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  • 6. Clean water
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  • Authors: Reinsch, S.; Koller, E.; Sowerby, A.; De Dato, G.; +17 Authors

    The data consists of annual measurements of standing aboveground plant biomass, annual aboveground net primary productivity and annual soil respiration between 1998 and 2012. Data were collected from seven European shrublands that were subject to the climate manipulations drought and warming. Sites were located in the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands (NL), Denmark ( two sites, DK-B and DK-M), Hungary (HU), Spain (SP) and Italy (IT). All field sites consisted of untreated control plots, plots where the plant canopy air is artificially warmed during night time hours, and plots where rainfall is excluded from the plots at least during the plants growing season. Standing aboveground plant biomass (grams biomass per square metre) was measured in two undisturbed areas within the plots using the pin-point method (UK, DK-M, DK-B), or along a transect (IT, SP, HU, NL). Aboveground net primary productivity was calculated from measurements of standing aboveground plant biomass estimates and litterfall measurements. Soil respiration was measured in pre-installed opaque soil collars bi-weekly, monthly, or in measurement campaigns (SP only). The datasets provided are the basis for the data analysis presented in Reinsch et al. (2017) Shrubland primary production and soil respiration diverge along European climate gradient. Scientific Reports 7:43952 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43952 Standing biomass was measured using the non-destructive pin-point method to assess aboveground biomass. Measurements were conducted at the state of peak biomass specific for each site. Litterfall was measured annually using litterfall traps. Litter collected in the traps was dried and the weight was measured. Aboveground biomass productivity was estimated as the difference between the measured standing biomass in year x minus the standing biomass measured the previous year. Soil respiration was measured bi-weekly or monthly, or in campaigns (Spain only). It was measured on permanently installed soil collars in treatment plots. The Gaussen Index of Aridity (an index that combines information on rainfall and temperature) was calculated using mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature. The reduction in precipitation and increase in temperature for each site was used to calculate the Gaussen Index for the climate treatments for each site. Data of standing biomass and soil respiration was provided by the site responsible. Data from all sites were collated into one data file for data analysis. A summary data set was combined with information on the Gaussen Index of Aridity Data were then exported from these Excel spreadsheet to .csv files for ingestion into the EIDC.

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  • Authors: Keane, J.B.; Toet, S.; Weslien, P.; Klemedtsson, L.; +2 Authors

    Near continuous methane and CO2 fluxes measured along a transect on an ombrotrophic fen in Southern Sweden from August 2017-September 2019 using an automated greenhouse gas flux platform SkyLine2D. The impacts of drought (in 2018 the mire experienced drought conditions) and different vegetation types (sedge, heather, sphagnum or open water; 6 replicated for each) on the fluxes were determined. Fluxes were measured within collars of 20-cm diameter, 4-min at each collar. CH4 and CO2 fluxes were detected using a Licor infrared gas analyser (IRGA, LI-8100, Licor, NE, USA) to measure CO2 and a cavity ringdown laser (CRD, LGR U-GGA-91, Los Gatos Research, CA USA) to measure both CO2 and CH4. Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 were calculated using linear regression; a deadband of at least 20 seconds was allowed for the chamber headspace to mix and a window of 90 seconds was used for CO2 and 240 seconds used for CH4. Fluxes were adjusted for area, air temperature and gas volume. Further adjustment was made to the CO2 fluxes during daylight hours based upon the light response curve to account for attenuation of light by the chamber material, after. All data manipulation and analyses were carried out using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, CA 161 USA). GHG flux data (for both CO2 and CH4) were quality controlled in the first instance using the R2 statistic of the CO2 flux measurement, with values < 0.9 discarded. Measurements passing this threshold were then assessed using the output statistics from the regression calculation of CH4 fluxes, where regressions with a P value < 0.05 were accepted, while those that did not were treated as zero flux. Data outliers were defined as those ± 1.96 standard errors of the mean flux value for each collar and were excluded from the analyses. Data were further filtered to account for overestimation of fluxes during still atmospheric night-time conditions. Using the procedure fluxes where the mean CO2 concentration for the 20 second period before and after chamber closure dropped by more than 25 ppm where discounted. Net ecosystem exchange and methane fluxes were measured from a hemi-boreal ombrotrophic fen in Southern Sweden. An automated chamber system, SkyLine2D, was used to measure the fluxes near-continuously from August 2017 to September 2019. Four ecotypes were identified: sphagnum (Sphagnum spp), eriophorum, heather and water, to assess how these different ecotypes would respond to drought. The 2018 drought allowed comparison of fluxes between drought and non-drought years (May to September), and their recovery the following year.

