need to know a lot of different elements influencing drying process. A model that can simulate and analyse conventional drying process by selecting the right drying schedule was prepared. Drying time and energy consumption were calculated. Costs analysis depending on different elements: wood species, wood thickness, initial and final moisture content, climate and construction of drying chamber was done. The model can help us compare and analyse energy efficiency of drying, comparing different drying techniques, and help us with decisions about new investments in our equipment. Potreben čas in porabljena energija pri sušenju lesa, s tem pa tudi stroški sušenja, so med najvišjimi v postopku predelave lesa. Analiza postopka je zato kompleksna in zahteva poznavanje in upoštevanje številnih dejavnikov. Izdelali smo simulacijski model, ki omogoča analizo konvencionalnega sušilnega postopka z vidika izbire ustreznega sušilnega programa, izračunavanja časa sušenja, porabe energije in stroškovno vrednotenje glede na variabilne vhodne podatke: lesna vrsta, debelina lesa, začetna in končna vlažnost, klimatske razmere ter konstrukcija komore. Model omogoča primerjave in analize energijske učinkovitosti postopkov, primerjavo različnih tehnik sušenja in pomaga pri odločitvah o investicijah v opremo.

V diplomskem delu so, na podlagi literature, analizirane dinamične lastnosti različnih tipov vetrnih elektrarn v elektroenergetskem sistemu. Namen dela je ponuditi pregled generacije vetrne energije, pri katerem je poudarek na vplivu vetrnih elektrarn na stabilnost elektroenergetskega sistema. Podani so osnovni mehanizmi delovanja asinhronskega generatorja, dvojno napajanega asinhronskega generatorja in sinhronskega generatorja s pretvornikom, njihovo tranzientno obratovanje in zmožnost dušenja oscilacij. Predstavljen je tudi stabilizator moči, ki z dodatno regulacijo vpliva na obratovanje elektroenergetskega sistema. Na izbranem modelu omrežja je prikazan vpliv različnih tipov vetrnih elektrarn na tranzientno stabilnost in dušenje elektroenergetskega sistema. Generatorji se različno odzivajo glede na njihovo obremenitev. Vsi so stabilni pri nizkih obremenitvah. Pri visokih obremenitvah pa se asinhrosnki generator in sinhronski generator s pretvornikom izkažeta kot tranzientno n This thesis describes the dynamic characteristcs of different types of wind turbines in the power grid. Its purpose is to offer an overview on wind energy generation with an emphasis on the impact of wind generation on the power system stability. The work describes the basic mechanical principles of fixed-speed induction generators, doubly fed induction generators and fully rated converter wind turbines using synchronous generators, their tranzient performance and damping. Also presented, is the power system stabilazer, which offers additional control on power system performance. The impact of different types of wind turbines on the network tranzient stability and damping is also shown in a generic test network. Generators behave differently based on their capacity. All generators are stable at low capacities. Induction generator and fully rated converter wind turbine using synchronous generator are unstable at high capacities. Power system stabilizer improves the stability of bot

In Slovenia, the production of electricity from the wind is neglected, or this share is very small. Major wind farm projects are fairly expensive and hindered by bureaucracy, and the wind situation is not the most favorable, only a small part of the territory of Slovenia is favorable for the installation of major wind power plants. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate on projects of wind farms up to 20 kW. Within the diploma work, a detailed overview of literature and the market, which forms the basis for the design of wind power plants of small power and a review of existing and possible new construction solutions. At the designing a wind power plant is complyed the requirements and provisions of the applicable standards and regulations, and requirements and criteria for assembly and maintenance. At the design of the wind power plant is complyed wind conditions in Slovenia. In the framework of the diploma will be prepared the proposal of structural solutions, which according to the technical and economic criteria will be adequately evaluated and the optimal design chosen, as the documentation, an integrated drawing of the concept of a wind power plant is attached. V Sloveniji je proizvodnja električne energije iz vetra zanemarjena oziroma je ta delež zelo majhen. Projekti večjih vetrnih elektrarn so precej dragi in ovirani s strani birokracije, pa še vetrne razmere niso najbolj ugodne, saj je le majhen del območja Slovenije ugoden za postavitev večjih vetrnih elektrarn. Zato se je treba skoncentrirati na projekte vetrnih elektrarn do 20 kW. V okviru diplomskega dela je narejen podroben pregled literature in trga, ki predstavlja osnovo pri snovanju vetrnih elektrarn manjših moči, ter pregled obstoječih in možnih novih konstrukcijskih rešitev. Pri zasnovi vetrne elektrarne so upoštevane zahteve in določila veljavnih standardov in predpisov ter zahteve in kriteriji za montažo in vzdrževanje. Pri zasnovi vetrne elektrarne so upoštevane vetrovne razmere v Sloveniji. V okviru diplomskega dela bo pripravljen predlog konstrukcijskih rešitev, ki bodo glede na tehnične in ekonomske kriterije ustrezno ovrednotene, ter izbrana optimalna zasnova kot dokumentacija, ki je priložena kot sestavna risba koncepta vetrne elektrarne.

