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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2008 BelgiumPublisher:ITGPress Ouédraogo, C.; Richard, F.; Compaoré, J.; Wissocq, C.; Pobel, D.; Ouattara, F.; Gruénais, M. E.; De Brouwere, V.;handle: 10390/2479
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2020Publisher:HAL CCSD Funded by:NSERCNSERCAuthors: Vargel, Céline;Northern high-latitude regions are warming more intensely than the rest of the world. This phenomenon, called Arctic amplification, is due in part to the decrease in sea ice extent and snow cover. Snow, which is present 9 months of the year, could have a significant effect on the increase in land surface temperatures by changing its reflective and insulating properties. Thawing of permafrost which could release important amount of soil carbone into the atmosphere could have a significant positive feedback on the future climate of the Arctic. The objective of this research project is to improve the monitoring of Arctic snow cover and ground temperatures. Detailed models of snow cover evolution such as the Crocus multi-layered model are unable to reproduce the particular physics of Arctic snow, which leads to significant uncertainties in the modeling of ground temperatures. New physical parameterizations have been implemented within the Crocus model to improve the vertical stratification of the snowpack by introducing vegetation effects (less dense snow at the bottom) and wind effects (denser snow at the surface), as well as to modify the thermal conductivity of snow. These new parameterizations allow a better representation of ground temperatures under the snowpack, validated with a large dataset in Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Siberia. The simulations thus carried out using the modified Crocus model, driven by the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis over the last 39 years (1979-2018), at the pan-Arctic scale, show a significant increase in snow density in spring as well as in snow moisture, mainly in spring and fall, accompanied by a significant decrease in the duration of the snow cover. These effects, combined with the increase in air temperature, lead to an increase in ground temperature of up to +0.89 K per decade for the month of June. In order to improve monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the snow cover, the use of microwave satellite observation data is proposed. Based on the analysis of a unique dataset of surface radiometric measurements, associated with the in-situ characterization of the snowpit (119 snowpits with simultaneous observations) in the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones, an optimal parameterization of the SMRT model has been defined. The results show that using a fitted exponential correlation length as a snow microstructure parameter in the Improved Born Approximation (IBA) electromagnetic model gives the best results compared to the other model configurations tested, with a mean error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the observations for subarctic snow and 24% for Arctic snow. Coupled with Crocus, the simulated brightness temperatures over the entire Arctic are significantly better with modified Crocus than with standard Crocus (38 K improvement in mean bias). These results pave the way for using the assimilation of satellite microwave observations into the Crocus model to improve simulations of Arctic snow density, a key snowpack parameter influencing the evolution of ground temperatures under the snow.; Les régions de hautes latitudes nord se réchauffent de façon plus intense que sur le reste du globe. Ce phénomène, appelé amplification arctique, est dû en partie à la diminution de l'étendue de glace de mer et de la couverture de neige. Par ses changements de pouvoirs réfléchissant et isolant, la neige, présente 9 mois de l'année, pourrait avoir un effet important sur l'augmentation des températures du sol. Le dégel du pergélisol à travers le carbone ainsi libéré serait susceptible d'avoir un impact important sur le climat futur de l'Arctique. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif d'améliorer le suivi du couvert nival arctique et des températures du sol. À l'heure actuelle, les modèles détaillés d'évolution du manteau neigeux tels que le modèle Crocus ne parviennent pas à reproduire la physique particulière de la neige arctique ce qui conduit à des incertitudes importantes dans la modélisation des températures du sol. De nouvelles paramétrisations physiques ont été implémentées au sein du modèle Crocus pour améliorer la stratification verticale du manteau neigeux en introduisant les effets de la végétation (neige moins dense en profondeur) et les effets du vent (neige plus dense en surface), ainsi que pour modifier la conductivité thermique de la neige. Ces nouvelles paramétrisations permettent une meilleure représentation des températures du sol sous la neige, validée avec un large jeu de données en Alaska, dans l'Arctique canadien et en Sibérie. Les simulations ainsi réalisées à l'aide du modèle Crocus modifié, piloté par la réanalyse météorologique ERA-Interim sur les 39 dernières années (1979-2018), à l'échelle panarctique, montrent une augmentation significative de la densité de la neige au printemps ainsi que de l'humidité de la neige principalement au printemps et en automne, accompagnée d'une diminution significative de la durée d'enneigement. Ces effets cumulés à l'augmentation des températures de l'air entraînent une augmentation des températures du sol allant jusqu'à +0.89 K par décade pour le mois de juin. De façon à pouvoir améliorer le suivi de l'évolution spatiale et temporelle du couvert nival, l'utilisation de données d'observations satellitaires micro-onde est proposée. À partir de l'analyse d'un jeu de données unique de mesures radiométriques en surface associées à la caractérisation in-situ du manteau neigeux (119 snowpits avec des observations simultanées) en zone arctique et subarctique, une paramétrisation optimale du modèle de transfert radiatif SMRT a été définie. En utilisant une longueur de corrélation exponentielle ajustée comme paramètre de microstructure de la neige dans le modèle électromagnétique Improved Born Approximation (IBA), l'étude montre, par rapport aux autres configurations de modèles testées, de meilleurs résultats avec une erreur moyenne (RMSE) inférieure à 30% des observations pour la neige subarctique et 24% pour la neige arctique. Couplées à Crocus, les températures de brillance simulées sur l'ensemble de l'Arctique sont significativement meilleures avec Crocus modifié qu'avec Crocus standard (38 K d'amélioration de l'erreur en moyenne). Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à l'utilisation de l'assimilation des observations micro-onde satellitaires dans le modèle Crocus à grande échelle afin d'améliorer les simulations de densité de la neige arctique, paramètre clef du manteau neigeux influant sur l'évolution des températures du sol sous la neige.
Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationDoctoral thesis . 2020add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationDoctoral thesis . 2020add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1992 BelgiumAuthors: Servais, Pierre; Laurent, P.; Billen, Gilles; Levi, Y.;La réduction de l'usage des biocides en général et du chlore en,particulier est actuellement un objectif important dans le traitement et la distribution de l'eau potable. Déjà un premier pas a été effectué en rejetant la chloration en fin de filiére dans certaines installa¬tions de production et en introduisant des étapes effi¬caces dans l'âbattement de la matière organique dissoute (filtration sur CAG, filtration biologique) ;ceci réduit largement les risques de formation de compo¬sés organochlorés aux propriétés organoleptiques in¬désirables et potentiellement cancérigènes. L'abandon de cette chloration, ou son remplacement par une autre technique de désinfection en fin de fi¬lière (ozonation), reste néanmoins un objectif souhai¬table. La poursuite de la chloration en fin de filière, ainsi que des rechlorations en cours de distribution, se justifient actuellement par la reviviscence bacté¬rienne que l'on observe dans le réseau; cette crois¬sance bactérienne sert de base à une chaîne alimentaire aboutissant au développement d'organis¬mes supérieurs indésirables. La détermination d'une stratégie valable de lutte contre ce phénomène néces¬site une bonne connaissance des facteurs de contrôle du développement bactérien. L'objectif de l'étude pré¬sentée ici est de partir d'observations de terrain me¬nées sur un réseau réel, afin de préciser les mécanismes responsables des phénomènes de revi¬viscence. Le réseau investigué est celui du Syndicat des Eaux d'ile-de-France qui alimente la banlieue de Paris. La plupart des mesures ont été effectuées sur le secteur nord de Paris alimenté par l'usine de Méry¬sur-Oise. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published ; Evolution de la qualité de l'eau dans les réseaux de distribution
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2010 BelgiumPublisher:Universite Libre de Bruxelles Authors: Kestemont, Bruno;Existe-t-il un consensus scientifique sur les conditions de la durabilité ?Est-il possible de construire un indicateur unique de soutenabilité faible ?Quelles sont les composantes objectives et subjectives des indicateurs ?Peut-on envisager des indicateurs objectifs de soutenabilité ?Quelles voies de recherche sont-elles nécessaires pour développer des indicateurs de développement durable ?Telles sont les questions auxquelles cet ouvrage tente de répondre.La comparaison des courants de la soutenabilité faible et de la soutenabilité forte nous sert de fil conducteur pour évaluer la part normative et la part objective du choix des paramètres et de leur méthode d'agrégation. L'agrégation arithmétique implique des hypothèses de substituabilité entre les facteurs, ce qui relève de la soutenabilité faible. La pondération, toujours normative, peut être explicite ou se traduire par le choix d'une unité ou dimension unique. Nous redéfinissons la soutenabilité faible comme étant la réduction de la complexité à une dimension unique. Il y a dès lors autant d'indicateurs de soutenabilité faible que de choix possibles de cette dimension unique. En particulier, l'empreinte écologique par habitant relève d'une forme "écologique" de soutenabilité faible. Le prix de marché est l'unité fondamentale de mesure de sa forme "économique". Nous montrons que les acteurs ne savent pas bien identifier leur intérêt et qu'ils ne sont pas parfaitement égoïstes, ce qui introduit un biais non systématique remarquable dans toute mesure en unité monétaire. La soutenabilité forte se caractérise par la multiplicité de dimensions ou "capitaux critiques" dont le dépassement d'un seul suffit à déterminer la non soutenabilité. Les différentes formes de soutenabilités faibles peuvent représenter des capitaux critiques parmi d'autres.Nous présentons une typologie des acteurs et du partage des responsabilités, également susceptible d'introduire des grandes divergences dans les résultats publiés. Quelques études de cas illustrent ces différents éléments dans des contextes contrastés. L'empreinte écologique de consommation se limite en particulier à une responsabilisation du seul consommateur, alors que les comptes nationaux permettent d'envisager la coresponsabilité de l'ensemble des acteurs. L'indicateur de "dématérialisation de l'économie" appliqué à un village indien montre la pertinence de mesurer l'utilisation absolue de matière sans pondération monétaire. Il est par ailleurs possible de minimiser le coût de dépollution sans toucher à la limite absolue d'émissions globales de centrales thermiques. Les deux dimensions, coûts sociaux et bénéfices environnementaux, peuvent donc être traitées séparément.En conclusion, il est possible d'identifier, dans chaque calcul d'indicateur de développement durable, une composante relativement objective de soutenabilité "forte" et une composante "faible", négociable, de partage des droits et responsabilités./ We study how different world views may influence how to develop sustainable development indicators. The comparison of weak sustainability and strong sustainability serves as a guide to estimate the share of objective versus normative choice of parameters and their method of aggregation. We then present a typology of actors and shared responsibilities, which may also introduce large discrepancies in the results published. Some case studies illustrate these different elements in contrasting contexts. It appears that it is possible to identify in each calculation of sustainable development indicator, a relatively objective component of sustainability and a negotiable component of shared rights and responsibilities. info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished Doctorat en Sciences
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.euAccess RoutesGreen 0 citations 0 popularity Average influence Average impulse Average Powered by BIP!
