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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Notz, Kristina; Lenz, Andreas;

    Bildung wurde als Thema lange vernachlässigt, bis es gesellschaftliche Zwänge und mannigfaltige Umwälzungen sowie strukturelle Wandlungen in das Zentrum des gesellschaftlichen Diskurses stellten. Als Stichwort sei der Wandel von der Agrar- zur Industrie- und Dienstleistungsgesellschaft hin zur Wissensgesellschaft genannt (Clark, 2003). Heute gehört Bildung zu den zentralen Themen der Gegenwart und Zukunft und ist gleichsam und unauflöslich mit der Zukunftsfähigkeit unserer Gesellschaft verknüpft (Kreibich 1986). [...] Der Ideenwettbewerb „GENERATION-D. Ideen für Deutschland. Gemeinsam packen.“ will eine Plattform bieten, um zum einen Ideen und Potenziale abzurufen, welche in Studierenden an den deutschen Hochschulen schlummern. Zum anderen soll die Umsetzung der Projektideen gefördert werden, um dadurch in Deutschland notwendige Veränderungsprozesse (Reiß, 1997) anzustoßen. (DIPF/Orig.) Dürnberger, Hannah [Hrsg.]; Hofhues, Sandra [Hrsg.]; Sporer, Thomas [Hrsg.]: Offene Bildungsinitiativen. Fallbeispiele, Erfahrungen und Zukunftsszenarien. Münster ; New York ; München ; Berlin : Waxmann 2011, S. 211-221. - (Medien in der Wissenschaft; 58)

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25656/01...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2011
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Fachlicher Dokumente...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25656/01...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martens, Thilo; Wagner, Marcel;

    Mit dem Ziel die Rohbiogasproduktion flexibler am Marktbedarf zu orientieren, ist im Oktober 2012 das Forschungsprojekt Biogas Optimus mit einer Laufzeit von 36 Monaten gestartet. Erklärtes Ziel des Projektes ist es das bestehende Anlagenkonzept der mehrstufigen nassfermentativen, anaeroben Rohbiogasproduktion zu nutzen und dieses als Grundlage für eine flexible Produktion des Gases zu verwenden.

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    Article . 2014
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Fraunhofer-ePrintsarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Article . 2014
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Weber, Malte; Geu Flores, Francisco; Raab, Dominik; Hefter, Harald; +4 Authors

    Motiviert durch ein Anwendungsbeispiel wird die Komfortzone für mobile, kinematisch redundante Manipulatoren definiert. Die Lage und Orientierung der Basis des Manipulators und die Gelenkwinkel werden so gewählt, dass ausgesuchte Zielfunktionen minimal werden. Diese Zielfunktionen werden aus bekannten Maßen wie kartesische Geschwindigkeit, Kraft und Steifigkeit abgeleitet. Sie werden abhängig von den Parametern der Basis und den Gelenkwinkeln des Manipulators bestimmt, wobei nur ein Unterraum an möglichen Konfigurationen aufgrund der vorgegebenen Lage und Orientierung des Endeffektors (EE) für die Optimierung frei wählbar ist. Es werden im Sinne der multikriteriellen Optimierung Pareto-Fronten errechnet, welche durch vordefinierte Grenzen (z.B. minimale erreichbare Kraft oder minimale erreichbare Geschwindigkeit) begrenzt werden. Motivated by an application example, the comfort zone for mobile kinematically redundant manipulators is defined. The position and orientation of the mobile platform (=base of the manipulator) and the joint angles are selected in such a way that selected target functions are minimized. These objective functions are derived from known measures such as Cartesian velocity, force and stiffness. The objective functions are evaluated depending on the parameters of the base and the joint angles of the manipulator, whereby only a subspace of possible configurations is freely selectable for optimization due to the given position and orientation of the end effector (EE). Pareto-fronts are calculated in the sense of multi-criteria optimization, which are limited by, e.g., minimum achievable force or minimum achievable speed. IFToMM D-A-CH Konferenz, vol. 2020Sechste IFToMM D-A-CH Konferenz 2020: 27./28. Februar 2020, Campus Technik Lienz

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  • Authors: Butemann, Hendrik;

    Eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen im Kampf gegen den Klimawandel stellt der Umstieg von fossilen auf erneuerbare Energien dar. Viele Länder haben es sich daher zum Ziel gemacht, den Anteil der erneuerbaren Energien zur Stromerzeugung zu erhöhen. In Deutschland betrug der Anteil im Jahr 2019 40,2 %, wobei Biomasse 20,6 % davon ausmachte. Zu dieser Kategorie gehören Biogasanlagen, die im Gegensatz zu anderen Quellen erneuerbarer Energie den Vorteil haben, nicht von bestimmten Wetterbedingungen abhängig zu sein. Sie gelten als flexible Option zur Stromerzeugung, weil sie auch Strom produzieren können, wenn weder die Sonne scheint noch Wind weht. Als die ersten Biogasanlagen in Betrieb genommen wurden, konnten die Erlöse aus der Stromproduktion maximiert werden, indem das der Biogasanlage zugehörige Blockheizkraftwerk (BHKW) durchgängig Strom erzeugte. Um die Vorteile der Flexibilität von Biogasanlagen auszunutzen, führte der Gesetzgeber in Deutschland Prämien ein, die Anreize zur Stromproduktion in Zeiten eines geringen Angebots aus anderen erneuerbaren Energiequellen beinhalten. Seitdem können Biogasanlagenbetreiber ihre Erlöse maximieren, wenn das BHKW bedarfsorientiert Strom produziert, d. h. im Start- Stopp-Betrieb. Eine Vielzahl an Starts und Stopps des BHKW verursacht jedoch einen erhöhten Verschleiß und muss bei der langfristigen Planung der Stromproduktion einer Biogasanlage berücksichtigt werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, mithilfe von Methoden des Operations Researchs zyklische Pläne zur Stromproduktion von Biogasanlagen zu entwickeln, die den Verschleiß des BHKW und die Zeitpunkte und Kosten für Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen berücksichtigen, um Betreiber von Biogasanlagen bei der Erlösmaximierung zu unterstützen. Dazu erfolgt zunächst eine Einordnung der Stromproduktionsplanung von Biogasanlagen in die Planungsaufgaben entlang der biomassebasierten Supply Chain. Anschließend werden die Grundlagen zu Biogasanlagen erläutert, zu denen die Bedeutung dieser in Deutschland, die Funktionsweise, die Wartung ...

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schumann, Tim;

    Peer Reviewed

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18452/23...
    Article . 2020
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    Authors: Neukirch, Mario;

    Untersucht wird die Transformation des deutschen Energiesystems im Zeitraum 1974-2017 als ein Konflikt zweier Großkoalitionen: Etablierte, die den Status quo verteidigen und Herausforderer, von denen die Energiewende gefordert bzw. technisch und wirtschaftlich umgesetzt wird. Der Analysezeitraum wird in drei zeitlichen Phasen betrachtet. In der ersten Phase diskursiver Konfrontation fordert eine Graswurzelkoalition Staat und Energiekonzerne heraus, kann aber die quasi revolutionären Forderungen u.a. nach einer Demokratisierung des Energiesystems nicht durchsetzen. Ermöglicht durch eine weitgehende Restrukturierung beider Koalitionen in Phase zwei, kommt es seit Ende der 80er Jahre zu einer partiellen Umsetzung der Ideen. In der 2011 beginnenden dritten Phase schließlich, gelingt es der Etablierten Koalition, die z. T. verlorene Kontrolle über das Energiesystem zurückzugewinnen.

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  • Authors: Christoffers, Niels;

    Todays wireless transceivers require reference signals to translate received and transmitted signals to their desired frequencies. Therefore, they need frequency synthesizers which are typically based on phase-locked-loops (PLLs). Communication standards like GSM or Bluetooth necessiate that the PLLs put out oscillations with high spectral purity and accuracy. Additionally, the oscillation frequency must be adjustable very accurately at low transient time to account for occasional carrier frequency changes. So called Sigma-Delta-fractional-N frequency synthesizers are often employed to fulfil these requirements. However, the number and the locations of the poles of the control loop and hence the loop filter must be chosen properly. Unity gain frequency and phase margin have to be considered as well as the stringent frequency accuracy and the detailed origin of the spurious emissions. The design methodology proposed in this work is based on numerical optimization techniques, a high number of control loop poles and the use of Gm-C-biquads as loop filter building blocks.

