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Editors Note Editor's note: The Canadian International Petroleum Conference held June 4 - 8, 2000, featured a Graduate Student Presentation Competition as part of the Petroleum Society's tradition at the Annual Technical Meeting. Graduate students from respected universities across North America competed in these sessions. The objective of the competition was to give participants the opportunity to present highlights of their work to petroleum industry experts from around the world. The presentations were judged on technical content, applicability, and overall presentation quality. Judges included Dr. Nick Mungan, Mungan Petroleum Consultants Ltd.; Dr. Don Towson, IRAP; and Dr. Norman Freitag, Saskatchewan Research Council. A "Best Graduate Student Presentation Award" and two runner-up awards were presented by Don Mallory, chair of the Student Competition, shown here with the 1st Place presentation author, Graziella Grech of the University of Calgary. On behalf of the Petroleum Society, the JCPT is pleased to present Ms. Grech's award winning presentation. Abstract A multi-offset Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) experiment was carried out in the Rocky Mountain Foothills of Southern Alberta, Canada. The purpose of this survey was to determine whether the dipping shale strata in the study area exhibit seismic velocity anisotropy, and to obtain an estimate of the error in the imaged location of the target underneath these shales if anisotropy is not taken into account during seismic data processing. Traveltime inversion of the first arrival data from the multioffset VSP has revealed that the shales exhibit velocity anisotropy of about 10%. For a target depth of about 3,000 m and moderate dips of 30 ° to 50 ° in the anisotropic overburden, this may lead to a lateral shift in the imaged location of the target of up to 300 m in the up-dip direction of overlying bedding. The anisotropic parameters derived from this study will also be used in the anisotropic prestack depth migration of the VSP and surface seismic data. FIGURE 1: Interbedded thin layers of sandstone and shale found in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Due to anisotropy, the velocity parallel to bedding (V90) is higher than the velocity perpendicular to bedding (V0). This class of anisotropy is termed Transverse Isotropy. (Photo courtesy D. Spratt) (Available in full paper) Introduction Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) and surface seismic data are used to image and locate hydrocarbon targets in the subsurface. It is well established that these depth images depend on the accuracy of the velocity model(1,2). If rocks overlying the target are anisotropic, and if this property is not accounted for during velocity model building and depth imaging, then the final image will be incorrect, hence increasing the risk of dry holes. It is therefore important to determine which formations exhibit seismic velocity anisotropy and quantify their parameters for use during seismic imaging. Seismic Velocity Anisotropy Seismic velocity anisotropy is the change in velocity with the direction in which it is measured. In rocks, it can be caused by the alignment of mineral grains, cracks and crystals in a preferred direction, and by the consecutive layering of thin beds.

Editors Note Editor's note: The Canadian International Petroleum Conference held June 4 - 8, 2000, featured a Graduate Student Presentation Competition as part of the Petroleum Society's tradition at the Annual Technical Meeting. Graduate students from respected universities across North America competed in these sessions. The objective of the competition was to give participants the opportunity to present highlights of their work to petroleum industry experts from around the world. The presentations were judged on technical content, applicability, and overall presentation quality. Judges included Dr. Nick Mungan, Mungan Petroleum Consultants Ltd.; Dr. Don Towson, IRAP; and Dr. Norman Freitag, Saskatchewan Research Council. A "Best Graduate Student Presentation Award" and two runner-up awards were presented by Don Mallory, chair of the Student Competition, shown here with the 1st Place presentation author, Graziella Grech of the University of Calgary. On behalf of the Petroleum Society, the JCPT is pleased to present Ms. Grech's award winning presentation. Abstract A multi-offset Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) experiment was carried out in the Rocky Mountain Foothills of Southern Alberta, Canada. The purpose of this survey was to determine whether the dipping shale strata in the study area exhibit seismic velocity anisotropy, and to obtain an estimate of the error in the imaged location of the target underneath these shales if anisotropy is not taken into account during seismic data processing. Traveltime inversion of the first arrival data from the multioffset VSP has revealed that the shales exhibit velocity anisotropy of about 10%. For a target depth of about 3,000 m and moderate dips of 30 ° to 50 ° in the anisotropic overburden, this may lead to a lateral shift in the imaged location of the target of up to 300 m in the up-dip direction of overlying bedding. The anisotropic parameters derived from this study will also be used in the anisotropic prestack depth migration of the VSP and surface seismic data. FIGURE 1: Interbedded thin layers of sandstone and shale found in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Due to anisotropy, the velocity parallel to bedding (V90) is higher than the velocity perpendicular to bedding (V0). This class of anisotropy is termed Transverse Isotropy. (Photo courtesy D. Spratt) (Available in full paper) Introduction Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) and surface seismic data are used to image and locate hydrocarbon targets in the subsurface. It is well established that these depth images depend on the accuracy of the velocity model(1,2). If rocks overlying the target are anisotropic, and if this property is not accounted for during velocity model building and depth imaging, then the final image will be incorrect, hence increasing the risk of dry holes. It is therefore important to determine which formations exhibit seismic velocity anisotropy and quantify their parameters for use during seismic imaging. Seismic Velocity Anisotropy Seismic velocity anisotropy is the change in velocity with the direction in which it is measured. In rocks, it can be caused by the alignment of mineral grains, cracks and crystals in a preferred direction, and by the consecutive layering of thin beds.