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2022 BelgiumPublisher:Universite Libre de Bruxelles Authors: Vander Steen, Julien;Le comportement électrochimique de deux composés issus de la biomasse, le furfural (FF) et le 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural (HMF) a été étudié sur plusieurs matériaux d’électrode (Au, Pt, Cu, C, Ag) dans les liquides ioniques (LIs) 1-butyl-1-méthylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide ([BMPyrr][NTf2]) et 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIm][NTf2]) ainsi que dans le solvant eutectique profond chlorure de choline/glycérol 1:2 (ChCl-Gly).Les techniques électrochimiques (voltampérométrie cyclique, électrolyses potentiostatiques à temps long) et spectroscopiques (FTIR in-situ, RMN haute résolution ex-situ) mettent en évidence deux mécanismes de réduction du FF qui dépendent du milieu utilisé. En [BMPyrr][NTf2], une vague voltampérométrique de réduction entre -2,30 et -2,43 V vs. Fc+/Fc est associée à la formation de l’alcool furfurylique et de deux diastéréoisomères de l’hydrofuroïne. En [BMIm][NTf2], une vague entre -2,13 et -2,30 V est associée à la formation d’un seul produit, la 2,2’-furoïne. Dans le premier milieu, un mécanisme semblable à celui de la réduction électrochimique directe observée en milieu aqueux ou organique a été proposé. Dans le deuxième cas, le mécanisme fait intervenir le carbène imidazol2-ylidène provenant du cation BMIm+ qui catalyse la formation de la 2,2’-furoïne. Dans le solvant eutectique profond ChCl-Gly, la formation de l’alcool furfurylique a été mise en évidence et l’influence de la morphologie de l’électrode (massive ou nanoparticules) sur ce processus été discutée. Concernant l’oxydation du furfural, la réactivité apparait identique dans les deux milieux LIs via la formation à 1,90 V d’un adduit entre l’anion NTf2- et le composé d’intérêt. Le HMF présente un comportement en réduction similaire dans les deux LIs via la présence de signaux voltampérométriques d’adsorption du composé à l’électrode. La spectroscopie FTIR in-situ indique que les fonctions hydroxyméthyle et carbonyle sont toutes deux affectées par la réaction. Cette même technique ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Book 2002 BelgiumPublisher:Medicus Mundi Belgium Authors: Criel, B.; Noumou Barry, A.; von Roenne, F.;handle: 10390/1512
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Preprint 2014Publisher:Unknown Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy;Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.
Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2011 BelgiumPublisher:Universite Libre de Bruxelles Authors: Galvez Carrillo, Manuel Ricardo;Among the renewable energies, wind energy presents the highest growth in installed capacity and penetration in modern power systems. This is why reliability of wind turbines becomes an important topic in research and industry. To this end, condition monitoring (or health monitoring) systems are needed for wind turbines. The core of any condition monitoring system (CMS) are fault diagnosis algorithms whose task is to provide early warnings upon the occurrence of incipient (small magnitude) faults. Thanks to the use of CMS we can avoid premature breakdowns and reduce significatively maintenance costs.The present thesis deals with fault diagnosis in sensors of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbine (WT) applications. In particular we are interested in performing fault detection and isolation (FDI) of incipient faults affecting the measurements of the three-phase signals (currents and voltages) in a controlled DFIG. Although different authors have dealt with FDI for sensors in induction machines and in DFIGs, most of them rely on the machine model withconstant parameters. However, the parameter uncertainties due to changes in the operating conditions will produce degradation in the performance of such FDI systems.In this work we propose a systematic methodology for the design of sensor FDI systems with the following characteristics: i) capable of detecting and isolating incipient additive (bias, drifts) and multiplicative (changes in the sensorgain) faults, ii) robust against changes in the references/disturbances affecting the controlled DFIG as well as modelling/parametric uncertainties, iii) residual generation system based on a multi-observer strategy to enhance the isolation process, iv) decision system based on statistical-change detection algorithms to treat the entire residual and perform fault detection and isolation at once.Three novel sensor FDI approaches are proposed. The first is a signal-based approach, that uses the model of the balanced three-phase signals (currents or voltages) for residual generation purposes. The second is a model-based approachthat accounts for variation in the parameters. Finally, a third approach that combines the benefits of both the signal- and the model-based approaches is proposed. The designed sensor FDI systems have been validated using measured voltages, as well as simulated data from a controlled DFIG and a speed-controlled inductionmotor. In addition, in this work we propose a discrete-time multiple input multiple output (MIMO) regulator for each power converter, namely for the rotor side converter (RSC) and for the grid side converter (GSC). In particular, for RSCcontrol, we propose a modified feedback linearization technique to obtain a linear time invariant (LTI) model dynamics for the compensated DFIG. The novelty of this approach is that the compensation does not depend on highly uncertain parameters such as the rotor resistance. For GSC control, a LTI model dynamicsis derived using the ideas behind feedback linearization. The obtained LTI model dynamics are used to design Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulators. A single design is needed for all the possible operating conditions. Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type 1984 FrancePublisher:Actes de colloques. Ifremer. Brest [ACTES COLLOQ. IFREMER.]. 1984 Funded by:NSERCNSERCAuthors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.