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    Authors: Herbst, Heinrich Bernhard;

    Seit ca. 160 Jahren werden in Mitteleuropa Schwemmkanalisationen zur Ableitung der Niederschlagswässer, der häuslichen sowie der gewerblich-industriellen Abwässer errichtet. Mit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden die Abwässer zunehmend in zentralen Kläranlagen behandelt. Heute sind in Deutschland ca. 96% der Bevölkerung an zentrale und der verbleibende Anteil an dezentrale Abwasserentsorgungsanlagen angeschlossen. Die abwassertechnischen Anlagen müssen unterhalten und an veränderte Randbedingungen wie z.B. rechtliche, demografische und klimatische Entwicklungen angepasst werden. Abwasser kann als Wertstoff betrachtet werden, der Kohlenstoff als Energieträger sowie Phosphor, Stickstoff und Kalium als Nährstoffe beinhaltet. Aufbereitetes Abwasser kann als Substitut für Wassernutzungen dienen, die keine Trinkwasserqualität erfordern. Eine weiterreichende Nutzung des Abwassers und seiner Wertstoffe wird bei neuartigen Sanitärkonzepten umgesetzt. Dabei erfolgt eine weitgehende Trennung der häuslichen Abwasserteilströme Toilettenabwasser (Schwarzwasser), Faeces (Braunwasser), Urin (Gelbwasser) und häusliches Restschmutzwasser (Grauwasser) am Anfallort. Dies erfordert neben einer aufwändigen Sanitärtechnik auch eine auf die spezifische Abwasserteilstrombelastung ausgerichtete Verfahrenstechnik zur Nährstoffstoffrückgewinnung und Brauchwasseraufbereitung. Kriterien, die bei der Erstellung oder Veränderung eines Abwasserentsorgungssystems von Bedeutung sind, sind die Leistungsfähigkeit, die Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie der Gewässer- und Ressourcenschutz. Die Erfüllung dieser Kriterien und eine Vielzahl an einsetzbaren Verfahren erfordert für die Entscheidungsfindung zu Gunsten eines zentralen oder dezentralen Infrastruktursystems eine objektive Bewertung. Die Bewertung von Infrastruktursystemen erfolgt heute im Hinblick auf die Nachhaltigkeit des Systems unter Berücksichtigung von ökonomischen, ökologischen und gesellschaftlichen Aspekten. Die bisherigen Bewertungsmodelle weisen folgende Defizite auf: • hoher zeitlicher und personeller Aufwand; daher nur für wissenschaftliche Zwecke geeignet, • mangelnde Übertragbarkeit aufgrund einer meist anwendungsfall- bzw. projektbezogenen Bewertung, • keine Berücksichtigung der gewerblich-industriellen Abwässer bei der Bewertung neuartiger Systeme, • subjektive Bewertung durch Einsatz ordinaler Bewertungsverfahren, • zumeist keine Berücksichtigung vorhandener Infrastrukturelemente, • zumeist keine Berücksichtigung gesellschaftlicher Kriterien, wie Akzeptanz oder zukunftsorientierter Aspekte (demografische und klimatische Entwicklung). Das Fehlen eines praxisorientierten Bewertungsmodells, mit dem wissenschaftlich fundiert und einfach handhabbar Abwasserinfrastruktursysteme beurteilt werden können, war das Motiv zu dieser Arbeit. Für das neue mehrdimensionale Bewertungsmodell wurden praxisrelevante ökonomische, ökologische und gesellschaftliche Kriterien entwickelt. Die wesentlichen Merkmale des neuen Bewertungsmodells sind: • funktionale Beschreibbarkeit und kardinale Bewertbarkeit der Kriterien durch Berechnung einer Bewertungszahl, • Kriterien werden durch die Berechnung einer Bewertungszahl objektiviert, • Anpassung der Kriterien sowie deren funktionale Zusammenhänge an die zu berücksichtigenden fallbezogenen Rahmenbedingungen, • hohe Variabilität der Bewertungskriterien ermöglicht breite Anwendung • Berücksichtigung von abstrahierten Siedlungsstrukturen, • Einbeziehung der Entsorgung gewerblich-industrieller Abwässer, • Bewertung vorhandener Infrastrukturelemente/-systeme unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Systemauslastung, • Bewertung vorhandener Infrastrukturelemente/-systeme bei einer möglichen Systemumstellung, • Berücksichtigung zukünftiger demographischer und klimatischer Entwicklungen. • Modellerweiterung um Elemente der Wasserversorgung und Regionalplanung, wie z.B. Energieversorgung, Telekommunikation und sozialen Einrichtungen sind möglich. Die Handhabbarkeit und die Aussagefähigkeit des Bewertungsmodells wurden beispielhaft für ein Gemeindegebiet nachgewiesen. Als Ergebnis der Anwendung ist festzuhalten: • Die Bewertung sollte nur von Personen mit siedlungswasserwirtschaftlichem Fachwissen durchgeführt werden. • Eine Veränderung der Gewichtung der Kriterien sollte nur mit Erfahrung bei der Bewertung von Abwasserinfrastruktursystemen erfolgen. Das