terasni bloki v Kosezah, atrijski bloki na Viču in stolpnice ob Streliški cesti. Pri vsakem posameznem modelu zazidave je bil opazovan objekt, ki je glede na sončne dobitke lociran najbolj neugodno. S programom Rhinoceros 3D sem izdelala modele pozidave, na katerih je bila nato izpeljana parametrična študija tistega faktorja, ki ima največji vpliv na prejeto sončno sevanje. Prvi parameter, ki je bil opazovan je bila razdalja, kjer sem povečevala ali zmanjševala razmake med objekti, drugi parameter opazovanja je bila rotacija, kjer sem objekte sukala od 0 do 30° v smeri od juga proti zahodu, naslednji parameter je bil razpon notranjega dela atrija, s čimer sem spreminjala velikost notranjega dvorišča. Zadnji parameter obravnave je bila višina, kjer sem spreminjala višino sosednjih objektov. Izvedeni sta bili dve vrsti analize the first was done with the software tools Grasshopper and Diva, where I calculated the average annual solar radiation received by the treated object, and the other included the calculation of the energy required for heating the object in the UMI software tool. The analysis showed that when designing energy efficient buildings, the appropriate density should be taken into consideration, where the solar potential depends on the distance between the objects, the floor area ratio and the consequent mutual shading of objects, as well as the orientation where is the most important the maximized exposure of surfaces to sunlight and its associated shape and object geometry. prva je potekala s programskima orodjema Grasshopper in Diva, kjer sem izračunala, kolikšno je povprečno letno prejeto sončno sevanje obravnavanega objekta, druga pa je obsegala izračun energije, potrebne za ogrevanje objekta v programskem orodju UMI. Analiza je pokazala, da moramo pri načrtovanju energijsko učinkovitih stavb upoštevati primerno gostoto pozidave, kjer je sončni potencial odvisen od razmaka med objekti, faktorja zazidljivosti in posledičnega medsebojnega senčenja objektov, ter tudi orientacijo, kjer je najbolj pomembna čim večja izpostavljenost površin sončnemu sevanju ter z njo povezano obliko in geometrijo objekta. terraced blocks in Koseze, atrium blocks on Vič and skyscraper along Streliška cesta street. For each individual model the building, which is the most unfavorable in terms of solar gains was selected. With the Rhinoceros 3D program, I created the urban patterns models, where a parametric study of the factor which has the greatest influence on the received solar radiation was performed. The first parameter that was observed was the distance between the buildings, where I increased or reduced the spacing between the objects the second parameter of the observation was the rotation, where the objects were rotated from 0 to 30 ° in the direction from south to west. The next parameter was the range of the inward part of the atrium, which changed the size of the inner courtyard. The last parameter of the discussion was the building height where I changed the level of the adjacent objects. Two types of analysis were performed This graduation theses includes a study of the parameters that influence the energy efficiency of the settlement. Influence of factors, that utilization of solar potential depends upon, was observed. According to the discussed apartment building typology, three different, existing urban patterns in Ljubljana were selected Diplomsko delo zajema študijo parametrov, ki vplivajo na energijsko učinkovitost naselja. Opazovan je bil vpliv dejavnikov, od katerih je odvisna izraba sončnega potenciala. Glede na obravnavano večstanovanjsko tipologijo so bili izbrani trije različni, obstoječi vzorci pozidave v Ljubljani