ArchiMer - Instituti... arrow_drop_down ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of IfremerOther literature type . 1984Data sources: ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of Ifremeradd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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visibility 3visibility views 3 download downloads 1 Powered bymore_vert ArchiMer - Instituti... arrow_drop_down ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of IfremerOther literature type . 1984Data sources: ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of Ifremeradd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2016 CanadaPublisher:Université de Sherbrooke Authors: Veillette, Marc;handle: 11143/9752
Résumé : Au Canada, près de 80% des émissions totales, soit 692 Mt eq. CO[indice inférieur 2], des gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont produits par les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO[indice inférieur 2]) provenant de l’utilisation de matières fossiles non renouvelables. Après la Conférence des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, COP21 (Paris, France), plusieurs pays ont pour objectif de réduire leurs émissions de GES. Dans cette optique, les microalgues pourraient être utilisées pour capter le CO[indice inférieur 2] industriel et le transformer en biomasse composée principalement de lipides, de glucides et de protéines. De plus, la culture des microalgues n’utilise pas de terre arable contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses destinées à la production de biocarburants. Bien que les microalgues puissent être transformées en plusieurs biocarburants tels le bioéthanol (notamment par fermentation des glucides) ou le biométhane (par digestion anaérobie), la transformation des lipides en biodiesel pourrait permettre de réduire la consommation de diesel produit à partir de pétrole. Cependant, les coûts reliés à la production de biodiesel à partir de microalgues demeurent élevés pour une commercialisation à court terme en partie parce que les microalgues sont cultivées en phase aqueuse contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses, ce qui augmente le coût de récolte de la biomasse et de l’extraction des lipides. Malgré le fait que plusieurs techniques de récupération des lipides des microalgues n’utilisant pas de solvant organique sont mentionnées dans la littérature scientifique, la plupart des méthodes testées en laboratoire utilisent généralement des solvants organiques. Les lipides extraits peuvent être transestérifiés en biodiesel en présence d’un alcool tel que le méthanol et d’un catalyseur (catalyses homogène ou hétérogène). Pour la commercialisation du biodiesel à partir de microalgues, le respect des normes ASTM en vigueur est un point essentiel. Lors des essais en laboratoire, il a été démontré que l’extraction des lipides en phase aqueuse était possible afin d’obtenir un rendement maximal en lipides de 36% (m/m, base sèche) en utilisant un prétraitement consistant en une ébullition de la phase aqueuse contenant les microalgues et une extraction par des solvants organiques. Pour l’estérification, en utilisant une résine échangeuse de cations (Amberlyst-15), une conversion des acides gras libres de 84% a été obtenue à partir des lipides de la microalgue Chlorella protothecoïdes dans les conditions suivantes : température : 120°C, pression autogène, temps de réaction : 60 min, ratio méthanol/lipides: 0.57 mL/g et 2.5% (m/m) Amberlyst-15 par rapport aux lipides. En utilisant ces conditions avec une catalyse homogène (acide sulfurique) et une seconde étape alcaline avec de l’hydroxyde de potassium (température : 60°C ; temps de réaction : 22.2 min; ratio catalyseur microalgue : 2.48% (m/m); ratio méthanol par rapport aux lipides des microalgues : 31.4%), un rendement en esters méthyliques d’acides gras (EMAG) de 33% (g EMAG/g lipides) a été obtenu à partir des lipides de la microalgue Scenedesmus Obliquus. Les résultats démontrent que du biodiesel peut être produit à partir de microalgues. Cependant, basé sur les présents résultats, il sera necessaire de mener d’autre recherche pour prouver que les microalgues sont une matière première d’avenir pour la production de biodiesel. ; Abstract : In Canada, near 80% of the greenhouse gases (GHG), 692 Mt eq. CO[subscript 2], are produced by CO[subscript 2] emissions from non renewable fossil fuel used. Following the United Nations conference on climate changes (COP21) (Paris, France), several countries have the objective to reduce their GHG emissions. Consequently, the microalgae should be used to trap industrial carbon dioxide and transform them to a biomass composed of lipids, carbon hydrates and proteins. Moreover, this type of culture does not require arable land in opposition to several oleagineous plant used to produce biofuels. Despite the fact that microalgae can be transformed to several biofuels as bioethanol (among others by fermentation) or biomethane (by anaerobic digestion), the lipid transformation into biodiesel shoud allow reducing the petrodiesel consumption. However, the cost linked to the biodiesel production from microalgae remain relatively high far for a short term commercialisation partially because microalgae are cultivated in aqueous phase in opposition to several oleagineous plants increase the biomass harvesting and the lipid extraction cost. Despite de fact that several techniques of microalgae lipids recovery which do not use organic solvents as mentioned in the literature, most methods tested in laboratory generally used organic solvents. The lipids extracted can be transformed into biodiesel in presence of an alcool such as methanol and a catalyst (homogeneous or heterogeneous). For the microalgae biodiesel commercialization, the respect of ASTM standards is an essential point. At the laboratory scale, it was shown that the lipid extraction in aqueous phase was possible to obtain a maximum yield of 36wt% (dry weight) by using a boiling pretreatment of the aqueous phase microalgae followed by an extraction with organic solvents. For the esterification of FFAs with a strong acid resin (Amberlyst-15), a FFAs conversion of 84% was obtained from Chlorella protothecoides microalgae lipids in the following conditions: temperature: 120°C, autogeneous pressure, reaction time: 60 min, methanol/lipids ratio: 0.57 mL/g and 2.5wt% Amberlyst-15 compared to lipids. With the same reaction conditions (1st step) with a homogeneous catalyst (H[subscript 2] SO[subscript 4]) and an alkaline second step with a catalyst of potassium hydroxide (KOH) (temperature: 60°C; reaction time: 22.2 min ; catalyst to microalgue ratio: 2.48wt%; methanol to lipids ratio: 31.4%), a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 33% (g FAME/g lipids) was obtained from the Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae lipids. These results showed that biodiesel can be produced from microalgae lipids. However, based on these results, further research had be conducted in order to prove that microalgae are a promising raw matrial to produce biodiesel.
