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Интегрирането на енергийната система на Република България в рамките на Европейската мрежа на операторите на преносни системи (ЕМОПС), започна през 2009г. ЕМОПС беше създадена и получи законови мандати от Третия законодателен пакет на ЕС за вътрешния енергиен пазар, който цели по-нататъшно либерализиране на пазарите на газ и електроенергия в ЕС. ЕМОПС отговаря за управлението на системата за пренос на електроенергия и за разрешаването на търговията и доставянето на електроенергия през границите в ЕС и включва 43 оператора на преносни системи от 36 страни в Европа. Процесите на интеграция в рамките на Европейския съюз оказаха съществено влияние върху трансграничния обмен на електроенергия. Изменението на неговия характер е предмет и на настоящата статия. ; The integration of the energy system of the Republic of Bulgaria within the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO-E) began in 2009. The ENTSO-E was established and mandated by the EU's Third Legislative Package for the Internal Energy Market, which aims to further liberalize the EU's gas and electricity markets. The ENTSO-E is responsible for the management of the electricity transmission system and for the authorization of trade and supply of electricity across EU borders and includes 43 transmission system operators from 36 countries in Europe. Integration processes within the European Union have had a significant impact on cross-border exchanges in electricity. The change in its nature is the subject of this article.

This paper demonstrates the capabilities of the Simulink simulation environment for tuning the parameters of Power system stabilizers (PSS), which play a key role in damping the low-frequency oscillations in the electric power systems. First, the theory and algorithms for optimization of the parameters are examined, focusing on the phase compensation (P-Vr) method, which was selected and implemented in Simulink. The different steps of the tuning algorithm are explained, as well as the formulation of the objective function. The theoretically described steps were practically applied to a single-machine system, as well as to the well-known four-machine system of Kundur. The available solvers were also tested and compared in terms of speed and efficiency.

Developing a low-carbon economy is the only way for countries to achieve sustainable development. Carbon emission reduction policies and low-carbon technology (LCT) innovation play key roles in developing low-carbon economy. Under government reward and punishment regulations, based on the bilateral matching and evolutionary theories, this paper constructs an evolution model consisting of a manufacturer investing LCT and a supplier offering LCT to analyze multi-phase LCT investment strategies. Firstly, the profit optimization model of a green supply chain is constructed from the perspectives of centralized-matching (CM), decentralized-matching (DM), and mismatching (MM), and the spatial information internal evolution law of multi-phase LCT investment is described by the Markov chain. Then, a bilateral matching algorithm is proposed to solve the equilibrium solutions, and the evolution process of the three modes is analyzed by numerical simulation. Finally, based on the product green degree, we analyze the impact of subsidies and taxes on investment-production decisions. Analytical results show that the matching mechanism proposed in this paper can help supply chain firms to obtain stable matching and has a significant effect on the realization of "triple wins" of society, economy, and environment. The investment utility of CM is higher than that of DM and MM. Manufacturers are inclined to adopt LCT, and the investment level tends to be stable over time. Government reward and punishment regulations are helpful to motivate supply chain firms to invest in LCT, and the synergistic effect of subsidies and taxes is better than that of a single policy.

The object of the study is the water supply and sanitation system of an industrial enterprise. Currently, many enterprises do not use the treated industrial waste water in the water supply cycle. Therefore, the use of treated wastewater is of practical importance. The scheme of thermal treatment of waste water for obtaining pure condensate by evaporation is proposed. The main results of the study are the technical solution for the development of the enterprise's wastewater treatment complex. Pure condensate is obtained in an instant boiling evaporator. The research method is based on the calculation of energy costs in wastewater treatment for different types of waste water. The results of the study allow us to determine the optimal set of energy equipment for obtaining pure condensate and its further use. The specific practical significance lies in the development of a technical solution that helps the treatment of wastewater and the reduction of emissions into the water basin.

Abstract The presented study deals with univariate and multivariate analysis of the dependencies between the factor and consequent variables in the study of the efficiency of a heat pump unit with a radiant evaporator. The strength and direction of the connections between these variables is studied and discussed. The values of the correlation and determination coefficients were determined and the equations of the models describing them were derived. The presented analysis is considered as a valuable tool for the heating, ventilating and air conditioning design process in the building sector.

Abstract Mitigating the effects of environmental deterioration requires a focus on not just CO2 emissions from energy consumption, but also environmental pollution from industry sectors. To reach this goal, recent studies have extended ecological footprint (EF) analysis to identify the ecological drivers of various key industry sectors. The role of the phosphorus (P) industry on the EF within the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) framework for China is the emphasis of this study. Autoregressive distributive lag (ARDL) as well as the impulse response function and robustness analysis were used to consider a time from 1985 to 2018. The study verifies the EKC hypothesis for China in both the long and the short run, and indispensable determinants are proposed to be included to assure the model’s fitness and robustness when conducting EF analysis of industry sectors. Energy consumption–based carbon emissions have been verified as the dominant contributor to EF, but P use and urbanization have a significant lagged positive influence on EF in the short run. P exports, in particular, have been highlighted as a critical driver of the EF of China’s P industry. The conducted frequency domain causality test reinforced the above findings and demonstrated bidirectional causality at different frequencies. This work suggests that formulating plausible P export policies to alleviate the conflict between the output of China’s P industry and the environmental sustainability of this industry are necessary. In this context, “multidisciplinary, multidimensional, and practical solutions” are most desirable for sustainable P management.

As a financial innovation model to promote sustainable economic development, carbon finance promotes green and inclusive economic development by reshaping the financial system. As a big energy consumer, China has been committed to the green transformation of energy structure, and carbon finance has been regarded as an important tool to support carbon emission reduction. This paper divides carbon finance from three levels, financial macro, environmental governance, and technological development, and selects 17 indexes to measure the development level of carbon finance in China. Time series regression model and the entropy weight method (EWM) are used to analyze the impact of carbon finance on China's energy consumption structure. The empirical results show that carbon finance plays a positive role in promoting China's energy consumption structure, and developing carbon finance is conducive to the use of clean energy and the optimization of energy consumption structure in China; carbon finance can further optimize China's energy consumption structure by investing capital, resources, and technology in industries related to promoting clean energy consumption. Therefore, China should continue to develop carbon finance and promote the establishment of a unified national carbon trading market; at the same time, China should use the CCER trading mechanism to promote the development of renewable energy and enhance the endogenous driving force of energy transformation by promoting technological progress.