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    This dataset contains time series of reservoir releases (including any spills), evaporation loss, and rule curves for the Pong and Bhakra reservoirs, India. {"references": ["https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071413", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.021"]}

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Smithsonian figshare
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    4TU.ResearchData | science.engineering.design
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC 0
    Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2021
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2021
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      Data sources: ZENODO
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      Smithsonian figshare
      Dataset . 2021
      License: CC BY
      4TU.ResearchData | science.engineering.design
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC 0
      Data sources: Datacite
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    Authors: Hao Guo; Anming Bao; Tie Liu; Felix Ndayisaba; +3 Authors

    Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) experiences a recurrent drought phenomenon. However, few studies have focused on drought monitoring in this region due to lack of ground observations. The newly released Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) with a long-term record and high resolution has a great potential for drought monitoring. Based on the assessment of CHIRPS for capturing precipitation and monitoring drought, this study aims to evaluate the drought condition in LMB by using satellite-based CHIRPS from January 1981 to July 2016. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at various time scales (1–12-month) is computed to identify and describe drought events. Results suggest that CHIRPS can properly capture the drought characteristics at various time scales with the best performance at three-month time scale. Based on high-resolution long-term CHIRPS, it is found that LMB experienced four severe droughts during the last three decades with the longest one in 1991–1994 for 38 months and the driest one in 2015–2016 with drought affected area up to 75.6%. Droughts tend to occur over the north and south part of LMB with higher frequency, and Mekong Delta seems to experience more long-term and extreme drought events. Severe droughts have significant impacts on vegetation condition.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Sustainability
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2017
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    Authors: Zinatizadeh, A.A.; Mohammadi, P.; Mirghorayshi, M.; Ibrahim, S.; +2 Authors

    Among various bioreactors examined in anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation, UASB bioreactor has shown to be a promising alternative. However, mass transfer resistance and biomass washout have been the issues that reported as draw backs of the granular system in the literature. Another problem associated with such a system is its long start-up period as a result of biomass washout and long microbial granulation stage. In this paper, the results obtained from an UASFF bioreactor in methane (AD process) and hydrogen (DF process) production from POME, are presented to assess mass transfer of substrate into the granules and also study the role of internal packing used in the middle part of reactor in the process stability. The value of effectiveness factor, η, for AD and DF processes were calculated to be 0.96 and 0.94, respectively, indicating that there was no mass transfer resistance due to internal and/or external factors. The results showed that the packing material could retain biomass in the reactor and had outstanding contribution in the granulation enhancement. Its role as a supplementing treatment stage was more significant at low HRTs and up-flow velocities.

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    Biomass and Bioenergy
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      Biomass and Bioenergy
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
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    Authors: Perryman, Sarah; Scott, Tony; Hall, Chris;

