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AbstractThe integration of power plants and desalination systems has attracted increasing attention over the past few years as an effective solution to tackle sustainable development and climate change issues. In this light, this paper introduces a novel modelling and optimization approach for a combined-cycle power plant (CCPP) integrated with reverse osmosis (RO) and multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination systems. The integrated CCPP and RO–MED desalination system is thermodynamically modelled utilizing MATLAB and EES software environments, and the results are validated via Thermoflex software simulations. Comprehensive energy, exergic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental (4E) analyses are performed to assess the performance of the integrated system. Furthermore, a new multi-objective water cycle algorithm (MOWCA) is implemented to optimize the main performance parameters of the integrated system. Finally, a real-world case study is performed based on Iran's Shahid Salimi Neka power plant. The results reveal that the system exergy efficiency is increased from 8.4 to 51.1% through the proposed MOWCA approach, and the energy and freshwater costs are reduced by 8.4% and 29.4%, respectively. The latter results correspond to an environmental impact reduction of 14.2% and 33.5%. Hence, the objective functions are improved from all exergic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental perspectives, proving the approach to be a valuable tool towards implementing more sustainable combined power plants and desalination systems.

Dokan reservoir is located on the Lesser Zab River NE Iraq. Its drainage area is 11,690 km2 with a storage capacity of 6.87 × 109 m3. Calculation of the volume of the reservoir before the construction of the dam and from the bathymetric survey conducted in 2014 indicates that an annual average of 7 million cubic meters of sediments are deposited within the reservoir. This reduced the storage capacity of the reservoir by 28%.

The operation of centrifugal pumps can generate instabilities and pressure pulsations that may be detrimental to the integrity and performance of the pump. In the present study a numerical investigation of the time variation of pressure within a complete centrifugal pump was undertaken. A range of parameters and three flow rates were investigated and the pulsations were extracted at 15 different locations covering important pump regions. The transient flow results compared reasonably with experimental data obtained in a limited experimental survey and clearly indicated the pump locations experiencing the largest pulsation levels. It was also noted that monitoring pulsations at the top dead centre of the pump volute casing would provide a better indication of internal pump pulsations than monitoring at the discharge.

AbstractNumerous studies have been carried out to ascertain the mechanisms of low-salinity and smart water flooding technique for improved oil recovery. Focus was often on brine composition and, specifically, the cationic content in sandstone reservoirs. Given the importance of the salt composition and concentration, tweaking the active ions which are responsible for the fluids–rock equilibrium will bring into effect numerous mechanisms of displacement which have been extensively debated. This experimental study, however, was carried out to evaluate the extent of the roles of chloride- and sulphate-based brines in improved oil recovery. To carry this out, 70,000 ppm sulphates- and chloride-based brines were prepared to simulate formation water and 5000 ppm brines of the same species as low-salinity displacement fluids. Core flooding process was used to simulate the displacement of oil by using four (4) native sandstones core samples, obtained from Burgan oil field in Kuwait, at operating conditions of 1500 psig and 50 °C. The core samples were injected with 70,000 ppm chloride and sulphates and subsequently flooded with the 5000 ppm counterparts in a forced imbibition process. Separate evaluations of chloride- and sulphate-based brines were carried out to investigate the displacement efficiencies of each brine species. The results showed that in both high- and low-salinity displacement tests, the SO4 brine presented better recovery of up to 89% of the initial oil saturation (Soi). Several mechanisms of displacement were observed to be responsible for improved recovery during SO4 brine displacement. IFT measurement experiments also confirmed that there was reduction in IFT at test conditions between SO4 brine and oil and visual inspection of the effluent showed a degree emulsification of oil and brines. Changes in pH were observed in the low-salinity flooding, and negligible changes were noticed in the high-salinity floods. These results provide an insight into the roles of chloride and sulphate ions in the design of smart “designer” water and low-salinity injection scenarios.

