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Amid a scenario, that contrasts the increasing demand for electricity, and decreased ability to generation from conventional sources, which is creating serious problems for the energy sector, the concept of smart grids popularizes up and presented as an alternative to, among other possibilities, minimize the effects of power outages in the design of distributed generation from alternative sources. In order for alternatives to that end, it will develop a data acquisition system, low cost and high performance for applications in smart grids, which facilitates monitoring of electricity in real time, where the user can manage their own control avoiding waste and consequently saving. The system will be developed based on the standards of ANEEL (Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency), body responsible for determining the minimum parameters a measuring equipment must possess. The data acquisition system showed results with a high degree of agreement when compared with the reference instrument, the fluke 434/435. A response curve of voltage and current, showing the system behavior compared to other instruments of measurement was introduced. Still, it is objective of the work that the signs Conditioning Unit can be adapted for multiple microprocessor platforms, using simple settings, without the need for hardware reconfiguration. This fact has been proven to be used with Black BeagleBone with satisfactory results. ; Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq ; Em meio a um cenário que contrasta o aumento da demanda por energia elétrica, e a diminuição da capacidade de geração a partir das fontes convencionais, o que vem gerando sérios problemas para o setor energético, o conceito de smart grids populariza-se e apresenta-se como uma alternativa para, entre outras possibilidades, minimizar os efeitos da falta de energia elétrica, na concepção de geração distribuída a partir de fontes alternativas. Com vistas em alternativas com esse fim, será desenvolvido um sistema de aquisição de ...

A nozzle is a very important component of a diesel engine injection system. It is responsible for the atomization of the fuel for efficient combustion and low pollutant emissions levels, which directly affects the environment and the human cardiovascular system. The standards of vehicle emissions set by the environmental legislation are increasingly stringent, as PROCONVE P7 in Brazil and Euro 6, in the European Union. They restrict the size of the particulate material and NOx emissions levels. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate and understand the wear mechanisms of brittle and ductile materials which undergo the action of an atomizer type common rail, erosion, cavitation, adherence, adhesion, and corrosion. A systematic method was developed for evaluating diesel biofuels with additives or obtained in gas stations, its process of atomization and its interaction with two structural materials: a chemically active, electrolytic copper, and a chemically inert, silicon oxide glass. A test rig equipped with a high-pressure atomizing chamber (HPSC), a carrier device for ductile and brittle materials and a CCD camera were used to evaluate the atomization process. In this test rig there were tested three fluids: Ultrasene (standard fluid of the fluid nozzle testing machine TM 507), B6, B6 additivated with surfactants plus water and additivated B6 with surfactants, water and glycerin. A dynamometer test rig was used for testing a stationary diesel single cylinder engine, brand Branco, model BD5.0, four-stroke, 5 cv diesel, with the aforementioned fuels. In the end of 150 hours of each test fuel, the engine was disassembled, visually inspected and its main parts were replaced - piston, piston rings, pin, connecting rod, bearings, valves, seals, gaskets and the nozzle repair were replaced. The particulate matter coming from the combustion process, was collected by a device developed in the Tribology Study Group and Structural Integrity (GET-UFRN). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive ...

This paper seeks to analyze biomass participation in the context of a global discussion involving the need to address the two key issues of the 21st century: energy security and climate change. The idea was to try to discuss the growth of energy demand and the representativeness of renewable sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuel sources both in the domestic supply of energy (OIEE) and in theinternal energy supply (OIE). It is based on a more general approach that involves the discussion on sustainability and the transformation and use of biomass in the world and after an analysis involving changes in the Brazilian electricity sector (SEB) since 2004. The assumption that guided this research highlighted the importance of energy for the economic development of any country or nation, as well as biomass and other renewable energies, in the context of the need to deal with climate change. In Brazil, the discussions about the field of energy in general and of electricity, specifically, go through the effort to organize the electrical system, seeking the possibility of contracting new sources of energy, especially renewable ones, such as wind, biomass, the small Hydroelectric Power Plants (SHP), solar. This contracting is carried out in specific contracting environments and conditions for pricing according to the tariff modification criterion, in the case of the Regulated Contracting Environment (ACR), as well as taking into account the energy sold in the Free Contracting Environment (ACL).The importance of renewable energies in SEB is also highlighted by a brief approach on the importance of the Alternative Energy Sources Incentive Program (PROINFA) in the process of market creation for renewable sources. By means of the methodology used, it is concluded that the biomass follows an expansion trajectory, especially sugarcane bagasse, where its relative importance was verified in the process of contracting this source in the ACR. Therefore, it is estimated that biomass will continue to be important in the national ...