    Daily rainfall is measured as the total (mm) over the 24-hour period 0900 to 0900 GMT. It includes all precipitation - snow, rain, mist and fog. Rainfall was first recorded at Rothamsted in March 1853, using a copper funnel rain gauge (5 inch / 12.7 cm diameter) and measured using a graduated cylinder. Since 2004 it has been measured using an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge (10 inch / 25.4cm diameter), ARG100, calibrated to tip at 0.2mm (which has since become the minimum amount of rain that can be recorded). The rain gauge is placed within a 30cm deep 1.5m radius turf wall, retained by brick, to reduce wind eddies that may potentially blow rain out of the gauges. Data were collected daily manually until 2004 and since then by Automatic Weather Station using a standard protocol. There are differences in the capture rate between the two gauges, see Rainfall for further information. The monthly summary data contained in this spreadsheet are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden. Total monthly data is determined from daily data using Genstat 19th Edition. Verification includes checks for instrument errors, for missing data and outliers. The original raw daily data is available, after registering, from the e-RA database. Please contact the e-RA Curators for an access password and further details. This dataset represents the mean monthly rainfall recorded at Rothamsted from October 1985 - September 2017 and is derived from continuous daily records measured at the site. Location: Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England 51.82 N 0.37 W 128 m asl.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.23637/rm...
    Dataset . 2020
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    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.23637/rm...
      Dataset . 2020
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    Authors: Reza Shojaei Ghadikolaei; Mohammad Hasan Khoshgoftar Manesh; Hossein Vazini Modabber; Viviani Caroline Onishi;

    AbstractThe integration of power plants and desalination systems has attracted increasing attention over the past few years as an effective solution to tackle sustainable development and climate change issues. In this light, this paper introduces a novel modelling and optimization approach for a combined-cycle power plant (CCPP) integrated with reverse osmosis (RO) and multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination systems. The integrated CCPP and RO–MED desalination system is thermodynamically modelled utilizing MATLAB and EES software environments, and the results are validated via Thermoflex software simulations. Comprehensive energy, exergic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental (4E) analyses are performed to assess the performance of the integrated system. Furthermore, a new multi-objective water cycle algorithm (MOWCA) is implemented to optimize the main performance parameters of the integrated system. Finally, a real-world case study is performed based on Iran's Shahid Salimi Neka power plant. The results reveal that the system exergy efficiency is increased from 8.4 to 51.1% through the proposed MOWCA approach, and the energy and freshwater costs are reduced by 8.4% and 29.4%, respectively. The latter results correspond to an environmental impact reduction of 14.2% and 33.5%. Hence, the objective functions are improved from all exergic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental perspectives, proving the approach to be a valuable tool towards implementing more sustainable combined power plants and desalination systems.

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  • Authors: Atwood, Trisha; Beard, Karen; Waring, Bonnie; Adkins, Jaron; +1 Authors

    Global change drivers that modify the quality and quantity of litter inputs to soil affect greenhouse gas fluxes, and thereby constitute a feedback to climate change. Carbon cycling in the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) River Delta, a subarctic wetland system, is influenced by landscape variations in litter quality and quantity generated by herbivores (migratory birds) that create ‘grazing lawns’ of short stature, nitrogen-rich vegetation. To identify the mechanisms by which these changes in litter inputs affect soil carbon balance, we independently manipulated qualities and quantities of litter representative of levels found in the Y-K Delta in a fully factorial microcosm experiment. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from these microcosms weekly. To help us identify how litter inputs influenced greenhouse gas fluxes, we sequenced soil fungal and bacterial communities, and measured soil microbial biomass carbon, dissolved carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and enzyme activity. We found that positive correlations between litter input quantity and CO2 flux were dependent upon litter type, due to differences in litter stoichiometry and changes to the structure of decomposer communities, especially the soil fungi. These community shifts were particularly pronounced when litter was added in the form of herbivore feces, and in litter input treatments that induced nitrogen limitation (i.e., senesced litter). The sensitivity of carbon cycling to litter quality and quantity in this system demonstrates that herbivores can strongly impact greenhouse gas fluxes through their influence on plant growth and tissue chemistry.

