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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Ma, Y; Ding, Y; Wang, Z; Zhang, W;

    We use extreme regional pollution emergencies to provide new evidence regarding the motivations for corporate social responsibility (CSR). We document that local firms strategically improve CSR to build trust following pollution emergencies, and this is specifically true for highly polluting firms. Firms face different intensities of external pressure from their stakeholders. In particular, following pollution emergencies, political dependency, institutional investors and public monitoring are the main sources of stakeholder pressure and drivers of the increased CSR. We further find that firms that gain trust through CSR activities after pollution emergencies are rewarded. CSR serves as a buffer against financial constraints, financing distress and the negative profitability effect following emergencies. This study contributes to the CSR literature on trust-building-motivated CSR strategies.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Apollo
    Article . 2023
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Energy Economics
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
    Data sources: Crossref
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Apollo
      Article . 2023
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Energy Economics
      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Devereux, Leon;

    Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) are a photovoltaic technology based around light-harvesting dye molecules bound to thin semiconductor films of high surface area. Many of the highest-performing DSCs to date incorporate multiple dyes that harvest light from different regions of the solar spectrum in a complementary manner – these are known as cosensitized DSCs. However, finding dyes that are well-suited for cosensitization is a long and costly experimental process when carried out through trial and error in a laboratory. To help direct experimentalists towards promising candidates, the main project of this thesis harnesses ideas from data-driven materials discovery to develop an entirely computational pipeline that predicts boosts in performance of dye pairs when cosensitized. It does this by identifying partner dyes that show the most complementary absorption characteristics to sets of well-known or high-performing starting dyes, systematically sifting candidates from a large database of optically active compounds. It then uses density functional theory (DFT) simulations to compute key structural, electronic and optical properties of the selected pairs of dyes, which are used as inputs to models that predict short-circuit current density (JSC) and open-circuit voltage (VOC), two key device performance parameters. The predictive models for JSC and VOC of singly-sensitized devices are developed further from existing models used in previous works, and are also expanded to the cosensitized case for the first time. 11 starting dyes were passed through the pipeline (six organic and five organometallic), leading to 22 dyes in total being modelled at the DFT level as 11 pairs. The accuracy of predicted JSC and VOC for single sensitizers was tested against existing experimental references. Notably, half of the JSC predictions were within 20% error or less of experimental values whilst others had greater discrepancies, the sources of which are discussed in detail. These results are significant given the choice of structurally dissimilar dyes here – this accuracy is on par with previous computational studies that focussed only on sets of structurally analogous dyes. From the predictions of cosensitized devices containing the complementary dye pairs, two standout cells were those containing **SQ2**+**LD2** dyes and **YD2**+**VKXB** dyes, which gave +13% and +12% boosts to JSC relative to their singly-sensitized counterparts, respectively. A secondary computational project was also carried out in collaboration with previous experiments of DSC dye monolayer growth over time. Whilst complete dye monolayers have been studied extensively, their behaviour as they grow is less well understood, despite its importance for DSC fabrication. X-ray reflectometry (XRR) had been used by a collaborator to investigate monolayer thicknesses and densities as they grow under different conditions in the DSC fabrication process. This author trained a neural network to perform rapid, deterministic fitting of 360 experimental reflectivity curves in high-throughput fashion. The DSC dye layer parameters predicted by this machine-learning model were compared to those from a human-assisted fit with standard software (such fitting being orders of magnitude slower to carry out). The neural network predictions had high accuracy for instances where monolayers adhered to the assumptions of the Parratt model used to fit reflectivity curves, but poorer accuracy during periods of faster change in thickness, suggesting dynamic behaviour of dye ensembles that warrants further investigation. Thus, the neural network acted as a supporting tool to identify where to focus further experimental DSC investigation, which is the overarching theme connecting the two projects of this thesis. Chapter 1 provides a literature review of DSC function, the structure-property relationships of their component materials, and pre-existing computational methods that predict DSC performance. Chapter 2 provides a technical background to the density-functional theory (DFT) methods used throughout much of this work. Chapter 3 presents the design-to-device pipeline methodology developed in this work. Chapter 4 displays and discusses the results of this pipeline as applied to six well-known or high-performing organic dyes and their six complementary partner dyes identified. Chapter 5 similarly presents results for five ruthenium-based dyes and their cognate organic partner dyes that were identified by the pipeline. Chapter 6 provides a background to XRR and neural networks, before presenting the training of neural network and evaluating its performance in reproducing fitted layer parameters from the experimental XRR data described above. Chapter 7 discusses the conclusions of this work and how further research may be enabled.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid bw Mándoki, Réka;
    Mándoki, Réka
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Mándoki, Réka in OpenAIRE

