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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lucchetti, Aurélie;

    Microalgae are more and more studied for their energy potential and various applications. However, the actual production processes (open and closed photobioreactor) use a lot of energy and aren't productive enough. This thesis presents a novel process of microalgae culture, with an airlift system coupled to a thin plate. The photobioreactor is experimentally characterized and modeled for many aspects. Hydrodynamics of the system is modeled to predict the fluid behavior in the system. Mass transfers are modeled using the two film model. The model allows knowing minimum carbon needs for microalgae culture. It also allows evaluating dissolved oxygen concentration in the photobioreactor and its elimination efficiency. Oxygen is inhibiting the culture at high concentration. Heat transfers are also modeled, allowing to know climate parameters impact (sunshine, ambient air temperature) on culture temperature. All models are assembled in a global model. This model is compared to microalgae culture experimental results. Finally, the global model is used to study a more complex system: culture thin plates are integrated on the walls of buildings. Global model allow studying different orientation effects on temperature and productivity of the system. Culture is optimized for energy consumption and some perspectives on energy integration of such a system are proposed. Les microalgues sont de plus en plus regardées pour leurs potentiels énergétiques et leurs nombreuses applications. Mais les systèmes de production actuels, que se soit les systèmes dits ouvert comme les bassins ou les systèmes fermés, appelés photobioréacteurs, sont très énergivores et pas assez productifs. Cette thèse propose un nouveau concept de photobioréacteur, composé d'un airlift et d'une plaque mince. Le photobioréacteur est caractérisé expérimentalement et est modélisé sous plusieurs aspects. L'hydrodynamique du système est modélisée pour prédire le comportement des fluides dans le système. Les phénomènes de transferts de masse sont modélisés par le modèle des deux films. La modélisation permet de connaitre l'apport minimum nécessaire en dioxyde de carbone pour la culture des microalgues et permet d'évaluer la concentration en oxygène dissous dans le photobioréacteur. Elle permet aussi d'évaluer son élimination par le système, l'oxygène étant inhibant pour la culture. Les phénomènes de transferts de chaleur sont aussi modélisés, permettant de connaitre l'impact des différents paramètres (ensoleillement, température de l'air ambiant) sur la température de culture. Ces différents modèles sont rassemblés en un modèle global qui est comparé aux résultats expérimentaux de culture d'algues. Le modèle global est ensuite utilisé dans un contexte plus complexe : l'intégration des plaques minces du photobioréacteur aux parois d'un bâtiment. Le modèle global permettra d'étudier l'effet les différentes orientations (Nord, Sud, Est, Ouest en vertical sur les façades et à l'horizontal sur les toits) sur les températures et productivité du système. La consommation d'énergie de la culture est optimisée grâce au modèle. A la suite de cette optimisation, certaines perspectives sur l'intégration énergétique d'un tel système sont proposées.

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: De Perthuis, Christian;

    Le « grand débat sur la transition énergétique » lancé par le gouvernement à lasuite de la conférence environnementale déploie beaucoup d’énergies et accapare l’attention des médias. Ce qui mobilise désormais, ce n’est plus l’action face auchangement climatique, mais la transition énergétique dont le climat ne sembleconstituer que l’une des composantes. La dérive sémantique, observée en France aussi bien qu’à l’étranger, n’est pas anodine : ce concept à géométrie variable peut en réalitéjustifier des orientations et stratégies politiques qui se tournent le dos. Il est urgent de définir avec plus de rigueur ce qu’on appelle une transition énergétique et le type de celle qu’on veut mettre en œuvre. Les implications en sont importantes pour la prise dedécision comme le montre l’exemple du gaz de schiste pris ici en illustration.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Robert, F.; Meslin, E.; Mary, L.; Manceau, R.; +3 Authors