Stimulus encouraging the production and consumption of biodiesel favors the policy of pre-serving the environment, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas reducing climate change. The current trend of research in this field focuses on improving these processes with the use of heterogeneous catalysts, seeing has significant advantages such as: low contamination of products, ease of separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium, possibili-ty of reuse of the catalyst, decreased corrosion problems. The objective of this research was to optimize the synthesis of AlSBA-15 for the production of biodiesel through transesterification process via ethyl route. For the optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of type AlSBA-15 catalyst has assembled a 23 factorial experimental matrix with eleven trials. The stoichiometric amounts of starting materials were varied according to different ratios Si / Al which is a factor in the experimental design, in addition to the time and temperature of aging of the synthesis gel. The material showed the best results of characterization (SBET = 591.7 (m2 / g), Vp = 0.83 (cm3 / g), Dp = 5.59 (nm), w = 6.48 (nm) was synthesized at 100 ° C for 24 hours, with a ratio Si / Al = 10.This material was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of ethyl transesterification as raw coconut oil in natura. Coconut oil presented suitable for obtaining biodiesel via ethyl route.The visual aspects and physical-chemical characteristics of the reaction products show that AlSBA-15 catalyst favored the reaction. According to physical-chemical analysis the order of oxidative stability of the product of the transesterification reaction was: catalytic reaction at 1500 ° C> non-catalytic reaction at 100 ° C> 100 ° C catalytic> catalytic reaction at 200 ° C Reaction. The results of oxidative stability and kinematic viscosity shows that the biodiesel produced in the catalytic sandblasting held at 150 ° C which was maintained within the ABNT NBR 7148, ABNT NBR 10441 and EN 14112. ...

The state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) produces little of the ethanol consumed because of edaphoclimatic conditions that preclude the extensive agricultural production and the consequent construction and operation of large distilleries. However, small-scale distilleries may supply, in part, this ethanol for consumption through production with sugarcane. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Energy Efficiency Analysis were performed to evaluate small-scale ethanol production considering the individual step and the overall analysis. The main results of the LCA were given in terms of environmental impacts and damage according to Eco-Indicator 99 assessment method, and demonstrated that nitrogen- and phosphorus- rich fertilizers along with herbicide and limestone were responsible for major environmental damage during the agricultural step, while the use of equipments and electricity had major impacts in industrial step. The agricultural step showed high energy efficiency (9.98-19.03 - energy in/energy out ratio) while the industrial stage showed energy efficiency of 0.86-0.87 and 0.20-0.21 with and without bagasse energy credits, respectively. In the overall analysis, the industrial step showed higher impacts and damages. Small-scale ethanol production chain presented energy efficiency (2.59-2.92) with bagasse energy credits. Otherwise the process could be energetically inefficient (0.61-0.69). Construction of the small-scale distillery and acquisition/sizing of equipment based on the availability of raw material supply are actions to avoid energy losses and environmental damage. The LCA was also used to evaluate, environmentally, the production of two types of distillation columns (tray type and mixed type) for continuous production of hydrous ethanol to indicate the model less impact on the environment. The results showed that the production of mixed distillation column generates lower contributions of impact to the environment, therefore their choice for installation in small-scale is indicated in terms of mitigating ...

Young plants of Coffea arabica grafted over C. canephora were submitted to six watering cycles (WC) during 35 days. Each WC was accomplished until net photosynthesis (PN) close to zero or leaf water potential (Ψ) close to -2.0 MPa in Acauã (AC), Mundo- Novo (MN), and Obatã (OB) cultivars. After 2 WC (about 10 days) gs dropped from 0.15 to 0.01 mol m-2 s-1 in all cultivars changing the pattern of leaf gas exchange in subsequent WC. From 3 to 6 WC the cultivars showed high oscillations of water use efficiency or substomatal CO2 concentration (Ci) besides negative PN at the end of WC. After 3 WC, gs increased faster than PN after watering and Ci increased indicating some damage in photosynthetic machinery. It happened strongly in OB, which showed progressive reduction of PN after 3 WC and the lowest values of Ψ (-2.0 MPa) at the end of 6 WC. The survivorships for cultivars were 80% till 3 WC and 70% after 6 WC. The gas exchange pattern alteration could indicate the potential hardening of AC, MN and OB cultivars. After field plantation of hardened and control (without perivous hardening) Mundo-Novo and Obatã cultivars, with 180-days-old, it was observed significant (p<0.05) greater accumulation of leaf, stem and root biomass in hardened in control plants. Stem diameter, height and the number of leaf and branch were also higher (p<0.05) in previous hardened individuals. Greater differences in crown structure and biomass between control and hardened plants were observed mainly after the first period of low water availability (210 days under field conditions). The higher leaf number and leaf area in more branched crowns could carbon assimilation and grain production. For practical proposes, 3 WC before growing under field conditions are sufficient for changing consistently the leaf gas exchange pattern in 3 cultivars studied, keeping photosynthetic machinery free of damage and high survivorship. Previous hardening proportioned less interrupted vegetative development after transplantation under field conditions in ...

