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A lack of adequate high resolution climate proxy records for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has prevented the extrapolation of climate–solar linkages on centennial time scales prior of the Holocene. Therefore, it is still unknown whether centennial climate variations of the last ten thousand years convey a universal climate change or merely represent a characteristic of the Holocene. Recently published high resolution climate proxy records for the LGM allowed us to extrapolate climate–solar linkages on centennial time scales ahead of the Holocene. Here we present the analysis of a high resolution pollen concentration record from Lake Kotokel in southern Siberia, Russia, during the LGM. The record reflects the dynamics of vegetation zones and temperature change with a resolution of ~ 40 years in the continental climate of north-eastern Asia. We demonstrate that our pollen concentration record, the oxygen isotope δ18O record from the Greenland ice core project NGRIP (NorthGRIP), the dust-fall contributions in Lake Qinghai, China, grain size in the Gulang and Jingyuan loess deposits, China, and the composite oxygen isotope δ18O record from the Alpine cave system 7H reveal cooler to warmer climate fluctuations between ~ 20.6 and 26 ka. Such fluctuations correspond to the ~ 1000-yr, 500-600-yr and 210-250-yr cycles possibly linked to the solar activity variations and recognized in high resolution Holocene proxies all over the world. We further show that climate fluctuations in the LGM and Holocene are spectrally similar suggesting that linkages between climate proxies and solar activity at the centennial time scale in the Holocene can be extended to the LGM. {"references": ["Vadim A. Kravchinsky, Rui Zhang, Ryan Borowiecki, Pavel E. Tarasov, Mirko van der Baan, Taslima Anwar, Avto Goguitchaichvili, Stefanie M\u00fcller, 2021. Centennial scale climate oscillations from southern Siberia in the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, in press."]}

Velocity-based macrorefugia for boreal passerine birds Citation for dataset -------------------- Stralberg, D. Velocity-based macrorefugia for boreal passerine birds. Boreal Avian Modelling Project. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1299880 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1299880 Data layers ----------------- Refugia layers represent mid-century (2041-2070) and end-of-century (2071-2100) conditions for the SRES A2 emissions scenario at 4-km resolution ----------------- Combined index for 53 species (clipped to Brandt's boreal region): _refbrandt53_YYYYZZZZ Species-specific indices: XXXX_refYYYY where: YYYY = Time period (2050s or 2080s) ZZZZ = weighted or unweighted XXXX = Songbird Species Code (see Birdlookup.csv) Percentile values of refugia indices for mapping purposes 0.01 0.1 0.25 0.5 0.75 0.9 0.99 "2050s, weighted " 0.032 0.243 0.317 0.399 0.484 0.589 0.779 "2080s, weighted" 0.002 0.09 0.137 0.2 0.281 0.386 0.675 "2050s, unweighted" 0.006 0.108 0.159 0.218 0.292 0.358 0.421 "2080s, unweighted" 0.001 0.055 0.083 0.123 0.185 0.241 0.297 Projection information ------------------- """+proj=lcc +lat_1=49 +lat_2=77 +lat_0=0 +lon_0=-95 +x_0=0 +y_0=0 +ellps=GRS80 +units=m +no_defs""" ------------------- Projection LAMBERT Spheroid GRS80 Units METERS Zunits NO Xshift 0.0 Yshift 0.0 Parameters 49 0 0.0 /* 1st standard parallel 77 0 0.0 /* 2nd standard parallel -95 0 0.0 /* central meridian 0 0 0.0 /* latitude of projection's origin 0.0 /* false easting (meters) 0.0 /* false northing (meters)