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description Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Part of book or chapter of book 2008 BelgiumPublisher:ITGPress Ouédraogo, C.; Richard, F.; Compaoré, J.; Wissocq, C.; Pobel, D.; Ouattara, F.; Gruénais, M. E.; De Brouwere, V.;handle: 10390/2479
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2020Publisher:HAL CCSD Funded by:NSERCNSERCAuthors: Vargel, Céline;Northern high-latitude regions are warming more intensely than the rest of the world. This phenomenon, called Arctic amplification, is due in part to the decrease in sea ice extent and snow cover. Snow, which is present 9 months of the year, could have a significant effect on the increase in land surface temperatures by changing its reflective and insulating properties. Thawing of permafrost which could release important amount of soil carbone into the atmosphere could have a significant positive feedback on the future climate of the Arctic. The objective of this research project is to improve the monitoring of Arctic snow cover and ground temperatures. Detailed models of snow cover evolution such as the Crocus multi-layered model are unable to reproduce the particular physics of Arctic snow, which leads to significant uncertainties in the modeling of ground temperatures. New physical parameterizations have been implemented within the Crocus model to improve the vertical stratification of the snowpack by introducing vegetation effects (less dense snow at the bottom) and wind effects (denser snow at the surface), as well as to modify the thermal conductivity of snow. These new parameterizations allow a better representation of ground temperatures under the snowpack, validated with a large dataset in Alaska, Canadian Arctic and Siberia. The simulations thus carried out using the modified Crocus model, driven by the ERA-Interim meteorological reanalysis over the last 39 years (1979-2018), at the pan-Arctic scale, show a significant increase in snow density in spring as well as in snow moisture, mainly in spring and fall, accompanied by a significant decrease in the duration of the snow cover. These effects, combined with the increase in air temperature, lead to an increase in ground temperature of up to +0.89 K per decade for the month of June. In order to improve monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of the snow cover, the use of microwave satellite observation data is proposed. Based on the analysis of a unique dataset of surface radiometric measurements, associated with the in-situ characterization of the snowpit (119 snowpits with simultaneous observations) in the Arctic and sub-Arctic zones, an optimal parameterization of the SMRT model has been defined. The results show that using a fitted exponential correlation length as a snow microstructure parameter in the Improved Born Approximation (IBA) electromagnetic model gives the best results compared to the other model configurations tested, with a mean error (RMSE) of less than 30% of the observations for subarctic snow and 24% for Arctic snow. Coupled with Crocus, the simulated brightness temperatures over the entire Arctic are significantly better with modified Crocus than with standard Crocus (38 K improvement in mean bias). These results pave the way for using the assimilation of satellite microwave observations into the Crocus model to improve simulations of Arctic snow density, a key snowpack parameter influencing the evolution of ground temperatures under the snow.; Les régions de hautes latitudes nord se réchauffent de façon plus intense que sur le reste du globe. Ce phénomène, appelé amplification arctique, est dû en partie à la diminution de l'étendue de glace de mer et de la couverture de neige. Par ses changements de pouvoirs réfléchissant et isolant, la neige, présente 9 mois de l'année, pourrait avoir un effet important sur l'augmentation des températures du sol. Le dégel du pergélisol à travers le carbone ainsi libéré serait susceptible d'avoir un impact important sur le climat futur de l'Arctique. Ce projet de recherche a pour objectif d'améliorer le suivi du couvert nival arctique et des températures du sol. À l'heure actuelle, les modèles détaillés d'évolution du manteau neigeux tels que le modèle Crocus ne parviennent pas à reproduire la physique particulière de la neige arctique ce qui conduit à des incertitudes importantes dans la modélisation des températures du sol. De nouvelles paramétrisations physiques ont été implémentées au sein du modèle Crocus pour améliorer la stratification verticale du manteau neigeux en introduisant les effets de la végétation (neige moins dense en profondeur) et les effets du vent (neige plus dense en surface), ainsi que pour modifier la conductivité thermique de la neige. Ces nouvelles paramétrisations permettent une meilleure représentation des températures du sol sous la neige, validée avec un large jeu de données en Alaska, dans l'Arctique canadien et en Sibérie. Les simulations ainsi réalisées à l'aide du modèle Crocus modifié, piloté par la réanalyse météorologique ERA-Interim sur les 39 dernières années (1979-2018), à l'échelle panarctique, montrent une augmentation significative de la densité de la neige au printemps ainsi que de l'humidité de la neige principalement au printemps et en automne, accompagnée d'une diminution significative de la durée d'enneigement. Ces effets cumulés à l'augmentation des températures de l'air entraînent une augmentation des températures du sol allant jusqu'à +0.89 K par décade pour le mois de juin. De façon à pouvoir améliorer le suivi de l'évolution spatiale et temporelle du couvert nival, l'utilisation de données d'observations satellitaires micro-onde est proposée. À partir de l'analyse d'un jeu de données unique de mesures radiométriques en surface associées à la caractérisation in-situ du manteau neigeux (119 snowpits avec des observations simultanées) en zone arctique et subarctique, une paramétrisation optimale du modèle de transfert radiatif SMRT a été définie. En utilisant une longueur de corrélation exponentielle ajustée comme paramètre de microstructure de la neige dans le modèle électromagnétique Improved Born Approximation (IBA), l'étude montre, par rapport aux autres configurations de modèles testées, de meilleurs résultats avec une erreur moyenne (RMSE) inférieure à 30% des observations pour la neige subarctique et 24% pour la neige arctique. Couplées à Crocus, les températures de brillance simulées sur l'ensemble de l'Arctique sont significativement meilleures avec Crocus modifié qu'avec Crocus standard (38 K d'amélioration de l'erreur en moyenne). Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à l'utilisation de l'assimilation des observations micro-onde satellitaires dans le modèle Crocus à grande échelle afin d'améliorer les simulations de densité de la neige arctique, paramètre clef du manteau neigeux influant sur l'évolution des températures du sol sous la neige.