    La méthode DEXi-Pépi a été développée afin d’avoir une approche globale d’amélioration environnementale, économique et sociale des systèmes de culture hors sol de pépinière. Cette méthode, adaptée du modèle DEXiPM®, est un modèle hiérarchique multicritère et qualitatif qui comporte 89 critères d’entrée : (i) 56 critères dépendants du système de culture, (ii) 23 critères liés au contexte et dépendant du système et (iii) 10 critères liés au contexte et indépendant du système. Plusieurs critères sont redondants dans l’évaluation (26). Le nombre de critère d’entrée par pilier de la durabilité est déséquilibré, reflétant en partie le déséquilibre des connaissances sur certains piliers. Le modèle DEXi-Pépi est un prototype qui est amené à évoluer au fur et à mesure des utilisations et en fonction des attentes des utilisateurs. The DEXi-Pépi method was developed in order to have a global approach for improving aboveground nursery culture systems. This method, adapted from DEXiPM® model, is a hierarchical multi-criteria and qualitative model that includes 89 entry criteria: (i) 56 criteria dependent of the culture system, (ii) 23 criteria linked to the context and system-dependent and (iii) 10 criteria linked to the context and independent of the system. Several criteria are redundant in the assessment (26). The number of entry criteria for each pillar of sustainability is unbalanced, partly reflecting the imbalance of knowledge on some pillars. The DEXi-Pépi model is a prototype that will evolve as the use increases and according to the users’ expectations.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ProdInra
    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: ProdInra
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ProdInra
      Article . 2017
      License: CC BY NC ND
      Data sources: ProdInra
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Lacour , Joaneson;

    In rural and peri-urban areas of Haiti, organic wastes and residues generated mainly by agricultural activities and agribusiness, are traditionally valued in situ in animal feeding as feed, in the fertilization of the soil as organic conditioner and/or for energy purposes as fuels. In parallel, the organic wastes of the cities are predominantly eliminated without any form of segregation in non-controlled landfills. This research work aimed to place the emphasis on the opportunity of valuing these wastes by biomethanation as an alternative way of biological treatment of organic biodegradable wastes. The exercise of assessment of organic wastes production has highlighted a loss of wastes-resources estimated at about 2 960 000 tons of dry matter per annum, potentially convertible to 367 500 000 Nm3 of methane or 310 000 toe, corresponding to approximately 16% of recovery of the final energy demand of the households of the whole country. The experimental approach at laboratory scale allowed to assess the ultimate biomethane potential different types of agricultural wastes like bagasse, cabbage and cattle, pigs and chickens manures as well as the possibilities of optimizing the kinetics of anaerobic digestion by some inexpensive means as the reduction of the particles size, the increase of ratio IVS/SVS, the nutrient balance and the synergy effects of co-digestion. The special conditions of implementation of the pilot approach have demonstrated the feasibility of the development of biomethanation technology, with a return period of about 5 years.; Dans les espaces ruraux et périurbains d'Haïti, les déchets et résidus organiques générés principalement par les activités agricoles et agroindustrielles, sont traditionnellement valorisés in situ dans l'alimentation animale comme provende, dans la fertilisation des sols comme amendement organique et/ou à des fins énergétiques comme combustibles. Parallèlement, au niveau des villes, les déchets organiques sont majoritairement éliminés sans aucune forme de ségrégation dans des décharges non contrôlées. Ce travail de recherche a voulu mettre l'accent sur l'opportunité de valoriser ces déchets par la méthanisation approchée comme une voie alternative de traitement biologique des déchets organiques fermentescibles. Le travail d'évaluation des gisements de déchets organiques a mis en évidence que la mauvaise gestion de ces gisements entraine une perte annuelle de matières estimée à près de 2 960 000 tonnes de matière sèche, potentiellement convertibles en 367 500 000 Nm3 de méthane ou 310 000 tep, correspondant à environ 16% de la couverture énergétique finale des ménages à l'échelle nationale. L'approche expérimentale à l'échelle de laboratoire a permis d'évaluer les potentiels biométhanogènes de certaines catégories de déchets d'origine agricole, dont la bagasse, le chou et les déjections de bovins, porcins et poulets, ainsi que les possibilités d'optimisation des cinétiques de digestion anaérobie par des moyens peu onéreux comme la réduction de la taille des particules, l'augmentation du ratio InoculumMV/SubstratMV et les effets de synergie liés à la co-digestion. Des recherches à l'échelle du pilote de terrain ont également été réalisées. Un digesteur a été construit sur le modèle des digesteurs indiens et suivi pendant plusieurs semaines. Malgré les conditions particulières de mise en œuvre du pilote, les essais réalisés ont démontré la faisabilité de la filière avec la technologie rustique sélectionnée. Le temps de retour sur investissement pour un fonctionnement optimal du digesteur pilote a été estimé à 5 ans.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ INRIA a CCSD electro...arrow_drop_down
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  • Authors: Bertrand, François; Petit, Sandrine; Vergote, Marie-Hélène; Brayer, Jean-Marc;

