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  • Energy Research
  • 2021-2025
  • CA
  • University of California System

  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Orrin Myers; Georges Kunstler; orcid Jalene M. LaMontagne;
    Jalene M. LaMontagne
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    Jalene M. LaMontagne in OpenAIRE
    orcid James A. Lutz;
    James A. Lutz
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    James A. Lutz in OpenAIRE
    +60 Authors

    AbstractIndirect climate effects on tree fecundity that come through variation in size and growth (climate-condition interactions) are not currently part of models used to predict future forests. Trends in species abundances predicted from meta-analyses and species distribution models will be misleading if they depend on the conditions of individuals. Here we find from a synthesis of tree species in North America that climate-condition interactions dominate responses through two pathways, i) effects of growth that depend on climate, and ii) effects of climate that depend on tree size. Because tree fecundity first increases and then declines with size, climate change that stimulates growth promotes a shift of small trees to more fecund sizes, but the opposite can be true for large sizes. Change the depresses growth also affects fecundity. We find a biogeographic divide, with these interactions reducing fecundity in the West and increasing it in the East. Continental-scale responses of these forests are thus driven largely by indirect effects, recommending management for climate change that considers multiple demographic rates.

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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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    Nature Communications
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    Nature Communications
    Article . 2021
    Data sources: DOAJ
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    Research Collection
    Article . 2021
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      Nature Communications
      Article . 2021 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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      Article . 2021
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    Authors: orcid bw Wu-Bing Xu;
    Wu-Bing Xu
    ORCID
    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Wu-Bing Xu in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Wen-Yong Guo;
    Wen-Yong Guo
    ORCID
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    Wen-Yong Guo in OpenAIRE
    orcid Josep M. Serra-Diaz;
    Josep M. Serra-Diaz
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Josep M. Serra-Diaz in OpenAIRE
    orcid Franziska Schrodt;
    Franziska Schrodt
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Franziska Schrodt in OpenAIRE
    +55 Authors

    As Earth’s climate has varied strongly through geological time, studying the impacts of past climate change on biodiversity helps to understand the risks from future climate change. However, it remains unclear how paleoclimate shapes spatial variation in biodiversity. Here, we assessed the influence of Quaternary climate change on spatial dissimilarity in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional composition among neighboring 200-kilometer cells (beta-diversity) for angiosperm trees worldwide. We found that larger glacial-interglacial temperature change was strongly associated with lower spatial turnover (species replacements) and higher nestedness (richness changes) components of beta-diversity across all three biodiversity facets. Moreover, phylogenetic and functional turnover was lower and nestedness higher than random expectations based on taxonomic beta-diversity in regions that experienced large temperature change, reflecting phylogenetically and functionally selective processes in species replacement, extinction, and colonization during glacial-interglacial oscillations. Our results suggest that future human-driven climate change could cause local homogenization and reduction in taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity of angiosperm trees worldwide.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ The University of Wa...arrow_drop_down
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    Science Advances
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Science Advances
    Article . 2023
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      Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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      Article . 2023
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    Authors: orcid Lewis G. Halsey;
    Lewis G. Halsey
    ORCID
    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Lewis G. Halsey in OpenAIRE
    orcid Vincent Careau;
    Vincent Careau
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    Vincent Careau in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Herman Pontzer;
    Herman Pontzer
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    Herman Pontzer in OpenAIRE
    orcid bw Philip N. Ainslie;
    Philip N. Ainslie
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    Derived by OpenAIRE algorithms or harvested from 3rd party repositories

