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Интегрирането на енергийната система на Република България в рамките на Европейската мрежа на операторите на преносни системи (ЕМОПС), започна през 2009г. ЕМОПС беше създадена и получи законови мандати от Третия законодателен пакет на ЕС за вътрешния енергиен пазар, който цели по-нататъшно либерализиране на пазарите на газ и електроенергия в ЕС. ЕМОПС отговаря за управлението на системата за пренос на електроенергия и за разрешаването на търговията и доставянето на електроенергия през границите в ЕС и включва 43 оператора на преносни системи от 36 страни в Европа. Процесите на интеграция в рамките на Европейския съюз оказаха съществено влияние върху трансграничния обмен на електроенергия. Изменението на неговия характер е предмет и на настоящата статия. ; The integration of the energy system of the Republic of Bulgaria within the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-E) began in 2009. The ENTSO-E was established and mandated by the EU's Third Legislative Package for the Internal Energy Market, which aims to further liberalize the EU's gas and electricity markets. The ENTSO-E is responsible for the management of the electricity transmission system and for the authorization of trade and supply of electricity across EU borders and includes 43 transmission system operators from 36 countries in Europe. Integration processes within the European Union have had a significant impact on cross-border exchanges in electricity. The change in its nature is the subject of this article.

Обект на настоящия доклад е конкурентната среда на енергийния пазар в България, който е в процес на промяна от регулиран към либерализиран пазар на свободната конкуренция. Докладът набляга на значимостта на маркетинг стратегията за нарастващия брой лицензирани търговски компании на електроенергия, функциониращи на този пазар. Авторите на доклада си поставят следните цели: 1) да се разкрият неяснотите, с които търговските компании се сблъскват понастоящем, както и тенденциите на пазара, които се очертават в бъдеще; 2) да се представят основните пазарни участници на пазара на електроенергия на дребно и услугите, които те предлагат; както и да се идентифицират онези характеристики, които отличават лидерите от останалите търговци; 3) да се посочат онези маркетингови подходи, които в бъдеще ще гарантират конкурентни предимства на пазарните лидери ; The object of the current article is competitive environment on the energy market in Bulgaria which is in a process of change from regulated to liberalized market of free competition. The article implies the significance of marketing strategy for the growing number of trading companies, functioning on this market. The authors have set the following objectives: 1) to state the unclear issues that trading companies currently face and the future market trends they will most probably witness; 2) to present the major market participants on the retail market of electric energy and the services they provide; as well as identify those characteristics that distinguish market leaders from the other traders; 3) to pinpoint those marketing approaches that will grant competitive advantages for the market leaders in the future

In the 1990s, when most national markets for electricity and gas were still monopolized, the European Un io n a n d the Member States decided to gradually open those markets to competition. The first liberalization directives (first energy package) were adopted in 1996 (electricity) and 1998 (natural gas), and had to be transposed into the legal systems o f th e Member States by 1998 (electricity) and 2000 ( natural gas). The second energy package was adopted in 2003 and its directives had to be transposed into national law by the Member States by 2004, with some provisions coming into force only in 2007. Industrial consumers and households were already able to choose their suppliers natural gas and electricity fro m a wider range of competitors. In April 2009, a third legislative package was adopted to further liberalize the internal market for electricity and gas, which amended the second legislative package and was a milestone for the completion of the intern a l energy market. All these changes, as well as momentary factors, have affected the processes of electricity exchange between European countries.

This report focuses on current trends in environmental sustainability. The impact of industrial and human activity on the environment is recognized, as well as the need for smart resource use and renewability. The green model is the new young and highly effective practice of human resource management and corporate social awareness for sustainability in organizations. ; Настоящият доклад е ориентиран към съвременните тенденции за управление в условията на екологична устойчивост. Осъзнато е влиянието от индустриалната и човешка дейност върху околната среда, както и необходимостта от умно потребяване на ресурсите и тяхната възобновяемост. Зеленият модел е новата млада и изключително ефективна практика на управлението на човешките ресурси и корпоративна социална осъзнатост за устойчивост в организациите.

The infrastructure built over the years for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity has a leading role in the formation of the cost and prices of energy produced. This article discusses some of the aspects that directly affect the formation of final electricity prices for consumers. ; Изгражданата през годините инфраструктура за производство, пренос и разпределение на електрическа енергия, има водещо значение при формиране себестойността и цените на произведената енергия. Настоящата статия разглежда част от аспектите, влияещи пряко върху формирането на крайните цени на електроенергията за потребителите.

In the present work some questions connected with the effectiveness of the photovoltaics are discussed. The main factor is the pollution (morphology and chemical composition) and the humidity. The methods for estimation the degree of the pollution are shown.

In recent years, a large number of wind turbines have been combined into large energy complexes. They are the fastest growing industry in the world of energy. This is due to the free wind energy, the environmental advantages and the decreasing prices of NPPs per unit of installed capacity. Poor knowledge of the principle of operation of wind turbines in many cases is a barrier to their use. This is the purpose of this study. The paper reviews the mechanisms and machinery used in utilization of renewable energy sources. In the overview on wind turbines their applicability as alternative energy sources is shown. The mechanisms constitute the kinematic basis of machinery and mechanical appliances, and so they represent an integral part of them. The functionality of the entire machine or device as a whole substantially depends on the correctness of the operation of its mechanisms.

Solar energy is one of the most significant sources of renewable energy both in its fields of application and in thermal and photovoltaic, all over the world. Bulgaria is one of the countries with an excess of this type of energy, where the annual solar activity on a horizontal surface reaches about 1000 kWh / m 2 / year. In this work, solar collectors with a V-shaped trough of a concentrator system with two geometric concentrations are designed to obtain additional electric power. The main results show that the solar concentrator system causes an increase in short circuit current due to an increase in the amount of incident solar radiation from the solar modules and, consequently, an increase in the output power. Compared to the reference module, the increase in power during peak hours exceeds 40%. It can be concluded that the use of a V-Trough concentrating system in combination with modular solar systems can lead to a favorable price-benefit ratio.

This report aims to highlight the need for innovations inspired by nature, generating many benefits, including jobs, social capital. The needs of the environment provide increasing opportunities for entrepreneurs who create a product or service from waste or almost no resources. The diversification of existing activities provides a marketing perspective for the circular economy and emphasizes the green message and influence on consumer behavior and, on the other hand, market supply. Communication between market participants in a circular economy is gaining more and more innovative and digitilized dimensions

The modern development of technologies has significantly changed the type of events that are the subject of electrical engineering expertise. In recent years, there has been a decrease in expertise due to accidents in industrial systems due to the introduction of modern means of protection set by European Union standards. The share of expertise in accid en ts in building energy systems due to obsolete and depreciated electrical equipment still remains large. The development of IT technologies and their application in modern energy has led to a faster change o f extern a l devices compared to those used for domestic purposes. The various projects implemented by the electricity distribution companies and the change of ownership of the meters for electricity metering have enabled modern digital electricity meters to enter the practice. They work in parallel with the still available electromechanical and hybrid measuring instruments. Th e intelligent energy networks required in modern technology also require modern means for measuring and regulating the flows of consumed electricity. The controllable microprocessor electricity meters introduced by the electricity distribution companies are the first step in the construction of such intelligent energy networks.