Energy efficiency is an area that is becoming more and more actual. To achieve energy efficiency, different approaches are required. These approaches must be based on ISO 50001 standard and directives of the European Union to assure quality. With the implementation of effective approaches, we reduce energy consumption, costs and extend the lifespan of heating systems, ventilation and air conditioning. Moreover, the comfort of the occupants is improved. The aim of the master thesis is to show the processes by which any building manager optimizes the use of energy with minimal investment. At the Faculty of electrical engineering, we have analysed the condition of the building and its systems of heating, ventilation and air conditioning. For the purpose of analysis, we thoroughly reviewed the state of electrical installations. Where necessary, we created new labels for mentioned installations. For the analysis, we created a tree structure and redesigned building layouts which contained electrical cabinets. With help of this analysis, we have developed procedures that can be performed at the faculty and are suitable for other similar public and private buildings. Soft measures are processes that users can implement themselves and contribute to lower energy consumption. We wrote what are the possible measures to regulate the heating station and what measures for the rooms. We wrote measures that would contribute to the improvement of air quality and a more optimal temperatures in the rooms without an excessive use of heating through the heating station. To determine the energy consumption costs of the faculty, Information system and Energy accounting system were established. A draft of Quality manual was made, which defines duties and persons who must perform these duties. Users often do not know what the procedures for the reduction of energy consumption are. That is why information courses are needed for employees, so that they get enough information to perform these procedures Energetska učinkovitost je področje, ki je vedno bolj aktualno. Za dosego energetske učinkovitosti so potrebni različni pristopi, ki se za zagotovitev kakovosti opirajo na standard ISO 50001 in direktive Evropske unije. Z izvajanjem pristopov učinkovito zmanjšamo rabo energije, stroške in podaljšamo življenjsko dobo sistemov ogrevanja, prezračevanja in klimatizacije. Poleg tega se izboljša tudi udobje uporabnikov prostorov. Cilj magistrskega dela je prikaz postopkov, s katerimi lahko vsak upravljalec stavbe optimizira rabo energije z minimalnimi investicijskimi vložki. Na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko smo analizirali stanje stavbe in njenih sistemov ogrevanja, prezračevanja in klimatizacije. Za namen analize smo najprej temeljito pregledali stanje električnih inštalacij. Kjer je bilo potrebno, smo izdelali nove oznake omenjenih inštalacij. Za analizo smo izdelali drevesno strukturo in prenovili tlorise lokacij električnih omar. S pomočjo analize smo izdelali postopke, ki se lahko izvedejo na fakulteti, primerni pa so tudi za druge podobne javne in zasebne stavbe. Mehki ukrepi so postopki, ki jih uporabniki lahko izvedejo sami in s tem pripomorejo k nižji rabi energije. Zapisali smo, kateri so možni ukrepi na regulaciji toplotne postaje in kateri v prostorih. Za prezračevanje in klimatizacijo smo zapisali ukrepe, ki bi pripomogli k izboljšanju kakovosti zraka in bolj optimalni temperaturi v prostoru, ne da bi s tem obremenili ogrevanje preko toplotne postaje. Za ugotavljanje stroškov na fakulteti je bil vzpostavljen informacijski sistem in energetsko knjigovodstvo. Izdelan je bil tudi osnutek poslovnika kakovosti, v katerem so zapisane dolžnosti in osebe, ki morajo te dolžnosti izvajati. Uporabniki sami velikokrat ne vedo, kakšni so postopki za znižanje rabe energije. Zato so potrebna izobraževanja za zaposlene, preko katerih dobijo dovolj informacij, da lahko izvajajo postopke.