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    Authors: Leybourne, Daniel J; Preedy, Katharine F; Valentine, Tracy A; Bos, Jorunn I B; +1 Authors

    1. Aphids are abundant in natural and managed vegetation, supporting a diverse community of organisms and causing damage to agricultural crops. Due to a changing climate, periods of drought are anticipated to increase, and the potential consequences of this for aphid-plant interactions are unclear. 2. Using a meta-analysis and synthesis approach, we aimed to advance understanding of how increased drought incidence will affect this ecologically and economically important insect group, and to characterise any potential underlying mechanisms. We used qualitative and quantitative synthesis techniques to determine whether drought stress has a negative, positive, or null effect on aphid fitness and examined these effects in relation to 1) aphid biology, 2) geographical region, 3) host plant biology. 3. Across all studies, aphid fitness is typically reduced under drought. Subgroup analysis detected no difference in relation to aphid biology, geographical region, or the aphid-plant combination, indicating the negative effect of drought on aphids is potentially universal. Furthermore, drought stress had a negative impact on plant vigour and increased plant concentrations of defensive chemicals, suggesting the observed response of aphids is associated with reduced plant vigour and increased chemical defence in drought-stressed plants. 4. We propose a conceptual model to predict drought effects on aphid fitness in relation to plant vigour and defence to stimulate further research. Please check the ReadMe for an explanation of the values included in the dataset. Please note that n/a values are included in the Global_Dataset tab for plant meta-analysis data (_Plant_Vigour, _Plant_Defence, and _Plant_Nutrition), these indicate studies that did not report these parameters. Data was collected and curated using standard systematic literature synthesis approaches. The effect size (Hedges' g) reported in the dataset was calculated from extracted means and standard deviations.

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    Dataset . 2021
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    Dataset . 2021
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    Authors: Winchester, Benedict; Huang, Gan; Beath, Hamish; Sandwell, Philip; +3 Authors

    Optimisation results for the lowest lifetime cost system consisting of solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) and solar-thermal collectors alongside battery and hot-water storage systems for meeting the electrical and thermal (hot-water) needs of three multi-effect distillation (MED) plants. The updated results are from optimisations runs carried out in response to peer-review comments.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
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    Dataset . 2023
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    Dataset . 2023
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  • Authors: Reinsch, S.; Koller, E.; Sowerby, A.; De Dato, G.; +17 Authors

    The data consists of annual measurements of standing aboveground plant biomass, annual aboveground net primary productivity and annual soil respiration between 1998 and 2012. Data were collected from seven European shrublands that were subject to the climate manipulations drought and warming. Sites were located in the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands (NL), Denmark ( two sites, DK-B and DK-M), Hungary (HU), Spain (SP) and Italy (IT). All field sites consisted of untreated control plots, plots where the plant canopy air is artificially warmed during night time hours, and plots where rainfall is excluded from the plots at least during the plants growing season. Standing aboveground plant biomass (grams biomass per square metre) was measured in two undisturbed areas within the plots using the pin-point method (UK, DK-M, DK-B), or along a transect (IT, SP, HU, NL). Aboveground net primary productivity was calculated from measurements of standing aboveground plant biomass estimates and litterfall measurements. Soil respiration was measured in pre-installed opaque soil collars bi-weekly, monthly, or in measurement campaigns (SP only). The datasets provided are the basis for the data analysis presented in Reinsch et al. (2017) Shrubland primary production and soil respiration diverge along European climate gradient. Scientific Reports 7:43952 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43952 Standing biomass was measured using the non-destructive pin-point method to assess aboveground biomass. Measurements were conducted at the state of peak biomass specific for each site. Litterfall was measured annually using litterfall traps. Litter collected in the traps was dried and the weight was measured. Aboveground biomass productivity was estimated as the difference between the measured standing biomass in year x minus the standing biomass measured the previous year. Soil respiration was measured bi-weekly or monthly, or in campaigns (Spain only). It was measured on permanently installed soil collars in treatment plots. The Gaussen Index of Aridity (an index that combines information on rainfall and temperature) was calculated using mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature. The reduction in precipitation and increase in temperature for each site was used to calculate the Gaussen Index for the climate treatments for each site. Data of standing biomass and soil respiration was provided by the site responsible. Data from all sites were collated into one data file for data analysis. A summary data set was combined with information on the Gaussen Index of Aridity Data were then exported from these Excel spreadsheet to .csv files for ingestion into the EIDC.