Climate-informed conservation priorities in British Columbia (Version 1.0) Territorial acknowledgement: We respectfully acknowledge that we live and work across diverse unceded territories and treaty lands and pay our respects to the First Nations, Inuit and Métis ancestors of these places. We honour our connections to these lands and waters and reaffirm our relationships with one another. Suggested citation: Stolar, J., D. Stralberg, I. Naujokaitis-Lewis, S.E. Nielsen, and G. Kehm. 2023. Spatial priorities for climate-change refugia and connectivity for British Columbia (Version 1.0). Place of publication: University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8333303 Corresponding author: stolar@ualberta.ca Summary: The purpose of this project is to identify spatial locations of (a) vulnerabilities within British Columbia’s current network of protected areas and (b) priorities for conservation and management of natural landscapes within British Columbia under a range of future climate-change scenarios. This involved adaptation and implementation of existing continental- and provincial-scale frameworks for identifying areas that have potential to serve as refugia from climate change or corridors for species migration. Outcomes of this work include the provision of practical guidance for protected areas network design and vulnerabilities identification under climate change, with application to other regions and jurisdictions. Project results, in the form of multiple spatial prioritization scenarios, may be used to evaluate the resilience of the existing protected area network and other conservation designations to better understand the risks to British Columbia’s biodiversity in our changing climate. Description: These raster layers represent different scenarios of Zonation rankings of conservation priorities for climate resilience and connectivity between current and 2080s conditions for a provincial-scale analysis. Input conservation features included metrics of macrorefugia (forward and backward climate velocity (km/year), overlapping future and current habitat suitability for ~900 rare species in BC), microrefugia (presence of old growth ecosystems, drought refugia, glaciers/cool slopes/wetlands, and geodiversity), and connectivity. Please see details in the accompanying report. File nomenclature: .zip folder (Stolar_et_al_2023_CiCP_Zenodo_upload_Version_1.0.zip): Contains the files listed below. Macrorefugia (2080s_macrorefugia.tif): Scenarios for each taxonomic group (equal weightings for all species) (Core-area Zonation Function) Climate-type velocity + species scenarios from above (Core-area Zonation; equal weightings) Microrefugia (microrefugia.tif): Scenario with old growth forest habitat, landscape geodiversity, wetlands/cool slopes/glaciers, drought refugia (Core-area Zonation; equal weightings) Overall scenario (2080s_macro_micro_connectivity.tif): Inputs from above (with equal weightings) + connectivity metrics (each weighted at 0.1) (Additive Benefit Function Zonation) Conservation priorities (Conservation_priorities_2080s.tif): Overall scenario from above extracted to regions of low human footprint. Restoration priorities (Restoration_priorities_2080s.tif): Overall scenario from above extracted to regions of high human footprint. Accompanying report (Stolar_et_al_2023_CiCP_Zenodo_upload_Version_1.0.pdf): Documentation of rationale, methods and interpretation. READ_ME file (READ_ME_PLEASE.txt): Metadata. Legend interpretation: Ranked Zonation priorities increase from 0 (lowest) to 1 (highest). Raster information: Columns and Rows: 1597, 1368 Number of Bands: 1 Cell Size (X, Y): 1000, 1000 Format: TIFF Pixel Type: floating point Compression: LZW Spatial reference: XY Coordinate System: NAD_1983_Albers Linear Unit: Meter (1.000000) Angular Unit: Degree (0.0174532925199433) false_easting: 1000000 false_northing: 0 central_meridian: -126 standard_parallel_1: 50 standard_parallel_2: 58.5 latitude_of_origin: 45 Datum: D_North_American_1983 Extent: West -139.061502 East -110.430823 North 60.605550 South 47.680823 Disclaimer: The University of Alberta (UofA) is furnishing this deliverable "as is". UofA does not provide any warranty of the contents of the deliverable whatsoever, whether express, implied, or statutory, including, but not limited to, any warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or any warranty that the contents of the deliverable will be error-free. Funding: We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Environment and Climate Change Canada, the Province of British Columbia through the Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship) and the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, the BC Parks Living Lab for Climate Change and Conservation, and the Wilburforce Foundation. We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of Environment and Climate Change Canada, the Province of British Columbia through the Ministry of Water, Land and Resource Stewardship) and the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy, the BC Parks Living Lab for Climate Change and Conservation, and the Wilburforce Foundation.

Abstract In this study, crude cellulose derived from cornstalk, after bleaching, was used as raw material for the synthesis of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) by reacting with the cellulose with NaOH and chloroacetic acid at 75 °C for 1.5 h. Effects of alkali dosage, concentration of chloroacetic acid on the physical and chemical properties of the CMC products were investigated. It was revealed that the reactants alkali reagent/chloroacetic acid/cellulose at the molar ratio of 4.6:2.8:1and 4:2.5:1, or at the molar ratio of NaOH/ClCH 2 COOH ≈1.6–1.64, resulted in CMC products of relatively high water solubility. The viscosity-average molecular weight M v of these two CMC products obtained at molar ratios of 4.0:2.5:1 and 4.6:2.8:1 is in the range of 1.94 × 10 4 –2.48 × 10 4 g mol −1 , and the average DS of the two products are 0.57 and 0.85, respectively. As the solute concentration is above 2 wt%, the viscosity of the CMC-water solution exhibits nonlinear (exponential) increasing with increasing the solute concentration (typical of non-Newton fluids).