This thesis deals with the topic of energy efficiency of LED diode and light-emitting lights that are made of them. In the theoretical part, we focus primarily on a brief historical overview of the development of lights, among which we explain more precisely how LED diodes and lights have evolved and shaped over time. Following we describe different types of lamps and define how LED lamps differ from them, and how these differences affect their higher energy efficiency. LED lamps allow the consumption of electricity, which is more rational than the use of other types of lamps, such as, e.g., classical filament lamps that consume more electricity and emit less light. Similarly, compared to LEDs, their life span is shorter. The diploma points out some advantages of the LED lamps, and points to some of their weaknesses, which are mainly reflected in price and their temperature sensitivity. In the last section, we address questions about the effectiveness of LED lamps, focusing on their energy efficiency, the light pollution and the recycling of LEDs. At the end we present the findings of comparison analysis of costs which was hypothetically made for four-member household. Pričujoče diplomsko delo obravnava tematiko energetske učinkovitosti LED diod in iz njih izdelanih LED svetil. V teoretičnem delu se sprva osredotoči na kratek zgodovinski pregled razvoja svetil, med katerimi natančneje pojasni, kako so se skozi zgodovino razvijale in oblikovale LED diode in svetila. V nadaljevanju opiše različne vrste svetil in opredeli, kako se LED svetila od njih razlikujejo, ter kako te razlike vplivajo na njihovo večjo energetsko učinkovitost. LED svetila omogočajo rabo električne energije, ki je racionalnejša od rabe drugih vrst svetil, kot so recimo klasične žarnice z žarilno nitko. Prav tako je v primerjavi z LED svetili njihova življenjska doba krajša. Diplomsko delo predstavi prednosti LED svetil, a pri tem opozori tudi na nekatere njihove slabosti, ki se kažejo predvsem v ceni in njihovi temperaturni občutljivosti. V zadnjem sklopu se loti vprašanja učinkovitosti LED svetil s poudarkom na njihovem električnem izkoristku, svetlobnem onesnaževanju in recikliranju LED svetil. Na koncu je predstavljena primerjalna analiza stroškov, ki je bila hipotetično narejena za štiričlansko gospodinjstvo.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is the energy balance calculation of an apartment building in Logatec, at the address Sončni log 1 and 1a. This data represents the energy efficiency or inefficiency of the apartment building and can be used to introduce renovation possibilities, with which the criteria of an energy efficient building, according to the Regulations on Energy Efficiency in Buildings (PURES 2010, Ur. l. RS, nr. 52/2010: 7840), can be met. . The calculations were carried out using the KI Energija software that is based on the methodology of the Regulations PURES 2010 and the directive Tehnična smernica - učinkovita raba energije (TSG nr. 1-004, 2010). Also carried out was a comparison of the actual U-factors with those in effect at the time of construction planning, because of the inadequate values of thermal transmittance factors of constructional complexes. The KI Energija computer software recorded energy balance calculations which indicate energy efficiency. The chosen building’s energy balance does not meet the criteria of PURES 2010, because the legislation in effect at the time of construction planning, in 2005, involved criteria that were less strict. The most substantial deviations occur in the split-level constructional complex, which divides the heated zone and the garage, because it is not thermally insulated and the U-factor exceeds the threshold by 1,1 W/(m2K). The most energy-efficient renovation measures include additional thermal insulation of split-level constructional complexes and the non-permeable exterior, while also installing a mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery. Namen diplomske naloge je izračun energetske bilance za večstanovanjsko stavbo v Logatcu, na naslovu: Sončni log 1 in 1a, v okviru katere želimo prikazati energijsko ustreznost oziroma neustreznost večstanovanjske stavbe in podati predloge sanacije, s katerimi lahko dosežemo kriterij energetsko učinkovite stavbe po Pravilniku o učinkoviti rabi energije v stavbah (PURES 2010, Ur. l. RS, št. 52/2010: 7840). Izračun je izveden s programom KI Energija, ki temelji na metodologiji po PURES-u 2010 in Tehnični smernici - učinkovita raba energije (TSG št. 1-004, leto 2010). Zaradi neustreznih vrednosti faktorjev toplotne prehodnosti konstrukcijskih sklopov je narejena primerjava med dejanskimi U faktorji in faktorji, ki so bili veljavni v času projektiranja. S pomočjo računalniškega programa KI Energije je izpisana tudi računska energetska izkaznica, ki je pokazatelj energetske učinkovitosti. Energetska bilanca izbrane stavbe ne ustreza kriterijem PURES 2010, saj je bila v času projektiranja leta 2005 veljavna zakonodaja z manj strožjimi kriteriji. Največja odstopanja so pri medetažnem konstrukcijskem sklopu, ki ločuje ogrevano cono in garažo, ker ni toplotno izoliran in U faktor presega mejne vrednosti za 1,1 W/(m2K). Energetsko najučinkovitejši sanacijski ukrepi so dodatna toplotna izolacija medetažnih konstrukcijskih sklopov in netransparentnih zunanjih površin ter vgradnja mehanskega prezračevanja z rekuperacijo toplote.