Hyper Article en Lig... arrow_drop_down Mémoires en Sciences de l'Information et de la CommunicationDoctoral thesis . 2020add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Article 1992 BelgiumAuthors: Servais, Pierre; Laurent, P.; Billen, Gilles; Levi, Y.;La réduction de l'usage des biocides en général et du chlore en,particulier est actuellement un objectif important dans le traitement et la distribution de l'eau potable. Déjà un premier pas a été effectué en rejetant la chloration en fin de filiére dans certaines installa¬tions de production et en introduisant des étapes effi¬caces dans l'âbattement de la matière organique dissoute (filtration sur CAG, filtration biologique) ;ceci réduit largement les risques de formation de compo¬sés organochlorés aux propriétés organoleptiques in¬désirables et potentiellement cancérigènes. L'abandon de cette chloration, ou son remplacement par une autre technique de désinfection en fin de fi¬lière (ozonation), reste néanmoins un objectif souhai¬table. La poursuite de la chloration en fin de filière, ainsi que des rechlorations en cours de distribution, se justifient actuellement par la reviviscence bacté¬rienne que l'on observe dans le réseau; cette crois¬sance bactérienne sert de base à une chaîne alimentaire aboutissant au développement d'organis¬mes supérieurs indésirables. La détermination d'une stratégie valable de lutte contre ce phénomène néces¬site une bonne connaissance des facteurs de contrôle du développement bactérien. L'objectif de l'étude pré¬sentée ici est de partir d'observations de terrain me¬nées sur un réseau réel, afin de préciser les mécanismes responsables des phénomènes de revi¬viscence. Le réseau investigué est celui du Syndicat des Eaux d'ile-de-France qui alimente la banlieue de Paris. La plupart des mesures ont été effectuées sur le secteur nord de Paris alimenté par l'usine de Méry¬sur-Oise. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published ; Evolution de la qualité de l'eau dans les réseaux de distribution
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2010 BelgiumPublisher:Universite Libre de Bruxelles Authors: Kestemont, Bruno;Existe-t-il un consensus scientifique sur les conditions de la durabilité ?Est-il possible de construire un indicateur unique de soutenabilité faible ?Quelles sont les composantes objectives et subjectives des indicateurs ?Peut-on envisager des indicateurs objectifs de soutenabilité ?Quelles voies de recherche sont-elles nécessaires pour développer des indicateurs de développement durable ?Telles sont les questions auxquelles cet ouvrage tente de répondre.La comparaison des courants de la soutenabilité faible et de la soutenabilité forte nous sert de fil conducteur pour évaluer la part normative et la part objective du choix des paramètres et de leur méthode d'agrégation. L'agrégation arithmétique implique des hypothèses de substituabilité entre les facteurs, ce qui relève de la soutenabilité faible. La pondération, toujours normative, peut être explicite ou se traduire par le choix d'une unité ou dimension unique. Nous redéfinissons la soutenabilité faible comme étant la réduction de la complexité à une dimension unique. Il y a dès lors autant d'indicateurs de soutenabilité faible que de choix possibles de cette dimension unique. En particulier, l'empreinte écologique par habitant relève d'une forme "écologique" de soutenabilité faible. Le prix de marché est l'unité fondamentale de mesure de sa forme "économique". Nous montrons que les acteurs ne savent pas bien identifier leur intérêt et qu'ils ne sont pas parfaitement égoïstes, ce qui introduit un biais non systématique remarquable dans toute mesure en unité monétaire. La soutenabilité forte se caractérise par la multiplicité de dimensions ou "capitaux critiques" dont le dépassement d'un seul suffit à déterminer la non soutenabilité. Les différentes formes de soutenabilités faibles peuvent représenter des capitaux critiques parmi d'autres.Nous présentons une typologie des acteurs et du partage des responsabilités, également susceptible d'introduire des grandes divergences dans les résultats publiés. Quelques études de cas illustrent ces différents éléments dans des contextes contrastés. L'empreinte écologique de consommation se limite en particulier à une responsabilisation du seul consommateur, alors que les comptes nationaux permettent d'envisager la coresponsabilité de l'ensemble des acteurs. L'indicateur de "dématérialisation de l'économie" appliqué à un village indien montre la pertinence de mesurer l'utilisation absolue de matière sans pondération monétaire. Il est par ailleurs possible de minimiser le coût de dépollution sans toucher à la limite absolue d'émissions globales de centrales thermiques. Les deux dimensions, coûts sociaux et bénéfices environnementaux, peuvent donc être traitées séparément.En conclusion, il est possible d'identifier, dans chaque calcul d'indicateur de développement durable, une composante relativement objective de soutenabilité "forte" et une composante "faible", négociable, de partage des droits et responsabilités./ We study how different world views may influence how to develop sustainable development indicators. The comparison of weak sustainability and strong sustainability serves as a guide to estimate the share of objective versus normative choice of parameters and their method of aggregation. We then present a typology of actors and shared responsibilities, which may also introduce large discrepancies in the results published. Some case studies illustrate these different elements in contrasting contexts. It appears that it is possible to identify in each calculation of sustainable development indicator, a relatively objective component of sustainability and a negotiable component of shared rights and responsibilities. info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished Doctorat en Sciences
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2022 BelgiumPublisher:Universite Libre de Bruxelles Authors: Vander Steen, Julien;Le comportement électrochimique de deux composés issus de la biomasse, le furfural (FF) et le 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural (HMF) a été étudié sur plusieurs matériaux d’électrode (Au, Pt, Cu, C, Ag) dans les liquides ioniques (LIs) 1-butyl-1-méthylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide ([BMPyrr][NTf2]) et 1-butyl-3-méthylimidazolium bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide ([BMIm][NTf2]) ainsi que dans le solvant eutectique profond chlorure de choline/glycérol 1:2 (ChCl-Gly).Les techniques électrochimiques (voltampérométrie cyclique, électrolyses potentiostatiques à temps long) et spectroscopiques (FTIR in-situ, RMN haute résolution ex-situ) mettent en évidence deux mécanismes de réduction du FF qui dépendent du milieu utilisé. En [BMPyrr][NTf2], une vague voltampérométrique de réduction entre -2,30 et -2,43 V vs. Fc+/Fc est associée à la formation de l’alcool furfurylique et de deux diastéréoisomères de l’hydrofuroïne. En [BMIm][NTf2], une vague entre -2,13 et -2,30 V est associée à la formation d’un seul produit, la 2,2’-furoïne. Dans le premier milieu, un mécanisme semblable à celui de la réduction électrochimique directe observée en milieu aqueux ou organique a été proposé. Dans le deuxième cas, le mécanisme fait intervenir le carbène imidazol2-ylidène provenant du cation BMIm+ qui catalyse la formation de la 2,2’-furoïne. Dans le solvant eutectique profond ChCl-Gly, la formation de l’alcool furfurylique a été mise en évidence et l’influence de la morphologie de l’électrode (massive ou nanoparticules) sur ce processus été discutée. Concernant l’oxydation du furfural, la réactivité apparait identique dans les deux milieux LIs via la formation à 1,90 V d’un adduit entre l’anion NTf2- et le composé d’intérêt. Le HMF présente un comportement en réduction similaire dans les deux LIs via la présence de signaux voltampérométriques d’adsorption du composé à l’électrode. La spectroscopie FTIR in-situ indique que les fonctions hydroxyméthyle et carbonyle sont toutes deux affectées par la réaction. Cette même technique ...