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  • Authors: Keane, J.B.; Toet, S.; Weslien, P.; Klemedtsson, L.; +2 Authors

    Near continuous methane and CO2 fluxes measured along a transect on an ombrotrophic fen in Southern Sweden from August 2017-September 2019 using an automated greenhouse gas flux platform SkyLine2D. The impacts of drought (in 2018 the mire experienced drought conditions) and different vegetation types (sedge, heather, sphagnum or open water; 6 replicated for each) on the fluxes were determined. Fluxes were measured within collars of 20-cm diameter, 4-min at each collar. CH4 and CO2 fluxes were detected using a Licor infrared gas analyser (IRGA, LI-8100, Licor, NE, USA) to measure CO2 and a cavity ringdown laser (CRD, LGR U-GGA-91, Los Gatos Research, CA USA) to measure both CO2 and CH4. Fluxes of CO2 and CH4 were calculated using linear regression; a deadband of at least 20 seconds was allowed for the chamber headspace to mix and a window of 90 seconds was used for CO2 and 240 seconds used for CH4. Fluxes were adjusted for area, air temperature and gas volume. Further adjustment was made to the CO2 fluxes during daylight hours based upon the light response curve to account for attenuation of light by the chamber material, after. All data manipulation and analyses were carried out using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, CA 161 USA). GHG flux data (for both CO2 and CH4) were quality controlled in the first instance using the R2 statistic of the CO2 flux measurement, with values < 0.9 discarded. Measurements passing this threshold were then assessed using the output statistics from the regression calculation of CH4 fluxes, where regressions with a P value < 0.05 were accepted, while those that did not were treated as zero flux. Data outliers were defined as those ± 1.96 standard errors of the mean flux value for each collar and were excluded from the analyses. Data were further filtered to account for overestimation of fluxes during still atmospheric night-time conditions. Using the procedure fluxes where the mean CO2 concentration for the 20 second period before and after chamber closure dropped by more than 25 ppm where discounted. Net ecosystem exchange and methane fluxes were measured from a hemi-boreal ombrotrophic fen in Southern Sweden. An automated chamber system, SkyLine2D, was used to measure the fluxes near-continuously from August 2017 to September 2019. Four ecotypes were identified: sphagnum (Sphagnum spp), eriophorum, heather and water, to assess how these different ecotypes would respond to drought. The 2018 drought allowed comparison of fluxes between drought and non-drought years (May to September), and their recovery the following year.

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    This dataset contains time series of reservoir releases (including any spills), evaporation loss, and rule curves for the Pong and Bhakra reservoirs, India. {"references": ["https://doi.org/10.3390/w11071413", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.021"]}

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
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    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
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    Smithsonian figshare
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    4TU.ResearchData | science.engineering.design
    Dataset . 2020
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    Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2021
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      Dataset . 2021
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      Dataset . 2021
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      Smithsonian figshare
      Dataset . 2021
      License: CC BY
      4TU.ResearchData | science.engineering.design
      Dataset . 2020
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    Authors: Hao Guo; Anming Bao; Tie Liu; Felix Ndayisaba; +3 Authors

    Lower Mekong Basin (LMB) experiences a recurrent drought phenomenon. However, few studies have focused on drought monitoring in this region due to lack of ground observations. The newly released Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) with a long-term record and high resolution has a great potential for drought monitoring. Based on the assessment of CHIRPS for capturing precipitation and monitoring drought, this study aims to evaluate the drought condition in LMB by using satellite-based CHIRPS from January 1981 to July 2016. The Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at various time scales (1–12-month) is computed to identify and describe drought events. Results suggest that CHIRPS can properly capture the drought characteristics at various time scales with the best performance at three-month time scale. Based on high-resolution long-term CHIRPS, it is found that LMB experienced four severe droughts during the last three decades with the longest one in 1991–1994 for 38 months and the driest one in 2015–2016 with drought affected area up to 75.6%. Droughts tend to occur over the north and south part of LMB with higher frequency, and Mekong Delta seems to experience more long-term and extreme drought events. Severe droughts have significant impacts on vegetation condition.