    The construction industry in Europe is in transition. In the last decade, challenges related to inefficiencies in the sector, the shortage of skilled labour, and environmental concerns initiated a shift towards off-site manufacturing. In Hungary, the first examples of prefabricated residential buildings have just appeared after a 30-year-long break. At the same time, in post-socialist countries, the general attitude towards modern methods of construction is rather complex. While the Western examples of modular constructions are admired, local examples of prefabricated and standardised homes from the socialist era are neglected or criticised for their uniformity and inability to change. This thesis examines the social limits of standardisation in the Hungarian context, specifically focusing on how we can ensure that in the future, mass-manufactured buildings will be sustainable and retain their social respectability, technical qualities and economic value for a long time. It is found that standardisation does not necessarily limit creativity and can be socially sustainable, provided that it does not result in uniform constructions. Findings rely on an extensive review of the literature and real-life architectural examples, statistical results from two online surveys on preconceptions about mass-manufactured buildings, and space syntactical investigations of preferred home layouts. The findings of the project include showing that young Hungarian adults associate mass produced buildings with the loss of diversity, but they find these buildings environmentally friendly, fast to produce, progressive and fashionable. In addition, it is shown that it is possible to use small graph matching and density-based clustering to find the most suitable layouts for socially-conscious mass manufacturing. The practical outcomes of this project include an exemplar dwelling that showcases good design, a framework for discussing standardised buildings, and a Plug-in that can evaluate any new apartments created in Autodesk Revit based on the developed guidelines.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: orcid bw Gittins, James;
    Gittins, James
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Gittins, James in OpenAIRE

    Supercapacitors are high-power energy storage devices that will play an important role in the transition to a low-carbon society. In recent years, layered electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as one of the most promising electrode materials for next-generation supercapacitors. Their crystalline and tuneable structures facilitate structure-performance studies, which are challenging to conduct with traditional porous carbon electrodes. In this work, the electrochemical performances of layered conductive MOFs in supercapacitors are investigated to both improve our understanding of these materials and to develop structure-performance relationships. Having demonstrated that the layered conductive MOF Cu3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) exhibits good performance in supercapacitors, measurements on samples with different particle morphologies reveal that ‘flake’ particles, with small length-to-width aspect ratios, are optimal for these devices. This is due to improved ion accessibility and dynamics through the short pores of the ‘flake’ particles, resulting in a higher power performance compared to particle morphologies with longer pores. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and three-electrode experiments are then performed with Cu3(HHTP)2 and a series of electrolytes with different cation sizes to investigate both the charging mechanism of this MOF and how electrolyte ion size impacts electrochemical performance. It is shown that cations are the dominant charge carriers in Cu3(HHTP)2, with co-ion desorption occurring upon positive charging and counterion adsorption during negative charging. Large ions lead to porosity saturation in MOF electrodes, reducing charge storage and forcing solvent molecules to participate in the charge storage mechanism. The impact of modifying MOF-electrolyte interactions on the electrochemical capacity of layered MOF supercapacitors is then investigated by altering both the electrolyte cation and the MOF electrode functionality. These experiments allow for the systematic probing of the influence of different functional groups on supercapacitor performance, and reveal that MOFs with hydroxy ligating groups, together with Li⁺ electrolytes, constitute the best electrode-electrolyte combination for maximising capacitive performance. Finally, an interlaboratory study is conducted to assess the variability in the reporting of performance metrics across different laboratories. Overall, this work provides unique insights into the performances of layered conductive MOFs for supercapacitor applications, and will guide the design of improved electrode materials for next-generation supercapacitors.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Christie, Anna;