    International audience ; How can local collectives for water governance appropriate the issues of adaptation to water resources modified by climate change? The “Climate workshops” held on two territories in Burgundy were observed. Referring to the methods of «territorial design», they gathered local actors and researchers to introduce a collective debate on the adaptation of the water management according to the climate change effects. They represented an unusual participation time, compared to Local Water Commissions which are, in France, the institutional framework of the local water governance. The adoption of an interpretative mode allowed knowledge circulation and hybridization between scientists and local stakeholders. This action-research provides lessons on ways of establishing a dialogue among scientists and non-scientists, the implementation of territorial design methods to deal with uncertainty and a better understanding of representations of adaptation for water management. ; Comment des collectifs locaux de gouvernance de l’eau peuvent-ils s’approprier les questions d’adaptation à une ressource perturbée par le changement climatique ? Des « ateliers du climat », organisés sur deux territoires en Bourgogne ont été observés. Se référant aux méthodes de « design territorial », ils ont réuni acteurs locaux et chercheurs afin d’initier une réflexion collective sur l’adaptation de la gestion de l’eau aux effets du changement climatique. Ils ont représenté un exercice de participation décalé par rapport aux Commissions Locales de l’Eau qui constituent le cadre institutionnel de la gouvernance locale de l’eau. L’adoption d’un mode interprétatif a permis une circulation et une hybridation des savoirs entre scientifiques et profanes. Cette recherche-action apporte des enseignements sur les conditions du dialogue entre scientifiques et acteurs, l’intérêt des méthodes de design territorial pour traiter des incertitudes et sur les conceptions de l’adaptation de la gestion de l’eau.

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  • Authors: Ben-Abdallah, Philippe;

    Mon mémoire d'HDR présente une synthèse de l'essentiel de mes activités de recherche effectuées depuis 1999. Toutefois un certain nombre de mes travaux sur la manipulation optique de nanoobjets, sur la métrologie optique et sur les transferts radiatifs instationnaires ne seront pas discutés dans ce mémoire. Les recherches qui y sont décrites concernent principalement les transferts radiatifs stationnaires dans les milieux semi-transparents denses et hétérogènes et les transferts de chaleur en champ proche dans les matériaux nanocomposites. C'est pourquoi, j'ai choisi de regrouper ces travaux sous le vocable ‘transferts de chaleur par rayonnement dans les matériaux composites micro et nanostructurés'. Les développements réalisés ces dernières années dans le domaine des nanotechnologies autorisent désormais la structuration de la matière à une échelle sub-longueur d'onde jusque dans le domaine visible ce qui permet de sculpter à macro échelle les propriétés radiatives des matériaux composites et de contrôler les échanges radiatifs en champ proche dans ces milieux. La première partie de mon HDR portera sur les transferts radiatifs dans les matériaux nanocomposites à gradient de permittivité diélectrique dans l'approximation de l'optique géométrique. Des avancées spectaculaires ont récemment été faites sur ce sujet grâce aux progrès technologiques réalisés dans le domaine de la nanofabrication. Il est désormais possible de concevoir des matériaux composites complexes pour générer artificiellement une variation spatiale de la permittivité diélectrique et de la perméabilité magnétique . Nous montrerons que cette structuration permet de modeler les trajets optiques et de contrôler le flot d'énergie radiative dans ces milieux. Nous verrons qu'il existe une analogie forte entre la théorie de la relativité générale et l'électrodynamique classique dans un nanocomposite à gradient de permittivité diélectrique (i.e. la lumière expérimente la matière comme un champ gravitationnel effectif). Nous montrerons comment le ...