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    Sustainability
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Sustainability
    Article
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    Data sources: UnpayWall
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    Sustainability
    Article . 2017
    Data sources: DOAJ
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      Sustainability
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      Sustainability
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Zinatizadeh, A.A.; Mohammadi, P.; Mirghorayshi, M.; Ibrahim, S.; +2 Authors

    Among various bioreactors examined in anaerobic digestion and dark fermentation, UASB bioreactor has shown to be a promising alternative. However, mass transfer resistance and biomass washout have been the issues that reported as draw backs of the granular system in the literature. Another problem associated with such a system is its long start-up period as a result of biomass washout and long microbial granulation stage. In this paper, the results obtained from an UASFF bioreactor in methane (AD process) and hydrogen (DF process) production from POME, are presented to assess mass transfer of substrate into the granules and also study the role of internal packing used in the middle part of reactor in the process stability. The value of effectiveness factor, η, for AD and DF processes were calculated to be 0.96 and 0.94, respectively, indicating that there was no mass transfer resistance due to internal and/or external factors. The results showed that the packing material could retain biomass in the reactor and had outstanding contribution in the granulation enhancement. Its role as a supplementing treatment stage was more significant at low HRTs and up-flow velocities.

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    Biomass and Bioenergy
    Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      Biomass and Bioenergy
      Article . 2017 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Perryman, Sarah; Scott, Tony; Hall, Chris;

    Daily rainfall is measured as the total (mm) over the 24-hour period 0900 to 0900 GMT. It includes all precipitation - snow, rain, mist and fog. Rainfall was first recorded at Rothamsted in March 1853, using a copper funnel rain gauge (5 inch / 12.7 cm diameter) and measured using a graduated cylinder. Since 2004 it has been measured using an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge (10 inch / 25.4cm diameter), ARG100, calibrated to tip at 0.2mm (which has since become the minimum amount of rain that can be recorded). The rain gauge is placed within a 30cm deep 1.5m radius turf wall, retained by brick, to reduce wind eddies that may potentially blow rain out of the gauges. Data were collected daily manually until 2004 and since then by Automatic Weather Station using a standard protocol. There are differences in the capture rate between the two gauges, see Rainfall for further information. The monthly summary data contained in this spreadsheet are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden. Total monthly data is determined from daily data using Genstat 19th Edition. Verification includes checks for instrument errors, for missing data and outliers. The original raw daily data is available, after registering, from the e-RA database. Please contact the e-RA Curators for an access password and further details. This dataset represents the mean monthly rainfall recorded at Rothamsted from October 1985 - September 2017 and is derived from continuous daily records measured at the site. Location: Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England 51.82 N 0.37 W 128 m asl.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.23637/rm...
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.23637/rm...
      Dataset . 2020
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    Authors: Reza Shojaei Ghadikolaei; Mohammad Hasan Khoshgoftar Manesh; Hossein Vazini Modabber; Viviani Caroline Onishi;

    AbstractThe integration of power plants and desalination systems has attracted increasing attention over the past few years as an effective solution to tackle sustainable development and climate change issues. In this light, this paper introduces a novel modelling and optimization approach for a combined-cycle power plant (CCPP) integrated with reverse osmosis (RO) and multi-effect distillation (MED) desalination systems. The integrated CCPP and RO–MED desalination system is thermodynamically modelled utilizing MATLAB and EES software environments, and the results are validated via Thermoflex software simulations. Comprehensive energy, exergic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental (4E) analyses are performed to assess the performance of the integrated system. Furthermore, a new multi-objective water cycle algorithm (MOWCA) is implemented to optimize the main performance parameters of the integrated system. Finally, a real-world case study is performed based on Iran's Shahid Salimi Neka power plant. The results reveal that the system exergy efficiency is increased from 8.4 to 51.1% through the proposed MOWCA approach, and the energy and freshwater costs are reduced by 8.4% and 29.4%, respectively. The latter results correspond to an environmental impact reduction of 14.2% and 33.5%. Hence, the objective functions are improved from all exergic, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental perspectives, proving the approach to be a valuable tool towards implementing more sustainable combined power plants and desalination systems.

