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Mesozooplankton standing stock, abundance and composition were studied during three seasons (summer, winter and inter-monsoon) from coastal and open ocean waters of the central and eastern Arabian Sea in 1994-95. Concentrations were generally higher in the mixed layer compared to deeper strata. A noteworthy feature was that the standing stocks and abundances did not vary significantly between seasons and areas. Vertical migrations appeared to be in a low key. In all seasons herbivores dominated, followed by carnivores. A few species, common in all seasons, accounted the majority of the population. The 'paradox' of the Arabian Sea, that zooplankton biomass remains more or less invariant, despite seasonally varying primary production regimes, could be explained by a microbial loop.

Global energy systems are changing rapidly. This energy transition complicates the use of traditional policy analysis methods. However, proper policy analysis and design is essential in managing the transition. This thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach to analyze three policy issues for the Swiss energy transition, making contributions to policy analysis methodology, sustainability transitions, external governance, as well practical contributions to the governance of the Swiss electricity sector. The first essay analyzes the impact of the timing uncertainty of the nuclear phase-out. In 2011, the Swiss government decided to phase-out nuclear power but allow the plants to remain online for as long as they can be operated safely, leaving their final operating date uncertain. This decision is analyzed using a system dynamics (SD) simulation model. The results show that the timing uncertainty does not impact the market development or security of supply. However, delaying the nuclear phase-out can have significant advantages for greenhouse gas emissions and security of supply. In all simulated scenarios, Switzerland becomes more dependent on electricity imports. The second essay analyzes the governance of energy relations between Switzerland and the European Union (EU). Switzerland and the EU have highly interdependent electricity systems, but there is a relatively low level of policy alignment and no formal Swiss-EU electricity agreement. The historical developments in Swiss-EU energy policy are reconstructed through a series of interviews and analyzed using an external governance theoretical framework. Gradual harmonization of EU electricity markets and certain key events have driven Switzerland's exclusion from EU network governance processes, leading to more hierarchy, reducing Swiss influence on legislative processes, and deteriorating trading conditions. The negotiations for an electricity agreement present an opportunity to reverse this trend, but the future of Swiss-EU bilateralism remains politically uncertain and will depend on general relations more than electricity sectoral dynamics. The third essay analyzes the Swiss proposal for a strategic energy reserve: a novel policy to increase security of supply in winter, potentially at risk due to the growing import dependency and deteriorating Swiss-EU relations. The policy incentivizes storage operators to keep a minimum amount of energy in reserve, for use in scarcity periods. A new hybrid simulation model is created, combining system dynamics and agent-based modeling. The results show that a strategic energy reserve can improve short-term, but not long-term security of supply. It will likely be cost-ineffective and risks inducing artificial scarcity periods. Any implementation should be done on a dynamic, ad hoc basis, conditional on a short-term adequacy assessment to minimize the costs while increasing the benefits. The thesis makes several important contributions. It contributes to hybrid and simulation modeling for policy analysis and transitions research. The model offers novel tools for combining short- and long-term market dynamics, opportunity cost bidding, and strategic energy reserves. The findings of each essay are directly relevant for policymakers to inform their decisions about the analyzed policy issues. Finally, the thesis contributes to the theories of sustainability transitions and external governance.

(Agenda item 3.17)

Distance relays due to their selectivity and operating speed are used in HV/EHV line protection. The dynamic nature of Mho characteristic, which happens to be most primitive technique in line protection implemented with distance relaying, is built by using the measurement of local voltage and current signals. These signals have been influenced substantially by fault resistance and the source impedance feeding the line. In case of different generation sources, the source impedance and fault characteristic also change accordingly. Environmental benefit of wind turbine technology is making it a potential source of energy. These wind turbine-generating units (WTGU) use rugged induction/synchronous machines along with power electronics converters as controlling equipment. This gives a new challenge to distance relays, as the fault current contribution of these sources depends on the converter operational principle. In this thesis a typical wind farm of Indian systems are modeled in an IN-HOUSE tool developed as part of fault analysis on wind farm system. Directly connected and front-end converter based wind turbines with their interconnections are modeled in this simulation tool. Fault voltage and current waveforms are obtained for all types of wind turbine-generating units with both radial and LILO (Loop in Loop out) connection. PSCAD based modeling has been done for DFIG type of wind turbines. The fault waveforms are generated to evaluate relay performance. Five case studies having both Radial and Loop in Loop out (LILO) connection of wind farms are simulated. These case studies generate approximately 20000 cases, which are analyzed for distance relay performance studies. In addition, the analysis is further verified on relay hardware having three characteristics, namely Self Polarized Mho (SPM), Quadrature Polarized Mho (QPM) and Quadrilateral (QUAD) characteristics. The detailed studies are carried out in this thesis to ensure and suggest the system operators with appropriate relay characteristics to be used for ...

This paper identifies three major gaps in the debate on sustainable management behavior. It explores, first, the relevance of a person's understanding of sustainability and, second, the importance and role he or she attributes to sustainability with regard to management issues (here referred to as "sustainability rationales") in order to explain preferences for specific management practices. Third, this paper considers the importance of socio-cultural contexts, which play a major role in determining value systems, as well as of the connection between individual values and management preferences for sustainability. Introducing a framework to explore all of these relations, this paper contributes to the emerging discourse on responsible leadership. Potential implications for further research are discussed.

The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is considered a promising solution to address the negative impacts of conventional vehicles on the environment and human health. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the current state of EVs, including their types, technology, adoption, government policies, environmental impact, and future prospects. The review reveals that EVs have the potential to significantly reduce air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and noise pollution. However, their adoption has been hindered by various factors such as perceived usefulness, ease of use, and risk, which can be addressed through policy interventions and infrastructure development. The paper highlights the significance of the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme in India and other international policies and initiatives to support the adoption of EVs. The review also identifies the technological advances and battery development as promising opportunities for the future of EVs. The paper concludes by providing implications for policy and practice, including the need for incentives and infrastructure development to promote EV adoption and recommends further research on the consumer trends and challenges in the adoption of EVs.

The present study probes to assess the distributional shifts in sardine landings across the states and its impact on the revenue realisation across the country. The secondary data related to the landings across the states were obtained from the National Marine Living Resources Data Centre (NMLRDC) of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi for the period 1985-2017 and the primary data on the landing centre prices were obtained from Socio-Economic Evaluation Technology and Transfer Division (SEETTD) of CMFRI. Average landings showed a sturdy decrease after 2013 elucidating the price surges and regional shifts in distribution of oil sardines off the Indian coast. The prices showed an amplified growth rate in the Northwest coast of India stating the increased demand for sardines in the region during the recent decades. The surge in mean prices and mean landing quantity between the decades was computed using the Decomposition Model. An analysis of the landing centre prices of oil sardine along India showed the highest change in mean price which means that there is a higher price effect when compared to the quantity effect. The availability of sardine in non- traditional demand areas is due to shifts in habitat distribution (towards the latitudinal stretch) and the demand for import of sardines to the domestic markets and fishmeal industries. The study advocates the need for establishing affordable prices (minimum support and maximum ceiling prices) for sardines to provide sustenance to the fishers and fish food security to the consumers in the demand-rich regions.

Chattopadhyay, Manabendu; Maiti Pradip and Rakshit Mihir(eds), Essays on Public Intervention, Institutional Arrangements and Economic Efficiency. Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi, (1999), pp. 101-130