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The successful electricity grid integration of solar energy into day-ahead markets requires at least hourly resolved 48 h forecasts. Technologies as photovoltaics and non-concentrating solar thermal technologies make use of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) forecasts, while all concentrating technologies both from the photovoltaic and the thermal sector require direct normal irradiances (DNI). The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) has recently changed towards providing direct as well as global irradiances. Additionally, the MACC (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition & Climate) near-real time services provide daily analysis and forecasts of aerosol properties in preparation of the upcoming European Copernicus programme. The operational ECMWF/IFS (Integrated Forecast System) forecast system will in the medium term profit from the Copernicus service aerosol forecasts. Therefore, within the MACC‑II project specific experiment runs were performed allowing for the assessment of the performance gain of these potential future capabilities. Also the potential impact of providing forecasts with hourly output resolution compared to three-hourly resolved forecasts is investigated. The inclusion of the new aerosol climatology in October 2003 improved both the GHI and DNI forecasts remarkably, while the change towards a new radiation scheme in 2007 only had minor and partly even unfavourable impacts on the performance indicators. For GHI, larger RMSE (root mean square error) values are found for broken/overcast conditions than for scattered cloud fields. For DNI, the findings are opposite with larger RMSE values for scattered clouds compared to overcast/broken cloud situations. The introduction of direct irradiances as an output parameter in the operational IFS version has not resulted in a general performance improvement with respect to biases and RMSE compared to the widely used Skartveit et al. (1998) global to direct irradiance conversion scheme. Cloudy situations and especially thin ice cloud cases are forecasted much better with respect to biases and RMSE, but large biases are introduced in clear sky cases. When applying the MACC aerosol scheme to include aerosol direct effects, an improvement especially in DNI biases is found for cloud free cases as expected. However, a performance decrease is found for water cloud cases. It is assumed that this is caused by the lack of an explicit modelling of cloud-aerosol interactions, while other meteorological forcings for cloud processes like the temperature field are modified by the aerosols.

Abstract The Chinese government has taken measures to realize energy-savings and emission reductions, such as promoting innovations, adjusting the industrial structure, balancing regional development, and reforming markets. The aim of this paper is to assess the effects of these measures on China's CO2 emissions by using a newly proposed decomposition approach, which identified eight new factors related to the above realistic measures, i.e., energy saving and production technologies, industrial energy and production efficiencies, regional energy and production efficiencies, and pure energy and production efficiencies. The main findings indicate benefits from considerable technological progress in energy-saving and production during 2000–2016 period, and two technological factors contributed the most to emissions abatement and cumulatively reduced 5372.43 Mt and 1291.72 Mt CO2 emissions. The efforts of industrial restructuring promoted energy and production efficiency improvement, which further facilitated emission reduction. In contrast, the pure energy and production efficiency changes cumulatively led to 1080.26 Mt and 1135.85 Mt CO2 emissions growth during the whole sample period, suggesting that severe resource misallocation problems may exist in both the energy market and output market. Additionally, the Chinese government failed to narrow the technology gap between developed regions and underdeveloped regions, further restricting emission reduction.

This study focused on the effects of plant compositions on removal rates of pollutants in microcosms through investigating rhizosphere microbial populations, photosynthetic efficiency and growth characteristics. Mixed-culture groups improved the removal efficiency of TN and TP significantly but exhibited lower COD removal rates. Total plant biomasses were improved as the species richness increased, but the N/P content in the plants was mainly affected by the type of species. The mixed-culture groups showed lower photosynthesis rates and oxygen supply generated from roots under high irradiation. Microbial communities of the cultured groups in the rhizosphere exhibited significant differences. According to principal component analysis (PCA), the fungi were the typical microbes of SPA, SPAB, and SPABC, resulted in improvement in nutrient accumulation. These results demonstrated that a mixed culture strategy can represent the overyielding of biomass, promote the photo-protection mechanism, and will further increase the removal rates of pollutants in a constructed wetland.

Abstract CBM reservoirs are extremely vulnerable to damage due to their complex pore structure. So, changing pore structures in CBM reservoirs is of vital importance for reducing reservoirs damage. Organic solvents have been considered as additives into fracturing fluids to enhance production because they can enhance the pore connectivity and loosening macromolecular network structure. It is thus of great interests to investigate how organic solvents (ethanol and ethylene glycol ether) change micropore structures and fluid distribution. In this study, samples were selected from different wells completed in No. 3 coal seam, Zhaozhuang minefield. Low-pressure nitrogen adsorption (LP-N2GA) experiments were conducted on coal samples to evaluate the changes in pore-structure parameters including specific surface area (SSA), pore diameter, and pore volume. NMR experiments were conducted on coal samples to evaluate the changes in fluid distribution. Analyzing the LP-N2GA results suggests ethylene glycol ether and ethanol can effectively increase SSA, pore diameter, and opening degree of pores in coal samples. Comparative analysis of NMR results indicates that ethylene glycol ether consistently reduces the irreducible water saturation (Swir) in samples. The average value of Swir of raw samples is 0.8670 and the average value of Swir of samples treated with ethylene glycol ether value is 0.7644. Considering the pore-structure alterations, this study demonstrates that ethylene glycol ether is more preferable for enhancing recovery from CBM reservoirs compared with ethanol.