Use of a pilot-scale fixed-film bioreactor was investigated for remediation of bromate contamination within groundwater. Bromate reduction with stoichiometric production of bromide was observed, providing supporting evidence for complete reduction of bromate with no production of stable intermediates. Reduction of 87-90% bromate from an influent concentration of 1.1 mg L(-1) was observed with retention times of 40-80 h. Lower retention times led to decreases in bromate reduction capability, with 11.5% removal at a 10 h retention time. Nitrate reduction of 76-99% from a 30.7 mg L(-1) as NO(3)(-) influent was observed at retention times of 10-80 h, although an increase in nitrite production to 2.7 mg L(-1) occurred with a 10 h retention time. Backwashing was not required, with the large plastic packing media able to accommodate biomass accumulation without decreases in operational efficiency. This study has provided proof of concept and demonstrated the potential of biological bromate reduction by fixed-film processes for remediation of a bromate contaminated groundwater source.

Abstract Techniques for evaluating water management are critical to diagnose the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Acoustic emission as a function of polarisation (AEfP) has been recently introduced as a non-invasive, non-destructive method to analyse the water generation and removal inside a PEMFC during polarisation. AEfP was shown to provide unique insight into water management within a conventional PEMFC and correlating it to cell performance. Here, AEfP is used to characterise the performance of fractal PEMFCs by evaluating the hydration conditions inside them. This is achieved by probing the water dynamics inside two different fractal flow-field based PEMFCs, namely 1-way and 2-way fractal PEMFCs, and measuring the corresponding acoustic activity generated from them. AEfP is performed on the fractal PEMFCs under relatively humid (70% RH) and fully humidified (100% RH) reactant relative humidity (RH) conditions. Flooding in the 2-way fractal PEMFC, as opposed to the 1-way fractal PEMFC, is demonstrated under different operating conditions by the relatively higher acoustic activity it generates. Corroborating evidence of flooding in the 2-way fractal flow-field under different conditions is provided by its polarisation curves, impedance tests and galvanostatic (current hold) measurements.

The deposition of ash - combustion residues - on superheaters and heat exchanger surfaces reduce their efficiency; this phenomenon was investigated for a large-scale waste-to-energy incineration facility. Over a period of six months, ash samples were collected from the plant, which included the bottom ash and deposits from the superheater, as well as flyash from the convective heat exchanger, the economiser and fabric filters. These were analysed for particle size, unburned carbon, elemental composition and surface morphology. Element partitioning was evident in the different combustion residues, as volatile metals, such as cadmium, antimony and arsenic, were found to be depleted in the bottom ash by the high combustion temperatures (1000+°C) and concentrated/enriched in the fabric filter ash (transferred by evaporation). Non-volatile elements by contrast were distributed equally in all locations (transported by particle entrainment). The heat exchanger deposits and fabric filter ash had elevated levels of alkali metals. 82% of flyash particles from the fabric filter were in the submicron range.

Abstract Aquatic centres are large and complex buildings which include at least one indoor swimming pool and several amenities such as gymnasium, cafe, office, spa, sauna and stadium. There are only a few studies that have investigated the energy and water use of aquatic centres. This study developed energy and water benchmarks for aquatic centres in Victoria, Australia using data from 22 aquatic centres. Statistical regression based benchmarking method was used to identify relevant correlations and significances of several variables in regards to the energy and water use of aquatic centres. The analysis indicated that conditioned usable floor area and the number of visitors have the strongest correlation and significance to the energy and water use of aquatic centres respectively. No strong correlation was found between energy and water use. The proposed energy benchmark for aquatic centres ranges between 648 kWh/m2 and 2283 kWh/m2 (conditioned usable floor area) and the proposed water benchmark for aquatic centres ranges between 11 L/Visitor and 110 L/Visitor. An attempt to identify energy and water efficient characteristics of aquatic centres was also undertaken using the detailed data collected.