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3D scans of two prototypes digitally fabricated using automated robotic concrete spraying. Computed deviation of the thickness achieved compared to that which was designed is included.

Raw data and corresponding data analysis (Microsoft Office Excel, Origin) supporting Journal of American Chemical Society publication: "Photoreduction of CO2 with a formate dehydrogenase driven by photosystem II using a semi-artificial Z-scheme architecture". Data include: three-electrode and two-electrode electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry, data analysis and product quantification.

This file contains the complete dataset collected and underpinning the estimated carbon emissions data in the companion paper, in Microsoft Excel (XLSX) format. The workbook contains an index sheet with full details of each included worksheet. The file has been verified to open in Microsoft Excel (https://products.office.com/excel) and LibreOffice (https://www.libreoffice.org)

Archive files containing the input files and (where relevant) source code to reproduce data on the dynamics and energy landscape of supercooled silica. The main components of the repository are as follows: source code and input files for producing MD trajectories for binary Lennard-Jones and BKS silica systems as used in the code, python scripts for analysing these trajectories, source code for identifying cage-breaking transitions in quenched trajectories, input files for the Cambridge Energy Landscape Software used to generate the landscape databases, and scripts for analysing those databases.

The global restoration agenda can help solve the biodiversity extinction crisis by regenerating biodiversity-rich ecosystems, maximising conservation benefits using natural regeneration. Yet, conservation is rarely the core objective of restoration, and biodiversity is often neglected in restoration projects targeted towards carbon sequestration or enhancing ecosystem services for improved local livelihoods. Here, we synthesise evidence to show that promoting biodiversity in restoration planning and delivery is integral to delivering other long-term restoration aims, such as carbon sequestration, timber production, enhanced local farm yields, reduced soil erosion, recovered hydrological services and improved human health. For each of these restoration goals, biodiversity must be a keystone objective to the entire process. Biodiversity integration requires improved evidence and action, delivered via a socio-ecological process operating at landscape scales and backed by supportive regulations and finance. Conceiving restoration and biodiversity conservation as synergistic, mutually reinforcing partners is critical for humanity's bids to tackle the global crises of climate change, land degradation and biodiversity extinction.

The ERC-funded FRAGSUS Project (Fragility and sustainability in small island environments: adaptation, cultural change and collapse in prehistory, 2013–18), led by Caroline Malone (Queens University Belfast) has explored issues of environmental fragility and Neolithic social resilience and sustainability during the Holocene period in the Maltese Islands. This, the first volume of three, presents the palaeo-environmental story of early Maltese landscapes. The project employed a programme of high-resolution chronological and stratigraphic investigations of the valley systems on Malta and Gozo. Buried deposits extracted through coring and geoarchaeological study yielded rich and chronologically controlled data that allow an important new understanding of environmental change in the islands. The study combined AMS radiocarbon and OSL chronologies with detailed palynological, molluscan and geoarchaeological analyses. These enable environmental reconstruction of prehistoric landscapes and the changing resources exploited by the islanders between the seventh and second millennia bc. The interdisciplinary studies combined with excavated economic and environmental materials from archaeological sites allows Temple landscapes to examine the dramatic and damaging impacts made by the first farming communities on the islands’ soil and resources. The project reveals the remarkable resilience of the soil-vegetational system of the island landscapes, as well as the adaptations made by Neolithic communities to harness their productivity, in the face of climatic change and inexorable soil erosion. Neolithic people evidently understood how to maintain soil fertility and cope with the inherently unstable changing landscapes of Malta. In contrast, second millennium bc Bronze Age societies failed to adapt effectively to the long-term aridifying trend so clearly highlighted in the soil and vegetation record. This failure led to severe and irreversible erosion and very different and short-lived socio-economic systems across the Maltese islands.

This dataset includes all the data used in order to develop a 3D printing method for liquid crystalline hydroxypropyl cellulose. These include images of samples presented as well as spectral and measurement data. Spectral data are presented in matlab files (.mat), and each entry in the file includes all the data required to construct one spectrum, including raw data, reference, and background measurements. Proton NMR data are presented as both text files (.txt) for easy interpretation and native Topspin folders. The text files represent NMR data that has been Fourier transformed, phase and baseline corrected while the Topspin folders include the raw data as well as the configurations for the NMR measurements.