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  • Authors: Atwood, Trisha; Beard, Karen; Waring, Bonnie; Adkins, Jaron; +1 Authors

    Global change drivers that modify the quality and quantity of litter inputs to soil affect greenhouse gas fluxes, and thereby constitute a feedback to climate change. Carbon cycling in the Yukon-Kuskokwim (Y-K) River Delta, a subarctic wetland system, is influenced by landscape variations in litter quality and quantity generated by herbivores (migratory birds) that create ‘grazing lawns’ of short stature, nitrogen-rich vegetation. To identify the mechanisms by which these changes in litter inputs affect soil carbon balance, we independently manipulated qualities and quantities of litter representative of levels found in the Y-K Delta in a fully factorial microcosm experiment. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from these microcosms weekly. To help us identify how litter inputs influenced greenhouse gas fluxes, we sequenced soil fungal and bacterial communities, and measured soil microbial biomass carbon, dissolved carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and enzyme activity. We found that positive correlations between litter input quantity and CO2 flux were dependent upon litter type, due to differences in litter stoichiometry and changes to the structure of decomposer communities, especially the soil fungi. These community shifts were particularly pronounced when litter was added in the form of herbivore feces, and in litter input treatments that induced nitrogen limitation (i.e., senesced litter). The sensitivity of carbon cycling to litter quality and quantity in this system demonstrates that herbivores can strongly impact greenhouse gas fluxes through their influence on plant growth and tissue chemistry.

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    Authors: Leybourne, Daniel J; Preedy, Katharine F; Valentine, Tracy A; Bos, Jorunn I B; +1 Authors

    1. Aphids are abundant in natural and managed vegetation, supporting a diverse community of organisms and causing damage to agricultural crops. Due to a changing climate, periods of drought are anticipated to increase, and the potential consequences of this for aphid-plant interactions are unclear. 2. Using a meta-analysis and synthesis approach, we aimed to advance understanding of how increased drought incidence will affect this ecologically and economically important insect group, and to characterise any potential underlying mechanisms. We used qualitative and quantitative synthesis techniques to determine whether drought stress has a negative, positive, or null effect on aphid fitness and examined these effects in relation to 1) aphid biology, 2) geographical region, 3) host plant biology. 3. Across all studies, aphid fitness is typically reduced under drought. Subgroup analysis detected no difference in relation to aphid biology, geographical region, or the aphid-plant combination, indicating the negative effect of drought on aphids is potentially universal. Furthermore, drought stress had a negative impact on plant vigour and increased plant concentrations of defensive chemicals, suggesting the observed response of aphids is associated with reduced plant vigour and increased chemical defence in drought-stressed plants. 4. We propose a conceptual model to predict drought effects on aphid fitness in relation to plant vigour and defence to stimulate further research. Please check the ReadMe for an explanation of the values included in the dataset. Please note that n/a values are included in the Global_Dataset tab for plant meta-analysis data (_Plant_Vigour, _Plant_Defence, and _Plant_Nutrition), these indicate studies that did not report these parameters. Data was collected and curated using standard systematic literature synthesis approaches. The effect size (Hedges' g) reported in the dataset was calculated from extracted means and standard deviations.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC 0
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    DRYAD
    Dataset . 2021
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    Data sources: Datacite
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      Dataset . 2021
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      Dataset . 2021
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    Authors: Winchester, Benedict; Huang, Gan; Beath, Hamish; Sandwell, Philip; +3 Authors

    Optimisation results for the lowest lifetime cost system consisting of solar photovoltaic (PV), hybrid photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) and solar-thermal collectors alongside battery and hot-water storage systems for meeting the electrical and thermal (hot-water) needs of three multi-effect distillation (MED) plants. The updated results are from optimisations runs carried out in response to peer-review comments.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
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    Dataset . 2023
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    Dataset . 2023
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2023
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      Dataset . 2023
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      Dataset . 2023
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