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  • Authors: CIFOR-ICRAF;

    L’objectif général est d’améliorer la résilience climatique des populations du Nord et l’Extrême Nord du Cameroun. L’objectif spécifique est d’augmenter durablement la productivité agro-pastorale et les revenus des ménages ruraux et de réduire leur vulnérabilité au vu des enjeux climatiques.

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  • Authors: Baccar Ben Lamine, Mariem;

    Agriculture based on the massive use of non-renewable resources and the intensification of production systems show its limits, which question this development path. Yet this agricultural model has been developed in the Saïs plain, particularly in family farms. This development has resulted in the development of income-generating sectors that are intensively managed, with few technical supports. This dynamic has led to a groundwater overexploitation and pollution, and price fluctuations of agricultural products. The sustainability of family farms is questioned, especially since Moroccan agricultural policy encourages an intensive development path. This issue has been studied based on three sub-questions, each addressing the sustainability of family farms from a different perspective. These sub-questions were investigated thanks to a sample of 40 farms, chosen for their diversity of production systems. We used different tools for the data analysis.The first sub-question dealt with the sustainability of farms related to their evolving dynamics over the past 60 years. Seven pathways were identified based on several internal and external drivers. These pathways have resulted currently in three main farm types, differing in their production activities. T1 includes farms close to the original traditional system, based on land without a groundwater access; T2 gather farms cultivating a diversity of irrigated productions; T3 gather specialized farms.The second sub-question aims to evaluate the sustainability of family farms and to formalize its determinants, by mobilizing a research viewpoint. This analysis was based on a sustainability assessment tool (IDEA), adapted to the context of Saïs. Environmental sustainability depends on the diversification of activities and farm autonomy degree; socio-territorial sustainability is linked to the degree of farmer involvement in the territorial dynamics; and economic sustainability depends on the production system and the farm’ structural factors. However, general trend shows an ...

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  • Authors: Aoun, Youva;

    This thesis deals with a methodology to assess the capabilities of future spaceborne instruments. The case study is the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) of the future Meteosat Third Generation Imaging mission (MTG - I), and in particular its ability to detect variations in load of desert aerosols in a realistically variable atmosphere. A better understanding of the behavior of these aerosols is part of regularly expressed needs for the study of the climate, weather forecast or assessment of the solar resource in arid areas such as the Sahara. This type of aerosols is abundant in the atmosphere. Their physical and chemical properties make them distinguishable from other types of aerosols such as those resulting from anthropogenic pollution, especially as they are emitted in areas protected from contamination by these other types. They therefore represent a simple case study to validate the methodology developed in this thesis.The methodology is to provide a simulator of the view of the instrument to perform a large number of simulations of the radiance measured under different atmospheric conditions and ground albedo, to analyze the results in order to quantify the influence of each variable in the variation of radiance, and then conclude on the capabilities of detection through a test of detectability taking into account the characteristics of the instrument.The developed simulator was validated by comparison against actual measurements of the SEVIRI instruments onboard Meteosat Second Generation satellites. The main innovation lies in the use of the global sensitivity analysis approach (GSA). The latter quantifies the influence of each variable separately as well as their crossed terms. Cumulative distribution functions were computed from actual observations and allow a realistic sensitivity analysis of the instrument. The GSA is also used to compute functional representation of the influence of one or more variables on the variability of the observed signal. The usefulness of such representations is discussed ...