The Sun is one of the biggest alternative sources of energy that can be exploited for heating water and living or work areas with the help of the solar collector. The use of the solar collector can be presented to the pupils in primary school in a very illustrative way. A model of the solar collector can help pupils to learn about the energy flow when water is heated using the solar collector. The purpose of my thesis is to present one of many ways how to interconnect many physical phenomena in one specific example and how to learn something from it. I have used the measurements of energy flow which I had carried out on the model of the solar collector to calculate how much energy is used to heat water. I have also investigated where the rest of the energy is diverted, where the losses of energy occur and how the energy in the model of the solar collector flows. Energy conservation is one of the most important concepts in the curriculum for primary schools. All the pupils are expected to acquire knowledge of this field. Therefore, it is very important to present them these concepts in an illustrative and interesting way. Based on the analysis of the measurements I have prepared the material, which could allow pupils to better understand the energy conservation as well as of the functioning of the solar collector. The material is suitable for use in primary schools. I have prepared additional material for the students of the Faculty of Education. The material is intended to be used during a science day. Sonce je eden izmed največjih alternativnih virov energije, ki ga lahko s pomočjo sončnih kolektorjev zelo dobro izkoriščamo za segrevanje vode in prostorov. Uporabo sončnega kolektorja lahko na zelo nazoren način predstavimo osnovnošolcem. Z uporabo modela sončnega kolektorja učenci spoznajo energijske procese, ki potekajo pri segrevanju vode s sončnim kolektorjem. Predstaviti želim enega izmed mnogih načinov, kako lahko na konkretnem primeru povežemo več fizikalnih pojavov in se iz njih tudi kaj koristnega naučimo. Z meritvami energijskih procesov, ki sem jih na modelu sončnega kolektorja opravila, sem izračunala del energije, ki se porabi za segrevanje vode. Raziskala sem, kam se preostali del energije preusmeri, kje nastajajo izgube in kako pri modelu sončnega kolektorja potekajo energijski procesi. V učnem načrtu za osnovno šolo je ohranitev energije eden izmed pomembnejših konceptov, ki naj bi jih učenci osvojili na vseh nivojih, zato je pomembno, da učencem takšne koncepte približamo na nazoren in njim zanimivejši način. Na podlagi analize meritev sem pripravila gradivo, ki bi učencem omogočalo kakovostnejše razumevanje ohranitve energije kot tudi samega delovanja sončnega kolektorja. Uporaba gradiva je predvidena za izvedbo naravoslovnega dne v osnovni šoli. Posebej sem pripravila še dodatno gradivo za študente Pedagoške fakultete.

This diploma thesis focuses on wireless mobile technology, its functioning and energy consumption. Mainly it refers to technologies as LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth as well as 3G. Purpose of it is to present the reader as simply as possible methodology of technologies and their energy consuption in a way it could be easily understood. For easier understanding this diploma starts with short overview of the history, leading to more depth review of each technology (GSM, UMTS, WiFi, LTE, BLE). Technologies are described chronologicaly and there are given examples of their energy consuption for each of them. Main comparison is given betwen technologies 2G and 3G, WiFi and LTE, which was made by University of Denmark. At the end there is a detailed analysis of BLE signal and its use at BLE key searcher. I myself have measured and calculated life expectancy of BLE's key searcher battery at its continuous operation with no interruptions. Glavni cilj diplomskega dela je predstavitev brezžičnih tehnologij, njihovega delovanja ter porabe energije. Večji del vsebine se nanaša na tehnologijo LTE, WiFi, Bluetooth ter 3G. Namen je bralcu čim enostavnejše prikazati metodologijo tehnologij in razumeti porabo energije ter jo primerno predstaviti. Za enostavnejše razumevanje celotne vsebin, se diplomsko delo začne s kratkim pregledom zgodovine. Nato so tehnologije nazorno razložene (GSM, UMTS, WiFi, LTE, BLE) in kronološko opisane, vse do primerjav porabe energije med posameznimi tehnologijami. Glavna primerjava je med tehnologijama 2G in 3G, med 3G, WiFi ter LTE, katera je plod Univerze iz Danske in na koncu še podrobna analiza BLE signala ter njegove porabe pri uporabi BLE iskalca ključev. Sam sem izvedel meritev ter izračunal pričakovano življenjsko dobo baterije BLE iskalca ključev v neprekinjenem delovanju.