    The prevailing rhetoric associated with hedge fund activism is almost universally negative. This thesis provides new evidence of activist hedge fund behavior that contradicts this dominant narrative. The principal idea underpinning the thesis is that the conventional picture of hedge fund activism requires updating to account for two key recent phenomena: activist board representation and environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) activism. The thesis makes at least four important contributions to academic and policy debates on hedge fund activism. First, through analyzing original hand-collected data on activist hedge fund campaigns, it demonstrates that a relatively new form of activism – activist board representation – tends to involve a longer-term approach to value creation through strategic and operational changes, rather than the short term financial engineering that activist hedge funds are commonly criticized for engaging in. Second, it builds upon the study of activist board representation campaigns to argue that activist hedge funds may be well positioned to play a unique role in ESG activism by nominating specialist climate directors to corporate boards. Third, it outlines how the phenomenon of activist board representation exposes the deficiencies of the independent monitoring board and provides suggestions for potential corporate governance improvements. Finally, it theorizes the incentives behind ESG hedge fund activism, thus providing early insights into this rapidly evolving practice. The thesis is structured as follows: Part I (Chapters 1 and 2) situates hedge fund activism and the role of the board in traditional and contemporary corporate governance debates. Chapter 1 examines the intellectual foundations underpinning the monitoring board as a response to the shareholder-manager agency problem and challenges its continued dominance in light of pressing societal challenges facing corporations. Chapter 2 critiques the narrative of short-termism that is prevalent in politics, the media, and corporate practice, which can obscure learning from the campaigns of activist hedge funds. Part II (Chapters 3 and 4) examines activist hedge fund board representation campaigns. Chapter 3 introduces this new form of hedge fund activism and presents a theory and hypotheses on the potential value associated with this type of activism. Chapter 4 tests the hypotheses presented in the preceding chapter through an empirical study analyzing activist board representation campaigns at S&P 500 companies since 2010. Part III (Chapters 5 to 7) explores ESG activism. Chapter 5 develops a new account of sustainable capitalism using the building blocks of agency theory. It highlights the major shift to passive index investing and ESG investing and analyzes the monitoring shortfall on the part of global asset managers. Chapter 6 discusses ESG hedge fund activism and – building on the theory and the empirical study presented in Part II – proposes that activist hedge funds can play a unique role in a sustainable capitalism framework by nominating specialist directors with climate or energy transition expertise to corporate boards. Chapter 7 considers socially responsible activism and presents a theoretical framework of ESG hedge fund activism.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: orcid bw Wang, Zhen;
    Wang, Zhen
    ORCID
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    Wang, Zhen in OpenAIRE

    Block copolymer self-assembly has proven to be an effective route for the fabrication of photonic films and, more recently, photonic pigments. However, despite extensive research on this topic over the past two decades, the palette of monomers and polymers employed to produce such structurally coloured materials has remained surprisingly limited. In this dissertation, a series of biocompatible bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) have been synthesised based upon polyester or polyether macromonomers, including: polylactide, polycaprolactone, or polyethylene glycol. These BBCPs are self-assembled within emulsified droplets into microparticles with a photonic glass architecture that reflects vibrant structural colour. Importantly, a full-colour palette of such ‘photonic pigments’ can be achieved by changing either the BBCP properties (e.g., composition, molecular weight) or the microparticle fabrication conditions (e.g., temperature, time). The relationship between the morphology of the BBCP microparticles and their optical response was ascertained, which allowed for a strategy to enhance the colour purity to be developed. Finally, by investigating BBCPs with similar composition, but different thermal behaviours, it allowed for the mechanism underlying the formation of the internal nanoarchitecture to be understood. Beyond improving the biocompatibility of the BBCPs used for photonics, their end-of-life pathway was also considered. Through the insertion of a degradable linkage into the BBCP backbone, they could be broken down into low molecular weight oligomers under mild conditions. This was demonstrated by incorporating a silyl ether into a polyester-based BBCP, which was exploited in the development of degradable photonic materials based upon lamellar architectures. Overall, the biocompatible and degradable BBCPs developed over the course of these studies will provide the photonics community with a new direction to explore when seeking to resolve the outstanding issue regarding the sustainability of artificial colourants.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Apolloarrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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