Water is essential for any living being, especially for the man. Even being so important, there is much waste and degradation the sources of this liquid. With this in mind solutions have been created to try to manage more efficiently the use of this fundamental right to life. Among other methods, it stands out as a resource without many difficulties of application and care, the capture of rainwater. The use of rainwater is through the collection and storage of the same, from an area of a roof of a house or even industries and companies, with a capture system. This study aims to present the results of rainwater collection, with a deployment system in a simple construction, and not being for personal use.The study is the design and implementation of a rainwater collection system in the Renewable Energy Centre of the Faculty of Engineering Guaratinguetá-Unesp. The rainwater harvesting system was dimensioned and a model was made using the SketchUp software. With the precipitations of previous years, it was possible to analyze the amount of water volume that would be stored, and thus determine the cost benefit of the application of the technique ; A água é essencial para qualquer ser vivo, principalmente para o homem. Mesmo sendo tão importante, há muito desperdício e degradação das fontes renováveis. Tendo isso em mente foram criadas soluções para tentar administrar de forma mais eficiente a utilização desse bem fundamental à vida. Dentre outros métodos, destaca-se como sendo um recurso de fácil aplicação e cuidado, a captação da água pluvial. O aproveitamento da água pluvial se dá pelo recolhimento e armazenamento da mesma, proveniente de uma área de um telhado de uma residência ou até mesmo indústrias e empresas, com um sistema de captação. O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de apresentar os resultados da coleta de água da chuva, com um sistema de implantação numa construção simples, e não sendo para consumo próprio. O estudo é o dimensionamento e aplicação de um sistema de captação da água da chuva no Centro de ...

The aims of this projetc involves to study the innovation management context , the way then occurs and identify, at the small bussiness which are localizated in the APL de TI de Goiânia GO, making a link with concepts and theorical studies about the innovation management matter, competitiviness and sustainable development presents in the literature and practices application thereof. Will be analyzed the question about innovation development and its implementation on software development process, as well as it are used like a competitive strategy. This research will be conducted with qualitative and quantitative investigation, bibliographic research and exploratory/descriptive research. It was interviewing managers and employers of this enterprises looking for identifying the best pratices about innovation management at this business. Thus, it was mapped, in defined universe, choose for sampling and selected previously criteria, small businesses that present themselves as innovators enterprises in the Information Techinology activety, localizated at APL de TI de Goiânia GO. It was observed three items: people, process and products and the matters which be able to stimulate learning and knowledge in the innovative companies. The results obtained by means bibliographics search, Field search, using another studies about the APL´s costumers and also observing the management innovation in the enterprises wich yours sustainability strategies allowed us to draw a profile of management innovation within these firms of the requirements and this research make a innovation management profile in this organization, observing the innovation rules subscribed at the 3ªth Edition OSLO GUIDE and understand the innovation management impact in the studied APL. ; A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar o contexto da gestão da inovação e suas formas de ocorrência, identificação e implementação nas empresas de micro e pequeno porte do APL de Tecnologia da Informação de Goiânia - GO, vinculando conceitos e estudos teóricos sobre ...