A major achievement in research supported by the Kluane Lake Research Station was the recovery, in 2001 – 02, of a suite of cores from the icefields of the central St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, by teams of researchers from Canada, the United States, and Japan. This project led to the development of parallel, long (103 – 104 year) ice-core records of climate and atmospheric change over an altitudinal range of more than 2 km, from the Eclipse Icefield (3017 m) to the ice-covered plateau of Mt. Logan (5340 m). These efforts built on earlier work recovering single ice cores in this region. Comparison of these records has allowed for variations in climate and atmospheric composition to be linked with changes in the vertical structure and dynamics of the North Pacific atmosphere, providing a unique perspective on these changes over the Holocene. Owing to their privileged location, cores from the St. Elias Icefields also contain a remarkably detailed record of aerosols from various sources around or across the North Pacific. In this paper we review major scientific findings from the study of St. Elias Mountain ice cores, focusing on five main themes: (1) The record of stable water isotopes (δ18O, δD), which has unique characteristics that differ from those of Greenland, other Arctic ice cores, and even among sites in the St. Elias; (2) the snow accumulation history; (3) the record of pollen, biomass burning aerosol, and desert dust deposition; (4) the record of long-range air pollutant deposition (sulphate and lead); and (5) the record of paleo-volcanism. Our discussion draws on studies published since 2000, but based on older ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains obtained in 1980 and 1996.

Energy management is an enabling technique to guarantee the reliability and economy of hybrid electric systems. This paper proposes a novel machine learning-based energy management strategy for a hybrid electric bus (HEB), with an emphasized consciousness of both thermal safety and degradation of the onboard lithium-ion battery (LIB) system. Firstly, the deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is combined with an expert-assistance system, for the first time, to enhance the “cold start” performance and optimize the power allocation of HEB. Secondly, in the framework of the proposed algorithm, the penalties to over-temperature and LIB degradation are embedded to improve the management quality in terms of the thermal safety enforcement and overall driving cost reduction. The proposed strategy is tested under different road missions to validate its superiority over state-of-the-art techniques in terms of training efficiency and optimization performance.

Select monthly climate data for provinces in Canada. Monthly data includes mean temperature, maximum temperatures, minimum temperature, snow, precipitation, HDD, CDD, and Trade.