This paper presents different Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods belonging to different classes as well as two overviews. The first was about the procedures used in the test and evaluation of MPPTs. The second is an overview of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) MPPTs and improved MPPTs. Conventional MPPTs such as Perturb and Observe (P&O), Hill Climbing (HC) and Incremental Conductance (InCond); Improved MPPTs (are the modified versions of conventional MPPTs) such as Improved Incremental Conductance (Improved-InCond) and intelligent MPPTs such as FLC have been implemented and tested under two different levels of irradiance and temperature. A detailed description about the hardware and software implementation platforms (designed and built in our laboratory) is provided. Based on measured data, the MPPTs under consideration have been evaluated and compared in terms of different criteria, showing the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The comparison results showed that Improved-InCond gives a fast convergence to the MPP(Maximum Power Point). Whereas, FLC is able to adapt to the variation of irradiance and temperature levels. Thereby, a good performance is obtained wherein the MPP is reached in a short time as well as the power ripples are very small.

This paper presents different Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods belonging to different classes as well as two overviews. The first was about the procedures used in the test and evaluation of MPPTs. The second is an overview of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) MPPTs and improved MPPTs. Conventional MPPTs such as Perturb and Observe (P&O), Hill Climbing (HC) and Incremental Conductance (InCond); Improved MPPTs (are the modified versions of conventional MPPTs) such as Improved Incremental Conductance (Improved-InCond) and intelligent MPPTs such as FLC have been implemented and tested under two different levels of irradiance and temperature. A detailed description about the hardware and software implementation platforms (designed and built in our laboratory) is provided. Based on measured data, the MPPTs under consideration have been evaluated and compared in terms of different criteria, showing the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The comparison results showed that Improved-InCond gives a fast convergence to the MPP(Maximum Power Point). Whereas, FLC is able to adapt to the variation of irradiance and temperature levels. Thereby, a good performance is obtained wherein the MPP is reached in a short time as well as the power ripples are very small.

Abstract The global steel production has been growing for the last 50 years, from 200 Mt in 1950s to 1 240 Mt in 2006. Iron and steel making industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries, with an annual energy consumption of about 24 EJ, 5% of the world's total energy consumption. The steel industry accounts for 3%–4% of total world greenhouse gas emissions. Enhancing energy efficiency and employing energy saving/recovering technologies such as coke dry quechning (CDQ) and top pressure recovery turbine (TRT) can be short-term approaches to the steel industry to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The long-term approaches to achieving a significant reduction in CO2 emissions from the steel industry would be through developing and applying CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making, and through increasing use of renewable energy for iron and steel making. Thus, an overview of new CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making was made.

Abstract The global steel production has been growing for the last 50 years, from 200 Mt in 1950s to 1 240 Mt in 2006. Iron and steel making industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries, with an annual energy consumption of about 24 EJ, 5% of the world's total energy consumption. The steel industry accounts for 3%–4% of total world greenhouse gas emissions. Enhancing energy efficiency and employing energy saving/recovering technologies such as coke dry quechning (CDQ) and top pressure recovery turbine (TRT) can be short-term approaches to the steel industry to reduce greenhouse gas emission. The long-term approaches to achieving a significant reduction in CO2 emissions from the steel industry would be through developing and applying CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making, and through increasing use of renewable energy for iron and steel making. Thus, an overview of new CO2 breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making was made.

This paper aims to reconsider prosumers’ role in the power markets in the early stages of their decentralization, accounting for rising self-supply trends, security threats, and economic and regulatory barriers. The development of prosumerism envisages finding the ratio between retail market sales under the feed-in tariff and the net billing mechanism. Within the methodology section, the indicator of prosumer efficiency for electricity generation (EUR/kWh) is proposed based on average consumption/production ratios and consumption/delivery incentives. To support household prosumers, the mentioned incentives on the renewable energy market consider the self-supply cost of electricity, the levelized cost of electricity for small-scale green energy facilities (solar photovoltaic and wind), and transaction costs. This paper evaluates prosumer efficiency under three consumption/production ratio scenarios for Ukrainian households (self-consumption of 40%, 20%, and 100% of green electricity annually generated by a household and selling the leftovers via the feed-in tariff) for 2023. The gradual movement from fixed tariffs for households toward market-based prices promotes the emergence of new related market players and their consolidation in the market. Participation in the organized power market segments is relevant for day-ahead market prices above 130 EUR/MWh, disregarding the households’ tariff rate. The low price caps inhibit the prosumer’s participation in the market, while the transition from the feed-in tariff to net billing significantly promotes their development only under high price caps.

This paper aims to reconsider prosumers’ role in the power markets in the early stages of their decentralization, accounting for rising self-supply trends, security threats, and economic and regulatory barriers. The development of prosumerism envisages finding the ratio between retail market sales under the feed-in tariff and the net billing mechanism. Within the methodology section, the indicator of prosumer efficiency for electricity generation (EUR/kWh) is proposed based on average consumption/production ratios and consumption/delivery incentives. To support household prosumers, the mentioned incentives on the renewable energy market consider the self-supply cost of electricity, the levelized cost of electricity for small-scale green energy facilities (solar photovoltaic and wind), and transaction costs. This paper evaluates prosumer efficiency under three consumption/production ratio scenarios for Ukrainian households (self-consumption of 40%, 20%, and 100% of green electricity annually generated by a household and selling the leftovers via the feed-in tariff) for 2023. The gradual movement from fixed tariffs for households toward market-based prices promotes the emergence of new related market players and their consolidation in the market. Participation in the organized power market segments is relevant for day-ahead market prices above 130 EUR/MWh, disregarding the households’ tariff rate. The low price caps inhibit the prosumer’s participation in the market, while the transition from the feed-in tariff to net billing significantly promotes their development only under high price caps.