    Philip N. Ainslie in OpenAIRE
    +79 Authors

    Chez les mammifères, la variation des traits est souvent plus importante chez les mâles que chez les femelles. Cependant, à ce jour, seuls les traits morphologiques ont été étudiés. La dépense énergétique représente les coûts métaboliques de multiples traits physiques, physiologiques et comportementaux. La dépense énergétique pourrait présenter une plus grande variation masculine particulièrement élevée par un effet cumulatif si ces traits présentent principalement une plus grande variation masculine, ou une absence de plus grande variation masculine si beaucoup d'entre eux ne le font pas. Les différences entre les sexes dans la variation de la dépense énergétique ont été peu explorées. Nous avons analysé une grande base de données sur la dépense énergétique chez les humains adultes (1494 mâles et 3108 femelles) pour déterminer si les humains ont évolué en fonction des différences entre les sexes dans le degré de variation interindividuelle de la dépense énergétique. Nous avons constaté que, même en comparant statistiquement les hommes et les femmes du même âge, de la même taille et de la même composition corporelle, il y a beaucoup plus de variation dans le total, l'activité et la dépense énergétique de base chez les hommes. Cependant, avec le vieillissement, la variation de la dépense énergétique totale diminue, et parce que cela se produit plus rapidement chez les hommes, l'ampleur de la plus grande variation chez les hommes, bien que toujours importante, est atténuée dans les groupes d'âge plus âgés. Une variation considérablement plus grande des dépenses énergétiques totales et d'activité chez les hommes pourrait s'expliquer par une plus grande variation des niveaux d'activité quotidienne chez les hommes. La variation considérablement plus grande de la dépense énergétique basale chez les hommes est remarquable et peut s'expliquer, au moins en partie, par une plus grande variation chez les hommes de la taille des organes énergivores. Si la dépense énergétique est un trait qui intéresse indirectement les femmes lors du choix d'un partenaire sexuel, cela suggère que la dépense énergétique est soumise à la sélection sexuelle. Cependant, nous présentons un nouveau modèle énergétique démontrant qu'il est également possible que les femelles aient subi une pression de sélection stabilisatrice pour une dépense énergétique de base intermédiaire afin de maximiser l'énergie disponible pour la reproduction. En los mamíferos, a menudo se informa que la variación del rasgo es mayor entre los machos que entre las hembras. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, principalmente solo se han estudiado rasgos morfológicos. El gasto de energía representa los costos metabólicos de múltiples rasgos físicos, fisiológicos y de comportamiento. El gasto de energía podría exhibir una variación masculina particularmente alta a través de un efecto acumulativo si esos rasgos exhiben en su mayoría una mayor variación masculina, o una falta de mayor variación masculina si muchos de ellos no lo hacen. Las diferencias de sexo en la variación del gasto energético se han explorado poco. Analizamos una gran base de datos sobre el gasto de energía en humanos adultos (1494 hombres y 3108 mujeres) para investigar si los humanos han evolucionado las diferencias sexuales en el grado de variación interindividual en el gasto de energía. Encontramos que, incluso cuando se comparan estadísticamente hombres y mujeres de la misma edad, altura y composición corporal, hay mucha más variación en el total, la actividad y el gasto energético basal entre los hombres. Sin embargo, con el envejecimiento, la variación en el gasto total de energía disminuye, y debido a que esto sucede más rápidamente en los hombres, la magnitud de una mayor variación masculina, aunque sigue siendo grande, se atenúa en los grupos de mayor edad. Una variación masculina considerablemente mayor tanto en el gasto energético total como en la actividad podría explicarse por una mayor variación masculina en los niveles de actividad diaria. La variación masculina considerablemente mayor en el gasto de energía basal es notable y puede explicarse, al menos en parte, por una mayor variación masculina en el tamaño de los órganos que demandan energía. Si el gasto de energía es un rasgo que es de interés indirecto para las mujeres al elegir una pareja sexual, esto sugeriría que el gasto de energía está bajo selección sexual. Sin embargo, presentamos un nuevo modelo energético que demuestra que también es posible que las hembras hayan estado bajo una presión de selección estabilizadora para un gasto energético basal intermedio para maximizar la energía disponible para la reproducción. In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater among males than females. However, to date, mainly only morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure represents the metabolic costs of multiple physical, physiological, and behavioral traits. Energy expenditure could exhibit particularly high greater male variation through a cumulative effect if those traits mostly exhibit greater male variation, or a lack of greater male variation if many of them do not. Sex differences in energy expenditure variation have been little explored. We analyzed a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans (1494 males and 3108 females) to investigate whether humans have evolved sex differences in the degree of interindividual variation in energy expenditure. We found that, even when statistically comparing males and females of the same age, height, and body composition, there is much more variation in total, activity, and basal energy expenditure among males. However, with aging, variation in total energy expenditure decreases, and because this happens more rapidly in males, the magnitude of greater male variation, though still large, is attenuated in older age groups. Considerably greater male variation in both total and activity energy expenditure could be explained by greater male variation in levels of daily activity. The considerably greater male variation in basal energy expenditure is remarkable and may be explained, at least in part, by greater male variation in the size of energy-demanding organs. If energy expenditure is a trait that is of indirect interest to females when choosing a sexual partner, this would suggest that energy expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also possible that females have been under stabilizing selection pressure for an intermediate basal energy expenditure to maximize energy available for reproduction. في الثدييات، غالبًا ما يتم الإبلاغ عن تباين السمات بين الذكور أكثر من الإناث. ومع ذلك، حتى الآن، تمت دراسة السمات المورفولوجية فقط. يمثل إنفاق الطاقة التكاليف الأيضية للسمات الفيزيائية والفسيولوجية والسلوكية المتعددة. يمكن أن يُظهر الإنفاق على الطاقة تباينًا أكبر بين الذكور بشكل خاص من خلال تأثير تراكمي إذا كانت هذه السمات تُظهر في الغالب تباينًا أكبر بين الذكور، أو عدم وجود تباين أكبر بين الذكور إذا لم يفعل الكثير منهم ذلك. لم يتم استكشاف الاختلافات بين الجنسين في تباين إنفاق الطاقة إلا قليلاً. قمنا بتحليل قاعدة بيانات كبيرة حول إنفاق الطاقة لدى البشر البالغين (1494 من الذكور و 3108 من الإناث) للتحقيق فيما إذا كان البشر قد طوروا اختلافات بين الجنسين في درجة التباين بين الأفراد في إنفاق الطاقة. وجدنا أنه حتى عند المقارنة الإحصائية بين الذكور والإناث من نفس العمر والطول وتكوين الجسم، هناك تباين أكبر بكثير في إجمالي الإنفاق على الطاقة والنشاط والطاقة القاعدية بين الذكور. ومع ذلك، مع التقدم في السن، ينخفض التباين في إجمالي إنفاق الطاقة، ولأن هذا يحدث بسرعة أكبر لدى الذكور، فإن حجم التباين الأكبر للذكور، على الرغم من أنه لا يزال كبيرًا، يتم تخفيفه في الفئات العمرية الأكبر سنًا. يمكن تفسير التباين الأكبر للذكور في كل من إجمالي إنفاق الطاقة والنشاط من خلال التباين الأكبر للذكور في مستويات النشاط اليومي. يعد التباين الأكبر للذكور في إنفاق الطاقة القاعدية أمرًا ملحوظًا ويمكن تفسيره، جزئيًا على الأقل، بالتباين الأكبر للذكور في حجم الأعضاء التي تتطلب الطاقة. إذا كان إنفاق الطاقة سمة ذات أهمية غير مباشرة للإناث عند اختيار شريك جنسي، فإن هذا يشير إلى أن إنفاق الطاقة يخضع للانتقاء الجنسي. ومع ذلك، نقدم نموذجًا جديدًا للطاقة يوضح أنه من الممكن أيضًا أن تكون الإناث تحت ضغط اختيار مستقر لإنفاق طاقة قاعدية وسيطة لزيادة الطاقة المتاحة للتكاثر.