Current and projected future potential boreal bird densities (4-km resolution) Citation for journal article associated with this dataset: -------------------- Stralberg, D., S. M. Matsuoka, A. Hamann, E. M. Bayne, P. Sólymos, F. K. A. Schmiegelow, X. Wang, S. G. Cumming, and S. J. Song. 2015. Projecting boreal bird responses to climate change: the signal exceeds the noise. Ecological Applications 25:52-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/13-2289.1 Coordinate System ------------------ Projection: Lambert Conformal Conic False Easting: 0.00000000 False Northing: 0.00000000 Central Meridian: -95.00000000 Standard Parallel 1: 49.00000000 Standard Parallel 2: 77.00000000 Latitude Of Origin: 0.00000000 Linear Unit: Meter Datum: D WGS 1984 Summary ------- The boreal forest biome provides a resource-rich environment for breeding birds, supporting high species diversity and bird numbers. These birds are likely to shift their distributions northward in response to rapid climate change over the next century. We used a comprehensive dataset of avian point-count surveys from across boreal Canada and Alaska, combined with interpolated climate data, to develop bioclimatic niche models of current avian distribution and density for 80 boreal-breeding songbird species. We then used a downscaling of projected future climates to assess the potential for these species to change their distribution and abundance in response to climate change. Note that projections represent potential densities based on climatic conditions, land use and topography. They do not account for physiographic barriers such as the northern extent of the Rocky Mountains that may prevent colonization of otherwise suitable habitat. Therefore current species’ distributions may be over-estimated in certain regions, particularly in Alaska. Boosted regression tree models of species distribution were averaged across two sets of covariates (climate-only and climate + land use + topography), 11 bootstrap samples, and four global climate models. Mean projections and uncertainty estimates (coefficient of variation) are available for the current period (based on climate data from 1961-1990) and three future time periods (2011–2040, 2041­–2070, 2071–2100). Climate data layers available at tinyurl.com/ClimateNA. Contact ------- Diana Stralberg, University of Alberta (stralber@ualberta.ca) Boreal Avian Modelling Project (borealbirds.ca) Project sponsors ---------------- Boreal Avian Modelling (BAM) Project Alberta Biodiversity Management and Climate Change Adaptation Project Avian data providers -------------- http://www.borealbirds.ca/index.php/data_partners USGS Breeding Bird Survey Breeding Bird Atlases of Canada BAM founding organisations and funders -------------------------------------- Environment Canada University of Alberta Canadian BEACONs Project Financial supporters -------------------- USFWS Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act Vanier Canada Graduate Scholarships Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute Alberta Innovates Technology Futures Alberta Pacific Forest Industries Inc. Climate Change and Emissions Management Corporation Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring Killam Trusts Landscape Conservation Cooperatives National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Université Laval Species code definitions ------------------------ Code Common name (Scientific name) ALFL Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum) ‡ AMCR American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) AMGO American Goldfinch (Spinus tristis) AMPI American Pipit (Anthus rubescens) ‡ AMRE American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) AMRO American Robin (Turdus migratorius) ‡ ATSP American Tree Sparrow (Spizella arborea) ‡ BAWW Black-and-white Warbler (Mniotilta varia) BBWA Bay-breasted Warbler (Setophaga castanea) BCCH Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus) ‡ BHCO Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) BHVI Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius) BLBW Blackburnian Warbler (Setophaga fusca) BLJA Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) BLPW Blackpoll Warbler (Setophaga striata) ‡ BOCH Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus) ‡ BRBL Brewer’s Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) BRCR Brown Creeper (Certhia americana) ‡ BTNW Black-throated Green Warbler (Setophaga virens) CAWA Canada Warbler (Cardellina canadensis) CCSP Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida) CEDW Cedar Waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) CHSP Chipping Sparrow (Spizella passerina) ‡ CMWA Cape May Warbler (Setophaga tigrina) COGR Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) CONW Connecticut Warbler (Oporornis agilis) CORA Common Raven (Corvus corax) ‡ CORE Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea) ‡ COYE Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas) CSWA Chestnut-sided Warbler (Setophaga pensylvanica) DEJU Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis) ‡ EAKI Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus) EAPH Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe) EVGR Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus) FOSP Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca) ‡ GCKI Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa) ‡ GCTH Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus) ‡ GRAJ Gray Jay (Perisoreus canadensis) ‡ HETH Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus) ‡ HOLA Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris) ‡ LCSP Le Conte's Sparrow (Ammodramus leconteii) LEFL Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus) LISP Lincoln's Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii) ‡ MAWA Magnolia Warbler (Setophaga magnolia) MOWA Mourning Warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia) NAWA Nashville Warbler (Oreothlypis ruficapilla) NOWA Northern Waterthrush (Parkesia noveboracensis) ‡ OCWA Orange-crowned Warbler (Oreothlypis celata) ‡ OSFL Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus cooperi) ‡ OVEN Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) PAWA Palm Warbler (Setophaga palmarum) PHVI Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus) PIGR Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) ‡ PISI Pine Siskin (Spinus pinus) ‡ PUFI Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus) RBGR Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) RBNU Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis) ‡ RCKI Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula) ‡ REVI Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus) RUBL Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) ‡ RWBL Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) ‡ SAVS Savannah Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis) ‡ SOSP Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia) SWSP Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) SWTH Swainson's Thrush (Catharus ustulatus) ‡ TEWA Tennessee Warbler (Oreothlypis peregrina) TRES Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) ‡ VATH Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius) ‡ VESP Vesper Sparrow (Pooecetes gramineus) WAVI Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus) WCSP White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) ‡ WETA Western Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) WEWP Western Wood-Pewee (Contopus sordidulus) ‡ WIWA Wilson's Warbler (Cardellina pusilla) ‡ WIWR Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis) WTSP White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) WWCR White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera) ‡ YBFL Yellow-bellied Flycatcher (Empidonax flaviventris) YRWA Yellow-rumped Warbler (Setophaga coronata) ‡ YWAR Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia) ‡ ‡ symbols denote the 38 species currently breeding in the Alaskan boreal region.