Neste trabalho, foi estudada a transesterificação enzimática do óleo de soja com álcool catalisada por lipase comercial imobilizada. Inicialmente foram investigados os efeitos da temperatura, do tipo de enzima (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM e Lipozyme TL-IM) e do tipo de álcool (etanol ou butanol) na síntese de biodiesel utilizando óleo de soja refinado. A melhor temperatura observada para as reações empregando Lipozyme TL IM e Lipozyme RM IM foi de 50C, enquanto que para a Novozym 435, a temperatura ótima foi de 70C. O maior teor em biodiesel (~60%) foi obtido na etanólise do óleo de soja a 70C utilizando Novozym 435 a 5% m/m. Também foi avaliada a síntese de biodiesel por via enzimática a partir da etanólise de óleos ácidos com índice de acidez (IA) (de 8,5, 54,4 e 93,7). A conversão do ácido graxo livre foi superior a 90% nas reações conduzidas com Novozym 435 nas reações com os três óleos ácidos testados. O teor em biodiesel foi próximo a 50% na etanólise do óleo de soja com índice de acidez de 8,5 empregando Lipozyme TL IM, porém para índices de acidez maiores este rendimento diminuiu. Para as reações conduzidas com Lipozyme RM-IM, o teor em biodiesel manteve-se em torno de 30% para todos os óleos ácidos investigados. A etanólise do óleo de soja refinado empregando reator de leito fixo em modo contínuo, a 50C, foi investigada variando a velocidade espacial dos reagentes (0,255 e 0,508 h-1), o tipo de lipase (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM e Lipozyme TL-IM) e a possibilidade de reuso do biocatalisador após lavagem com butanol. Na reação com Novozym 435, o teor em biodiesel foi de aproximadamente 50% e se manteve estável durante 4,5 h para as duas velocidades espaciais testadas. A lipase Lipozyme TL-IM apresentou teor em biodiesel maior do que o obtido nas reações com os outros biocatalisadores (~80%), porém não apresentou a mesma estabilidade. Foi observada uma queda significativa na produção de biodiesel nas reações empregando o reuso do biocatalisador ; In this work, the enzymatic transesterification of soybean oil with alcohol catalyzed by commercial immobilized lipase was studied. Initially the effects of temperature, type of enzyme (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM and Lipozyme TL-IM) and the type of alcohol (ethanol or butanol) in the synthesis of biodiesel using refined soybean oil were investigated. The best temperature observed for reactions employed Lipozyme TL-IM and Lipozyme RM-IM was 50C, while that for Novozym 435, the optimal temperature was 70C. The major biodiesel content (~60%) was obtained in the ethanolysis of soybean oil at 70C using 5% (w/w) of Novozym 435. It was also evaluated the enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel from the ethanolysis of acid oils with acidity index (AI) (8,5, 54,4 and 93,7). The conversion of free fatty acid was higher than 90% in reactions conducted with Novozym 435 in reactions with the three acid oils tested. The biodiesel content was close to 50% in ethanolysis of soybean oil with acidity index of 8,5 employing Lipozyme TL-IM, however for higher acidity indexes this yield decreased. For the reactions conducted with Lipozyme RM-IM, the biodiesel content remained around 30% for all acid oils investigated. The ethanolysis of refined soybean oil employing fixed bed reactor in continuous mode at 50C was investigated by varying the space velocity of reagents (0,255 and 0,508 h-1), the type of lipase (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM-IM and Lipozyme TL-IM) and the possibility of reuse of the biocatalyst after washing with butanol. In the reaction with Novozym 435, the biodiesel content was approximately 50% and remained stable during 4,5 h for the two space velocity tested. The lipase Lipozyme TL-IM presented biodiesel content higher than that obtained in reactions with other biocatalysts (~80 %), but did not show the same stability. It was observed a significant decrease in the biodiesel production in the reactions employing reuse of the biocatalyst

Electricity distribution in Brazil is essential to guarantee the competitiveness of the industrial, commercial and rural sectors and provide social well-being. However, not all the electricity injected into the distribution system reaches the consumer, and the concessionaires do not bill a significant part of the energy consumed. It is also called non-technical loss, generates substantial economic losses, affects the network's quality and reliability, and directly impacts the electricity tariff. In this scenario, concessionaires, regulatory agencies, legislators, and researchers have been developing actions to identify and mitigate non-technical losses and their effects over the last few years in the country. However, fraud schemes are constantly being improved, and delinquency increases as tariffs rise as the population's average income decreases. Furthermore, the socio-economic, geographical, cultural, and technical characteristics of a country with continental dimensions like Brazil make it challenging to select the most efficient methods to combat non-technical losses. Therefore, this thesis proposed an approach that helps Brazilian electricity distribution concessionaires in the decision-making process to identify and mitigate non-technical losses. This thesis proposal was based on a mixed methodological approach, using qualitative techniques, such as a systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews, and quantitative techniques, such as bibliometric analysis and multi-criteria decision analysis. The main results obtained were: (i) an overview of research indicators on non-technical losses in conference proceedings, identifying where the most relevant articles can be found; (ii) a unified definition of non-technical losses; (iii) identification of the main consequences of non-technical losses for countries, concessionaires, and society; (iv) selection of the main barriers for the identification of non-technical losses; (v) selection of the main strategies for identifying non-technical losses; ...