Car-sharing services are developing at an ever-increasing pace. Taking into account the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and pursuit of the sustainable development of transport, implementing electric cars in car-sharing fleets is being proposed. On the one hand, these types of vehicles are referred to as emission-free, but on the other hand, their environmental friendliness is questionable due to the emission of carbon dioxide during the production of energy to power them. Although many scientific papers are devoted to the issue of reducing emissions through car sharing, there is a research gap concerning the real production of carbon dioxide by car-sharing vehicles during car-sharing trips. To fill this research gap, the objective of the article was to analyze the actual level of carbon dioxide emissions from combustion and electric vehicles from car-sharing systems produced when renting rides. The test results showed that the electric car turned out to be significantly less emitting. The use of electric vehicles in car-sharing fleets can reduce carbon dioxide emissions from 14% to 65% compared to using cars with internal combustion engines. However, the key role during car-sharing trips is played by the driving style of the drivers, which has been omitted from the literature to date. This should be properly regulated by service providers and focus on the proper use of energy from electric vehicle batteries, especially at low temperatures. The article provides support for operators planning to modernize their fleet of vehicles and fills the research gap concerning car-sharing emissions.

Abstract The use of water production as a pressure mitigation tool in the context of CO2 storage is widely studied but the impact it might have on the migration behaviour of a buoyant CO2 plume is less well reported. To investigate this further two different scenarios were modelled. In the first, a single water production well was used to draw CO2 along the strike of an open aquifer with a regional dip. Large rates of water production (5–10 times the volume of injected CO2) were required to achieve only small displacements of the CO2 plume. The second scenario investigated to what extent an induced hydraulic gradient might spill CO2 already stored in a structural trap. Here the effects were more pronounced with over 90% of the CO2 being spilled at a water cycling rate of 10 Mt per year (corresponding to a hydraulic gradient of 1.28 bar/km). The modelling was tested by the real case at Sleipner where CO2 migration in the Utsira Sand is potentially impacted by water production at the nearby Volve field. Simulations concluded that the CO2 plume at Sleipner should not be materially affected by water production from Volve and this is supported by the time-lapse seismics.

Based on the observation monthly climatic data collected from 2766 weather observation stations on global during the period from 1981 to 2010, and the climatic scenarios data of SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5 and SSP1_8.5 scenarios released by CMIP6, the mean annual biotemperature, average total annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration ratio on spatial resolution of 0.1º× 0.1º were respectively obtained by operating a high accuracy and speed method of surfacing modeling (HASM) (Yue, 2010, Yue et al., 2016) during all the four periods from 2020 to 2050 per decade. The method for surface modelling of land cover scenarios (SMLCS) has been developed to simulate the scenarios of land cover in Eurasia （Fan et al., 2019, 2020, 2021）. Finally, the scenario dataset of land cover under scenario SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5 and SSP1_8.5 were simulated by the SMLCS method from 2020 to 2050. 采用1981-2010年全球2766个气象观测站的观测月气候数据，以及CMIP6发布的SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5和SSP1_8.5情景的气候情景数据。通过运行高精度面建模方法（HASM）(Yue, 2010, Yue et al., 2016)，分别获得2020-2050年间每10年的空间分辨率为0.1º×0.1º的平均生物温度数据、多年平均年降水和潜在蒸散比率数据。采用自主研发的土地覆被情景曲面建模（SMLCS）方法（Fan et al., 2019, 2020, 2021），实现了SSP1_2.6、SSP1_4.5和SSP1_8.5情景的2020-2050年间每10年的全球土地覆被变化情景模拟。

Abstract This paper studied the yield and release of ClO 2 from NaClO 2 under various conditions by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), the existing form of HA-Na under various conditions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the reactivity of chlorite/humate (NaClO 2 /HA-Na) in removal of SO 2 , NO and Hg 0 under various conditions. The investigated factors included the temperature, the pH, the standing time, the coexistence gases and the anions. The results indicated that the yield and release of ClO 2 were significantly affected by the cooperative effects of pH/temperature and pH/standing time. ClO 2 was confirmed as an effective oxidant in the removal of NO and Hg 0 , and dominated the distribution of Hg 2+ in NaClO 2 and KCl. SO 2 and NO were characterized as the promoters for oxidizing Hg 0 and stabling Hg 2+ . The addition of Cl − decreased the removal efficiencies of SO 2 and NO, but slightly increased the Hg 0 removal efficiency. The best removal efficiencies of SO 2 , NO and Hg 0 were 100%, 95.3% and 100% respectively. Based on the characterization results by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the removal products were determined as NaCl, humic (HA), Na 2 SO 4 , NaNO 3 , HgSO 4 , Hg(NO 3 ) 2 and HgCl 2 . The reaction mechanism was proposed finally.

Daily rainfall is measured as the total (mm) over the 24-hour period 0900 to 0900 GMT. It includes all precipitation - snow, rain, mist and fog. Rainfall was first recorded at Rothamsted in March 1853, using a copper funnel rain gauge (5 inch / 12.7 cm diameter) and measured using a graduated cylinder. Since 2004 it has been measured using an electronic tipping bucket rain gauge (10 inch / 25.4cm diameter), ARG100, calibrated to tip at 0.2mm (which has since become the minimum amount of rain that can be recorded). The rain gauge is placed within a 30cm deep 1.5m radius turf wall, retained by brick, to reduce wind eddies that may potentially blow rain out of the gauges. Data were collected daily manually until 2004 and since then by Automatic Weather Station using a standard protocol. There are differences in the capture rate between the two gauges, see Rainfall for further information. The monthly summary data contained in this spreadsheet are derived from daily data measured at Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden. Total monthly data is determined from daily data using Genstat 19th Edition. Verification includes checks for instrument errors, for missing data and outliers. The original raw daily data is available, after registering, from the e-RA database. Please contact the e-RA Curators for an access password and further details. This dataset represents the mean monthly rainfall recorded at Rothamsted from October 1985 - September 2017 and is derived from continuous daily records measured at the site. Location: Rothamsted Meteorological Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England 51.82 N 0.37 W 128 m asl.