Research data supporting the full paper entitled "Snail shell derived magnetic nanocatalysts for biodiesel production: Process optimization through response surface methodology, kinetics, and thermodynamic studies" by S. Ao et al. in Biomass and Bioenergy. A heterogeneous biomass-based catalyst based on CaO derived from snail shells and magnetite nanoparticles was used and recycled in the generation of biodiesel from Soybean oil. The following supporting data that characterizes the fresh and recycled catalyst and also the product(s) of biodiesel formation are deposited here: X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) data from a PANalytical X’Pert Pro diffractometer. Cu Kα radiation was used over 2theta = 10-60°, and with 40 kV and 100 mA as functional voltage and current, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analyses in the range 400–4000 cm-1 from a Bruker 3000 HYPERION FT-IR spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) from a TG/DTA (Netzsch Geratebau GMBH, model no. STA 409) under air flow of 1.5 bar and 2 L h-1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, acquired at 5kV and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data and maps acquired at 10kV on a TESCAN MIRA3 FEG-SEM equipped with an Oxford Instruments X-maxN 80 EDS detector. Prior to SEM-EDS, samples were sputter coated with 10 nm of Pt using a Quorum Technologies Q150T ES coater. Elemental composition from an Elementar Vari EL Cube (Germany). A Quantachrome® ASiQwin™ instrument was used for analysis by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and pore volume analyser at 77 K through N2 adsorption-desorption processes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) examination using an ESCALAB Xi+ system with a micro-focused dual-anode Al/Mg K source. Temperature-programmed desorption using a flow of helium (100 cm3 min-1) whilst heating the samples to 50 °C at a rate of 5 °C min-1. A stream of CO2 was permitted to flow over the sample after 30 minutes at this temperature. Physisorbed species were removed from the sample by passing it through a flow of helium for one hour at a rate of 100 cm3 min-1. The desorption of NH3 and CO2 was measured with a flow of helium gas at 900 °C and a temperature ramp-rate of 10 °C min-1. Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and C, H, N elemental analyses using a Thermo Scientific iCAP 7400 ICP-OES spectrometer and an Exeter analytical CE 440 elemental analyser (975 °C), respectively. Vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) data obtained from a Lake Shore 7410 series instrument. The magnetometer was calibrated using a nickel reference sphere. A 1.5 Tesla applied field maximum was used for the tests. 1H and {1H}13C NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) data from a 600 MHz JEOL ECZR series instrument at 28 °C. Signals were internally referenced against tetramethylsilane. GC (Gas chromatography) data from an Agilent 7890 GC operating in head space injector mode and with a CPSIL 8CB capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm) employed a GC-FID detector. The oven temperature was initially 55 °C and was increased with a rate of 10 °C min-1 up to 230 °C. The temperature of the detector and the injector were 300 °C and 250 °C respectively. For quantitative analysis of the products, methanol (GC/MS grade) was used as an internal standard.

AbstractSolar fuels offer a promising approach to provide sustainable fuels by harnessing sunlight1,2. Following a decade of advancement, Cu2O photocathodes are capable of delivering a performance comparable to that of photoelectrodes with established photovoltaic materials3–5. However, considerable bulk charge carrier recombination that is poorly understood still limits further advances in performance6. Here we demonstrate performance of Cu2O photocathodes beyond the state-of-the-art by exploiting a new conceptual understanding of carrier recombination and transport in single-crystal Cu2O thin films. Using ambient liquid-phase epitaxy, we present a new method to grow single-crystal Cu2O samples with three crystal orientations. Broadband femtosecond transient reflection spectroscopy measurements were used to quantify anisotropic optoelectronic properties, through which the carrier mobility along the [111] direction was found to be an order of magnitude higher than those along other orientations. Driven by these findings, we developed a polycrystalline Cu2O photocathode with an extraordinarily pure (111) orientation and (111) terminating facets using a simple and low-cost method, which delivers 7 mA cm−2 current density (more than 70% improvement compared to that of state-of-the-art electrodeposited devices) at 0.5 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode under air mass 1.5 G illumination, and stable operation over at least 120 h.