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    Authors: Antoine-Laurent LAVOISIER;

    Extrait des Oeuvres de Lavoisier

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    Authors: Lucchetti, Aurélie;

    Microalgae are more and more studied for their energy potential and various applications. However, the actual production processes (open and closed photobioreactor) use a lot of energy and aren't productive enough. This thesis presents a novel process of microalgae culture, with an airlift system coupled to a thin plate. The photobioreactor is experimentally characterized and modeled for many aspects. Hydrodynamics of the system is modeled to predict the fluid behavior in the system. Mass transfers are modeled using the two film model. The model allows knowing minimum carbon needs for microalgae culture. It also allows evaluating dissolved oxygen concentration in the photobioreactor and its elimination efficiency. Oxygen is inhibiting the culture at high concentration. Heat transfers are also modeled, allowing to know climate parameters impact (sunshine, ambient air temperature) on culture temperature. All models are assembled in a global model. This model is compared to microalgae culture experimental results. Finally, the global model is used to study a more complex system: culture thin plates are integrated on the walls of buildings. Global model allow studying different orientation effects on temperature and productivity of the system. Culture is optimized for energy consumption and some perspectives on energy integration of such a system are proposed. Les microalgues sont de plus en plus regardées pour leurs potentiels énergétiques et leurs nombreuses applications. Mais les systèmes de production actuels, que se soit les systèmes dits ouvert comme les bassins ou les systèmes fermés, appelés photobioréacteurs, sont très énergivores et pas assez productifs. Cette thèse propose un nouveau concept de photobioréacteur, composé d'un airlift et d'une plaque mince. Le photobioréacteur est caractérisé expérimentalement et est modélisé sous plusieurs aspects. L'hydrodynamique du système est modélisée pour prédire le comportement des fluides dans le système. Les phénomènes de transferts de masse sont modélisés par le modèle des deux films. La modélisation permet de connaitre l'apport minimum nécessaire en dioxyde de carbone pour la culture des microalgues et permet d'évaluer la concentration en oxygène dissous dans le photobioréacteur. Elle permet aussi d'évaluer son élimination par le système, l'oxygène étant inhibant pour la culture. Les phénomènes de transferts de chaleur sont aussi modélisés, permettant de connaitre l'impact des différents paramètres (ensoleillement, température de l'air ambiant) sur la température de culture. Ces différents modèles sont rassemblés en un modèle global qui est comparé aux résultats expérimentaux de culture d'algues. Le modèle global est ensuite utilisé dans un contexte plus complexe : l'intégration des plaques minces du photobioréacteur aux parois d'un bâtiment. Le modèle global permettra d'étudier l'effet les différentes orientations (Nord, Sud, Est, Ouest en vertical sur les façades et à l'horizontal sur les toits) sur les températures et productivité du système. La consommation d'énergie de la culture est optimisée grâce au modèle. A la suite de cette optimisation, certaines perspectives sur l'intégration énergétique d'un tel système sont proposées.

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    Authors: De Perthuis, Christian;

    Le « grand débat sur la transition énergétique » lancé par le gouvernement à lasuite de la conférence environnementale déploie beaucoup d’énergies et accapare l’attention des médias. Ce qui mobilise désormais, ce n’est plus l’action face auchangement climatique, mais la transition énergétique dont le climat ne sembleconstituer que l’une des composantes. La dérive sémantique, observée en France aussi bien qu’à l’étranger, n’est pas anodine : ce concept à géométrie variable peut en réalitéjustifier des orientations et stratégies politiques qui se tournent le dos. Il est urgent de définir avec plus de rigueur ce qu’on appelle une transition énergétique et le type de celle qu’on veut mettre en œuvre. Les implications en sont importantes pour la prise dedécision comme le montre l’exemple du gaz de schiste pris ici en illustration.