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    Journal of Human Evolution
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      Journal of Human Evolution
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    Authors: orcid Natalia A. Osna;
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    Moses New‐Aaron; Raghubendra S. Dagur; orcid Paul Thomes;
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    AbstractProgression of chronic infections to end‐stage diseases and poor treatment results are frequently associated with alcohol abuse. Alcohol metabolism suppresses innate and adaptive immunity leading to increased viral load and its spread. In case of hepatotropic infections, viruses accelerate alcohol‐induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis, thereby promoting end‐stage outcomes, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we concentrate on several unexplored aspects of these phenomena, which illustrate the combined effects of viral/bacterial infections and alcohol in disease development. We review alcohol‐induced alterations implicated in immunometabolism as a central mechanism impacting metabolic homeostasis and viral pathogenesis in Simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus infection. Furthermore, in hepatocytes, both HIV infection and alcohol activate oxidative stress to cause lysosomal dysfunction and leakage and apoptotic cell death, thereby increasing hepatotoxicity. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor signaling in hepatitis C virus infection. Finally, we analyze studies that review and describe the immune derangements in hepatotropic viral infections focusing on the development of novel targets and strategies to restore effective immunocompetency in alcohol‐associated liver disease. In conclusion, alcohol exacerbates the pathogenesis of viral infections, contributing to a chronic course and poor outcomes, but the mechanisms behind these events are virus specific and depend on virus–alcohol interactions, which differ among the various infections.