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Book 2002 BelgiumPublisher:Medicus Mundi Belgium Authors: Criel, B.; Noumou Barry, A.; von Roenne, F.;handle: 10390/1512
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type , Preprint 2014Publisher:Unknown Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy; Tamini, Lota D.; Clerkson, Frédérick; Doyon, Maurice; Debailleul, Guy;Climate change will affect agricultural production conditions, which will translate in impacts on yield and cost of production for Quebec farmers. This would likely affect the relative competitive position of Quebec in North America. Using the Delphi technique and partial budgets, climate change scenarios for the 2050 period were elaborated and their impact on relative competitiveness assessed for Quebec and its competitors in North America. Results indicate that Quebec competitive position would improve due to more favorable conditions for corn and apple production and due to worsen conditions for the competitors in maple syrup production.
Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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more_vert Research Papers in E... arrow_drop_down add ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2011 BelgiumPublisher:Universite Libre de Bruxelles Authors: Galvez Carrillo, Manuel Ricardo;Among the renewable energies, wind energy presents the highest growth in installed capacity and penetration in modern power systems. This is why reliability of wind turbines becomes an important topic in research and industry. To this end, condition monitoring (or health monitoring) systems are needed for wind turbines. The core of any condition monitoring system (CMS) are fault diagnosis algorithms whose task is to provide early warnings upon the occurrence of incipient (small magnitude) faults. Thanks to the use of CMS we can avoid premature breakdowns and reduce significatively maintenance costs.The present thesis deals with fault diagnosis in sensors of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbine (WT) applications. In particular we are interested in performing fault detection and isolation (FDI) of incipient faults affecting the measurements of the three-phase signals (currents and voltages) in a controlled DFIG. Although different authors have dealt with FDI for sensors in induction machines and in DFIGs, most of them rely on the machine model withconstant parameters. However, the parameter uncertainties due to changes in the operating conditions will produce degradation in the performance of such FDI systems.In this work we propose a systematic methodology for the design of sensor FDI systems with the following characteristics: i) capable of detecting and isolating incipient additive (bias, drifts) and multiplicative (changes in the sensorgain) faults, ii) robust against changes in the references/disturbances affecting the controlled DFIG as well as modelling/parametric uncertainties, iii) residual generation system based on a multi-observer strategy to enhance the isolation process, iv) decision system based on statistical-change detection algorithms to treat the entire residual and perform fault detection and isolation at once.Three novel sensor FDI approaches are proposed. The first is a signal-based approach, that uses the model of the balanced three-phase signals (currents or voltages) for residual generation purposes. The second is a model-based approachthat accounts for variation in the parameters. Finally, a third approach that combines the benefits of both the signal- and the model-based approaches is proposed. The designed sensor FDI systems have been validated using measured voltages, as well as simulated data from a controlled DFIG and a speed-controlled inductionmotor. In addition, in this work we propose a discrete-time multiple input multiple output (MIMO) regulator for each power converter, namely for the rotor side converter (RSC) and for the grid side converter (GSC). In particular, for RSCcontrol, we propose a modified feedback linearization technique to obtain a linear time invariant (LTI) model dynamics for the compensated DFIG. The novelty of this approach is that the compensation does not depend on highly uncertain parameters such as the rotor resistance. For GSC control, a LTI model dynamicsis derived using the ideas behind feedback linearization. The obtained LTI model dynamics are used to design Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulators. A single design is needed for all the possible operating conditions. Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Other literature type 1984 FrancePublisher:Actes de colloques. Ifremer. Brest [ACTES COLLOQ. IFREMER.]. 1984 Funded by:NSERCNSERCAuthors: Maestrini, S; Rochet, M; Legendre, L; Demers, S;Nutrient analyses were done in melted ice, frazil and sea water of the upper part of the water column, where as major constitutive elements of micro-algae were analysed. Measurements of nutrient uptake were carried out with frazil algae incubated at -1.5 degree C in a field incubator. Differential-enrichment bioassays and mean N/P ratio (5.9) demonstrated that actual growth of the cultures was nutrient-limited. Nitrogen governed the algal yield when illumination and grazing allowed the microalgae to grow. It concluded that the epontic dynamics is not only controlled from above, by the seasonal (climatic) changes in light intensity as generally assumed, but also from below, by the short-term (hydrodynamic) events of vertical mixing that replenish the ice-water interface in nutrients.
ArchiMer - Instituti... arrow_drop_down ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of IfremerOther literature type . 1984Data sources: ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of Ifremeradd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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visibility 3visibility views 3 download downloads 1 Powered bymore_vert ArchiMer - Instituti... arrow_drop_down ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of IfremerOther literature type . 1984Data sources: ArchiMer - Institutional Archive of Ifremeradd ClaimPlease grant OpenAIRE to access and update your ORCID works.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
You have already added works in your ORCID record related to the merged Research product.This Research product is the result of merged Research products in OpenAIRE.