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    Authors: Robert, F.; Meslin, E.; Mary, L.; Manceau, R.; +3 Authors

    La méthode DEXi-Pépi a été développée afin d’avoir une approche globale d’amélioration environnementale, économique et sociale des systèmes de culture hors sol de pépinière. Cette méthode, adaptée du modèle DEXiPM®, est un modèle hiérarchique multicritère et qualitatif qui comporte 89 critères d’entrée : (i) 56 critères dépendants du système de culture, (ii) 23 critères liés au contexte et dépendant du système et (iii) 10 critères liés au contexte et indépendant du système. Plusieurs critères sont redondants dans l’évaluation (26). Le nombre de critère d’entrée par pilier de la durabilité est déséquilibré, reflétant en partie le déséquilibre des connaissances sur certains piliers. Le modèle DEXi-Pépi est un prototype qui est amené à évoluer au fur et à mesure des utilisations et en fonction des attentes des utilisateurs. The DEXi-Pépi method was developed in order to have a global approach for improving aboveground nursery culture systems. This method, adapted from DEXiPM® model, is a hierarchical multi-criteria and qualitative model that includes 89 entry criteria: (i) 56 criteria dependent of the culture system, (ii) 23 criteria linked to the context and system-dependent and (iii) 10 criteria linked to the context and independent of the system. Several criteria are redundant in the assessment (26). The number of entry criteria for each pillar of sustainability is unbalanced, partly reflecting the imbalance of knowledge on some pillars. The DEXi-Pépi model is a prototype that will evolve as the use increases and according to the users’ expectations.

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    ProdInra
    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY NC ND
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    Authors: Lacour , Joaneson;

    In rural and peri-urban areas of Haiti, organic wastes and residues generated mainly by agricultural activities and agribusiness, are traditionally valued in situ in animal feeding as feed, in the fertilization of the soil as organic conditioner and/or for energy purposes as fuels. In parallel, the organic wastes of the cities are predominantly eliminated without any form of segregation in non-controlled landfills. This research work aimed to place the emphasis on the opportunity of valuing these wastes by biomethanation as an alternative way of biological treatment of organic biodegradable wastes. The exercise of assessment of organic wastes production has highlighted a loss of wastes-resources estimated at about 2 960 000 tons of dry matter per annum, potentially convertible to 367 500 000 Nm3 of methane or 310 000 toe, corresponding to approximately 16% of recovery of the final energy demand of the households of the whole country. The experimental approach at laboratory scale allowed to assess the ultimate biomethane potential different types of agricultural wastes like bagasse, cabbage and cattle, pigs and chickens manures as well as the possibilities of optimizing the kinetics of anaerobic digestion by some inexpensive means as the reduction of the particles size, the increase of ratio IVS/SVS, the nutrient balance and the synergy effects of co-digestion. The special conditions of implementation of the pilot approach have demonstrated the feasibility of the development of biomethanation technology, with a return period of about 5 years.; Dans les espaces ruraux et périurbains d'Haïti, les déchets et résidus organiques générés principalement par les activités agricoles et agroindustrielles, sont traditionnellement valorisés in situ dans l'alimentation animale comme provende, dans la fertilisation des sols comme amendement organique et/ou à des fins énergétiques comme combustibles. Parallèlement, au niveau des villes, les déchets organiques sont majoritairement éliminés sans aucune forme de ségrégation dans des décharges non contrôlées. Ce travail de recherche a voulu mettre l'accent sur l'opportunité de valoriser ces déchets par la méthanisation approchée comme une voie alternative de traitement biologique des déchets organiques fermentescibles. Le travail d'évaluation des gisements de déchets organiques a mis en évidence que la mauvaise gestion de ces gisements entraine une perte annuelle de matières estimée à près de 2 960 000 tonnes de matière sèche, potentiellement convertibles en 367 500 000 Nm3 de méthane ou 310 000 tep, correspondant à environ 16% de la couverture énergétique finale des ménages à l'échelle nationale. L'approche expérimentale à l'échelle de laboratoire a permis d'évaluer les potentiels biométhanogènes de certaines catégories de déchets d'origine agricole, dont la bagasse, le chou et les déjections de bovins, porcins et poulets, ainsi que les possibilités d'optimisation des cinétiques de digestion anaérobie par des moyens peu onéreux comme la réduction de la taille des particules, l'augmentation du ratio InoculumMV/SubstratMV et les effets de synergie liés à la co-digestion. Des recherches à l'échelle du pilote de terrain ont également été réalisées. Un digesteur a été construit sur le modèle des digesteurs indiens et suivi pendant plusieurs semaines. Malgré les conditions particulières de mise en œuvre du pilote, les essais réalisés ont démontré la faisabilité de la filière avec la technologie rustique sélectionnée. Le temps de retour sur investissement pour un fonctionnement optimal du digesteur pilote a été estimé à 5 ans.