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    Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
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      Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research
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    Authors: orcid Christopher J. Paciorek;
    Christopher J. Paciorek
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    Christopher J. Paciorek in OpenAIRE
    Charles V. Cogbill; Jody A. Peters; John W. Williams; +3 Authors

    We present gridded 8 km-resolution data products of the estimated stem density, basal area, and biomass of tree taxa at Euro-American settlement of the midwestern United States during the middle to late 19th century for the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana. The data come from settlement-era Public Land Survey (PLS) data (ca. 0.8-km resolution) of trees recorded by land surveyors. The surveyor notes have been transcribed, cleaned, and processed to estimate stem density, basal area, and biomass at individual points. The point-level data are aggregated within 8 km grid cells and smoothed using a generalized additive statistical model that accounts for zero-inflated continuous data and provides approximate Bayesian uncertainty estimates. The statistical modeling smooths out sharp spatial features (likely arising from statistical noise) within areas smaller than about 200 km2. Based on this modeling, presettlement Midwestern landscapes supported multiple dominant species, vegetation types, forest types, and ecological formations. The prairies, oak savannas, and forests each had distinctive structures and spatial distributions across the domain. Forest structure varied from savanna (averaging 27 Mg/ha biomass) to northern hardwood (104 Mg/ha) and mesic southern forests (211 Mg/ha). The presettlement forests were neither unbroken and massively-statured nor dominated by young forests constantly structured by broad-scale disturbances such as fire, drought, insect outbreaks, or hurricanes. Most forests were structurally between modern second growth and old growth. We expect the data product to be useful as a baseline for investigating how forest ecosystems have changed in response to the last several centuries of climate change and intensive Euro-American land use and as a calibration dataset for paleoecological proxy-based reconstructions of forest composition and structure for earlier time periods. The data products (including raw and smoothed estimates at the 8-km scale) are available at the LTER Network Data Portal as version 1.0.

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    Authors: David B. Goldston; M D De Bellis; Maria Alejandra Infante; Duncan B. Clark; +16 Authors

    Abstract The age- and time-dependent effects of binge drinking on adolescent brain development have not been well characterized even though binge drinking is a health crisis among adolescents. The impact of binge drinking on gray matter volume (GMV) development was examined using 5 waves of longitudinal data from the National Consortium on Alcohol and NeuroDevelopment in Adolescence study. Binge drinkers (n = 166) were compared with non-binge drinkers (n = 82 after matching on potential confounders). Number of binge drinking episodes in the past year was linked to decreased GMVs in bilateral Desikan–Killiany cortical parcellations (26 of 34 with P < 0.05/34) with the strongest effects observed in frontal regions. Interactions of binge drinking episodes and baseline age demonstrated stronger effects in younger participants. Statistical models sensitive to number of binge episodes and their temporal proximity to brain volumes provided the best fits. Consistent with prior research, results of this study highlight the negative effects of binge drinking on the developing brain. Our results present novel findings that cortical GMV decreases were greater in closer proximity to binge drinking episodes in a dose–response manner. This relation suggests a causal effect and raises the possibility that normal growth trajectories may be reinstated with alcohol abstinence.

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    https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.0...
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    Authors: orcid Cynthia B. Silveira;
    Cynthia B. Silveira
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    orcid Antoni Luque;
    Antoni Luque
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    Antoni Luque in OpenAIRE
    Andreas F. Haas; Ty N. F. Roach; +9 Authors

    AbstractBackgroundPredation pressure and herbivory exert cascading effects on coral reef health and stability. However, the extent of these cascading effects can vary considerably across space and time. This variability is likely a result of the complex interactions between coral reefs’ biotic and abiotic dimensions. A major biological component that has been poorly integrated into the reefs' trophic studies is the microbial community, despite its role in coral death and bleaching susceptibility. Viruses that infect bacteria can control microbial densities and may positively affect coral health by controlling microbialization. We hypothesize that viral predation of bacteria has analogous effects to the top-down pressure of macroorganisms on the trophic structure and reef health.ResultsHere, we investigated the relationships between live coral cover and viruses, bacteria, benthic algae, fish biomass, and water chemistry in 110 reefs spanning inhabited and uninhabited islands and atolls across the Pacific Ocean. Statistical learning showed that the abundance of turf algae, viruses, and bacteria, in that order, were the variables best predicting the variance in coral cover. While fish biomass was not a strong predictor of coral cover, the relationship between fish and corals became apparent when analyzed in the context of viral predation: high coral cover (> 50%) occurred on reefs with a combination of high predator fish biomass (sum of sharks and piscivores > 200 g m−2) and high virus-to-bacteria ratios (> 10), an indicator of viral predation pressure. However, these relationships were non-linear, with reefs at the higher and lower ends of the coral cover continuum displaying a narrow combination of abiotic and biotic variables, while reefs at intermediate coral cover showed a wider range of parameter combinations.ConclusionsThe results presented here support the hypothesis that viral predation of bacteria is associated with high coral cover and, thus, coral health and stability. We propose that combined predation pressures from fishes and viruses control energy fluxes, inhibiting the detrimental accumulation of ecosystem energy in the microbial food web.