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For further information contact us at helpdesk@openaire.eudescription Publicationkeyboard_double_arrow_right Doctoral thesis 2016 CanadaPublisher:Université de Sherbrooke Authors: Veillette, Marc;handle: 11143/9752
Résumé : Au Canada, près de 80% des émissions totales, soit 692 Mt eq. CO[indice inférieur 2], des gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont produits par les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO[indice inférieur 2]) provenant de l’utilisation de matières fossiles non renouvelables. Après la Conférence des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques, COP21 (Paris, France), plusieurs pays ont pour objectif de réduire leurs émissions de GES. Dans cette optique, les microalgues pourraient être utilisées pour capter le CO[indice inférieur 2] industriel et le transformer en biomasse composée principalement de lipides, de glucides et de protéines. De plus, la culture des microalgues n’utilise pas de terre arable contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses destinées à la production de biocarburants. Bien que les microalgues puissent être transformées en plusieurs biocarburants tels le bioéthanol (notamment par fermentation des glucides) ou le biométhane (par digestion anaérobie), la transformation des lipides en biodiesel pourrait permettre de réduire la consommation de diesel produit à partir de pétrole. Cependant, les coûts reliés à la production de biodiesel à partir de microalgues demeurent élevés pour une commercialisation à court terme en partie parce que les microalgues sont cultivées en phase aqueuse contrairement à plusieurs plantes oléagineuses, ce qui augmente le coût de récolte de la biomasse et de l’extraction des lipides. Malgré le fait que plusieurs techniques de récupération des lipides des microalgues n’utilisant pas de solvant organique sont mentionnées dans la littérature scientifique, la plupart des méthodes testées en laboratoire utilisent généralement des solvants organiques. Les lipides extraits peuvent être transestérifiés en biodiesel en présence d’un alcool tel que le méthanol et d’un catalyseur (catalyses homogène ou hétérogène). Pour la commercialisation du biodiesel à partir de microalgues, le respect des normes ASTM en vigueur est un point essentiel. Lors des essais en laboratoire, il a été démontré que l’extraction des lipides en phase aqueuse était possible afin d’obtenir un rendement maximal en lipides de 36% (m/m, base sèche) en utilisant un prétraitement consistant en une ébullition de la phase aqueuse contenant les microalgues et une extraction par des solvants organiques. Pour l’estérification, en utilisant une résine échangeuse de cations (Amberlyst-15), une conversion des acides gras libres de 84% a été obtenue à partir des lipides de la microalgue Chlorella protothecoïdes dans les conditions suivantes : température : 120°C, pression autogène, temps de réaction : 60 min, ratio méthanol/lipides: 0.57 mL/g et 2.5% (m/m) Amberlyst-15 par rapport aux lipides. En utilisant ces conditions avec une catalyse homogène (acide sulfurique) et une seconde étape alcaline avec de l’hydroxyde de potassium (température : 60°C ; temps de réaction : 22.2 min; ratio catalyseur microalgue : 2.48% (m/m); ratio méthanol par rapport aux lipides des microalgues : 31.4%), un rendement en esters méthyliques d’acides gras (EMAG) de 33% (g EMAG/g lipides) a été obtenu à partir des lipides de la microalgue Scenedesmus Obliquus. Les résultats démontrent que du biodiesel peut être produit à partir de microalgues. Cependant, basé sur les présents résultats, il sera necessaire de mener d’autre recherche pour prouver que les microalgues sont une matière première d’avenir pour la production de biodiesel. ; Abstract : In Canada, near 80% of the greenhouse gases (GHG), 692 Mt eq. CO[subscript 2], are produced by CO[subscript 2] emissions from non renewable fossil fuel used. Following the United Nations conference on climate changes (COP21) (Paris, France), several countries have the objective to reduce their GHG emissions. Consequently, the microalgae should be used to trap industrial carbon dioxide and transform them to a biomass composed of lipids, carbon hydrates and proteins. Moreover, this type of culture does not require arable land in opposition to several oleagineous plant used to produce biofuels. Despite the fact that microalgae can be transformed to several biofuels as bioethanol (among others by fermentation) or biomethane (by anaerobic digestion), the lipid transformation into biodiesel shoud allow reducing the petrodiesel consumption. However, the cost linked to the biodiesel production from microalgae remain relatively high far for a short term commercialisation partially because microalgae are cultivated in aqueous phase in opposition to several oleagineous plants increase the biomass harvesting and the lipid extraction cost. Despite de fact that several techniques of microalgae lipids recovery which do not use organic solvents as mentioned in the literature, most methods tested in laboratory generally used organic solvents. The lipids extracted can be transformed into biodiesel in presence of an alcool such as methanol and a catalyst (homogeneous or heterogeneous). For the microalgae biodiesel commercialization, the respect of ASTM standards is an essential point. At the laboratory scale, it was shown that the lipid extraction in aqueous phase was possible to obtain a maximum yield of 36wt% (dry weight) by using a boiling pretreatment of the aqueous phase microalgae followed by an extraction with organic solvents. For the esterification of FFAs with a strong acid resin (Amberlyst-15), a FFAs conversion of 84% was obtained from Chlorella protothecoides microalgae lipids in the following conditions: temperature: 120°C, autogeneous pressure, reaction time: 60 min, methanol/lipids ratio: 0.57 mL/g and 2.5wt% Amberlyst-15 compared to lipids. With the same reaction conditions (1st step) with a homogeneous catalyst (H[subscript 2] SO[subscript 4]) and an alkaline second step with a catalyst of potassium hydroxide (KOH) (temperature: 60°C; reaction time: 22.2 min ; catalyst to microalgue ratio: 2.48wt%; methanol to lipids ratio: 31.4%), a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 33% (g FAME/g lipids) was obtained from the Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae lipids. These results showed that biodiesel can be produced from microalgae lipids. However, based on these results, further research had be conducted in order to prove that microalgae are a promising raw matrial to produce biodiesel.
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