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  • Authors: Bertrand, François; Petit, Sandrine; Vergote, Marie-Hélène; Brayer, Jean-Marc;

    International audience ; How can local collectives for water governance appropriate the issues of adaptation to water resources modified by climate change? The “Climate workshops” held on two territories in Burgundy were observed. Referring to the methods of «territorial design», they gathered local actors and researchers to introduce a collective debate on the adaptation of the water management according to the climate change effects. They represented an unusual participation time, compared to Local Water Commissions which are, in France, the institutional framework of the local water governance. The adoption of an interpretative mode allowed knowledge circulation and hybridization between scientists and local stakeholders. This action-research provides lessons on ways of establishing a dialogue among scientists and non-scientists, the implementation of territorial design methods to deal with uncertainty and a better understanding of representations of adaptation for water management. ; Comment des collectifs locaux de gouvernance de l’eau peuvent-ils s’approprier les questions d’adaptation à une ressource perturbée par le changement climatique ? Des « ateliers du climat », organisés sur deux territoires en Bourgogne ont été observés. Se référant aux méthodes de « design territorial », ils ont réuni acteurs locaux et chercheurs afin d’initier une réflexion collective sur l’adaptation de la gestion de l’eau aux effets du changement climatique. Ils ont représenté un exercice de participation décalé par rapport aux Commissions Locales de l’Eau qui constituent le cadre institutionnel de la gouvernance locale de l’eau. L’adoption d’un mode interprétatif a permis une circulation et une hybridation des savoirs entre scientifiques et profanes. Cette recherche-action apporte des enseignements sur les conditions du dialogue entre scientifiques et acteurs, l’intérêt des méthodes de design territorial pour traiter des incertitudes et sur les conceptions de l’adaptation de la gestion de l’eau.

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  • Authors: Ben-Abdallah, Philippe;

    Mon mémoire d'HDR présente une synthèse de l'essentiel de mes activités de recherche effectuées depuis 1999. Toutefois un certain nombre de mes travaux sur la manipulation optique de nanoobjets, sur la métrologie optique et sur les transferts radiatifs instationnaires ne seront pas discutés dans ce mémoire. Les recherches qui y sont décrites concernent principalement les transferts radiatifs stationnaires dans les milieux semi-transparents denses et hétérogènes et les transferts de chaleur en champ proche dans les matériaux nanocomposites. C'est pourquoi, j'ai choisi de regrouper ces travaux sous le vocable ‘transferts de chaleur par rayonnement dans les matériaux composites micro et nanostructurés'. Les développements réalisés ces dernières années dans le domaine des nanotechnologies autorisent désormais la structuration de la matière à une échelle sub-longueur d'onde jusque dans le domaine visible ce qui permet de sculpter à macro échelle les propriétés radiatives des matériaux composites et de contrôler les échanges radiatifs en champ proche dans ces milieux. La première partie de mon HDR portera sur les transferts radiatifs dans les matériaux nanocomposites à gradient de permittivité diélectrique dans l'approximation de l'optique géométrique. Des avancées spectaculaires ont récemment été faites sur ce sujet grâce aux progrès technologiques réalisés dans le domaine de la nanofabrication. Il est désormais possible de concevoir des matériaux composites complexes pour générer artificiellement une variation spatiale de la permittivité diélectrique et de la perméabilité magnétique . Nous montrerons que cette structuration permet de modeler les trajets optiques et de contrôler le flot d'énergie radiative dans ces milieux. Nous verrons qu'il existe une analogie forte entre la théorie de la relativité générale et l'électrodynamique classique dans un nanocomposite à gradient de permittivité diélectrique (i.e. la lumière expérimente la matière comme un champ gravitationnel effectif). Nous montrerons comment le ...