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    BMC Biology
    Article . 2023 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: orcid Xavier Basurto;
    Xavier Basurto
    ORCID
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    Xavier Basurto in OpenAIRE
    orcid Edward H. Allison;
    Edward H. Allison
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    orcid bw Colette C. C. Wabnitz;
    Colette C. C. Wabnitz
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    Colette C. C. Wabnitz in OpenAIRE
    Colette C. C. Wabnitz; +29 Authors

    Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) provide livelihoods for over 100 million people and sustenance for ~1 billion people, particularly in the Global South. Aquatic foods are distributed through diverse supply chains, with the potential to be highly adaptable to stresses and shocks, but face a growing range of threats and adaptive challenges. Contemporary governance assumes homogeneity in SSFA despite the diverse nature of this sector. Here we use SSFA actor profiles to capture the key dimensions and dynamism of SSFA diversity, reviewing contemporary threats and exploring opportunities for the SSFA sector. The heuristic framework can inform adaptive governance actions supporting the diversity and vital roles of SSFA in food systems, and in the health and livelihoods of nutritionally vulnerable people-supporting their viability through appropriate policies whilst fostering equitable and sustainable food systems.

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    CORE
    Article . 2021
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    Nature Food
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    Nature Food
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    Authors: orcid David Rolnick;
    David Rolnick
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    David Rolnick in OpenAIRE
    Priya L. Donti; orcid Lynn H. Kaack;
    Lynn H. Kaack
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    Lynn H. Kaack in OpenAIRE
    orcid Kelly Kochanski;
    Kelly Kochanski
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    Harvested from ORCID Public Data File

    Kelly Kochanski in OpenAIRE
    +18 Authors

    Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, and we, as machine learning (ML) experts, may wonder how we can help. Here we describe how ML can be a powerful tool in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helping society adapt to a changing climate. From smart grids to disaster management, we identify high impact problems where existing gaps can be filled by ML, in collaboration with other fields. Our recommendations encompass exciting research questions as well as promising business opportunities. We call on the ML community to join the global effort against climate change.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Article . 2022
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
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    Authors: Mohammad Reza Alizadeh; John T. Abatzoglou; orcid bw Jan F. Adamowski;
    Jan F. Adamowski
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    Jan F. Adamowski in OpenAIRE
    orcid Jeffrey P. Prestemon;
    Jeffrey P. Prestemon
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    Jeffrey P. Prestemon in OpenAIRE
    +3 Authors

    AbstractAdaptation is key to minimizing heatwaves' societal burden; however, our understanding of adaptation capacity across the socioeconomic spectrum is incomplete. We demonstrate that observed heatwave trends in the past four decades were most pronounced in the lowest‐quartile income region of the world resulting in >40% higher exposure from 2010 to 2019 compared to the highest‐quartile income region. Lower‐income regions have reduced adaptative capacity to warming, which compounds the impacts of higher heatwave exposure. We also show that individual contiguous heatwaves engulfed up to 2.5‐fold larger areas in the recent decade (2010–2019) as compared to the 1980s. Widespread heatwaves can overwhelm the power grid and nullify the electricity dependent adaptation efforts, with significant implications even in regions with higher adaption capacity. Furthermore, we compare projected global heatwave exposure using per‐capita gross domestic product as an indicator of adaptation capacity. Hypothesized rapid adaptation in high‐income regions yields limited changes in heatwave exposure through the 21st century. By contrast, lagged adaptation in the lower‐income region translates to escalating heatwave exposure and increased heat‐stress inequality. The lowest‐quartile income region is expected to experience 1.8‐ to 5‐fold higher heatwave exposure than each higher income region from 2060 to 2069. This inequality escalates by the end of the century, with the lowest‐quartile income region experiencing almost as much heatwave exposure as the three higher income regions combined from 2090 to 2099. Our results highlight the need for global investments in adaptation capabilities of low‐income countries to avoid major climate‐driven human disasters in the 21st century.

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