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  • Authors: CIFOR-ICRAF;

    L’objectif général est d’améliorer la résilience climatique des populations du Nord et l’Extrême Nord du Cameroun. L’objectif spécifique est d’augmenter durablement la productivité agro-pastorale et les revenus des ménages ruraux et de réduire leur vulnérabilité au vu des enjeux climatiques.

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  • Authors: Baccar Ben Lamine, Mariem;

    Agriculture based on the massive use of non-renewable resources and the intensification of production systems show its limits, which question this development path. Yet this agricultural model has been developed in the Saïs plain, particularly in family farms. This development has resulted in the development of income-generating sectors that are intensively managed, with few technical supports. This dynamic has led to a groundwater overexploitation and pollution, and price fluctuations of agricultural products. The sustainability of family farms is questioned, especially since Moroccan agricultural policy encourages an intensive development path. This issue has been studied based on three sub-questions, each addressing the sustainability of family farms from a different perspective. These sub-questions were investigated thanks to a sample of 40 farms, chosen for their diversity of production systems. We used different tools for the data analysis.The first sub-question dealt with the sustainability of farms related to their evolving dynamics over the past 60 years. Seven pathways were identified based on several internal and external drivers. These pathways have resulted currently in three main farm types, differing in their production activities. T1 includes farms close to the original traditional system, based on land without a groundwater access; T2 gather farms cultivating a diversity of irrigated productions; T3 gather specialized farms.The second sub-question aims to evaluate the sustainability of family farms and to formalize its determinants, by mobilizing a research viewpoint. This analysis was based on a sustainability assessment tool (IDEA), adapted to the context of Saïs. Environmental sustainability depends on the diversification of activities and farm autonomy degree; socio-territorial sustainability is linked to the degree of farmer involvement in the territorial dynamics; and economic sustainability depends on the production system and the farm’ structural factors. However, general trend shows an ...

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  • Authors: Aoun, Youva;

    This thesis deals with a methodology to assess the capabilities of future spaceborne instruments. The case study is the Flexible Combined Imager (FCI) of the future Meteosat Third Generation Imaging mission (MTG - I), and in particular its ability to detect variations in load of desert aerosols in a realistically variable atmosphere. A better understanding of the behavior of these aerosols is part of regularly expressed needs for the study of the climate, weather forecast or assessment of the solar resource in arid areas such as the Sahara. This type of aerosols is abundant in the atmosphere. Their physical and chemical properties make them distinguishable from other types of aerosols such as those resulting from anthropogenic pollution, especially as they are emitted in areas protected from contamination by these other types. They therefore represent a simple case study to validate the methodology developed in this thesis.The methodology is to provide a simulator of the view of the instrument to perform a large number of simulations of the radiance measured under different atmospheric conditions and ground albedo, to analyze the results in order to quantify the influence of each variable in the variation of radiance, and then conclude on the capabilities of detection through a test of detectability taking into account the characteristics of the instrument.The developed simulator was validated by comparison against actual measurements of the SEVIRI instruments onboard Meteosat Second Generation satellites. The main innovation lies in the use of the global sensitivity analysis approach (GSA). The latter quantifies the influence of each variable separately as well as their crossed terms. Cumulative distribution functions were computed from actual observations and allow a realistic sensitivity analysis of the instrument. The GSA is also used to compute functional representation of the influence of one or more variables on the variability of the observed signal. The usefulness of such representations is discussed ...

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    Authors: Antoine-Laurent LAVOISIER;

    Extrait des Oeuvres de Lavoisier

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