Endergebnis muss durch eine Sensitivitätsanalyse der Gewichtungsfaktoren verifiziert werden. • Der Arbeitsaufwand ist angemessen. Das vorgestellte Modell ermöglicht Ingenieuren und Wissenschaftlern der Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Regionalplanung, vor dem Hintergrund der örtlichen Rahmenbedingungen entwickelte unterschiedliche Abwasserinfrastruktursysteme unter Aspekten der Nachhaltigkeit vergleichend zu bewerten. Dabei ist die Anwendung nicht nur auf Mitteleuropa beschränkt, da über die hohe Variabilität der Kriterien die Möglichkeit zur Anpassung an ländertypische Rahmenbedingungen besteht. Since nearly 160 years central sewage systems are built to discharge surface water as well as domestic and industrial wastewater in Central Europe. With the beginning of the 20th century the wastewater increasingly became treated in central sewage treatment plants. Today approx. 96% of the population in Germany is connected to a central sewage disposal system and the remaining part to local sewage treatment plants. The existing technical sewage installations have to be maintained and adapted to changing basic conditions, e.g. legal, demographical and climatical changes. Waste water can be considered as a valuable source containing carbon as energy source as well as phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium as nutrients. Treated wastewater can serve as a substitute for water utilisations that do not need drinking water quality. A consequent utilisation of the sewage water and its recyclable material is realised in new ecological sanitation systems. Thereby an efficient separation and collection of the different flows of the domestic wastewater - toilet wastewater (black water) faeces (brown water), urine (yellow water) and the remaining domestic wastewater (greywater) is realised directly in situ. These systems require a complex sanitary technique as well as a specialised process engineering for the recovery of nutrients and for the wastewater treatment, considering the specific ingredients of the different partial wastewater flows. Important criteria for the elaboration or modification of sewage disposal systems are the efficiency, the cost-effectiveness as well as pollution abatement and the protection of resources. The fulfilment of these criteria and a multitude of applicable proceedings are needed to define an objective valuation for the decision in favour of a central or decentralised infrastructure system. The valuation of infrastructure systems is nowadays carried out with regard to the sustainability of a system taking in consideration economical, ecological and social aspects. Hitherto existing valuation models show the following deficits: • extreme expenses in time and effort; thus applicable for scientific purposes only, • lacking transferability due to project defined valuation • no consideration of industrial wastewater in the valuation of new ecological sanitation systems • subjective valuation due to application of ordinal valuation methods • mostly no consideration of existing infrastructural elements • mostly no consideration of social criteria, like acceptance or future oriented aspects (demographic and climatic changes) The absence of a practice oriented valuation model for the evaluation that is scientifically founded and simple to apply for sewage infrastructure systems has given the motif for this thesis. Economical, ecological and social criteria were developed for the new multidimensional evaluation system with practical relevance. The essential characteristics of this new evaluation model are: • Functional specification and cardinal valuation of criteria by calculation of a validation number • Criteria are objectified by the calculation of a validation number • Adaptation of criteria as well as their functional coherence considering all project related conditions • High variability of evaluation criteria facilitates a wide application • Consideration of abstracted settlement systems • Incorporation of the disposal of industrial wastewater • Evaluation of existing infrastructural elements or infrastructural systems considering their system efficiency • Valuation of existing infrastructural elements or systems in the case of a possible system change • Consideration of future demographical and climatic developments • Amplification of the model by elements of water supply and regional planning are possible, e.g. energy supply, telecommunication and social institutions. One community area serves as an example for the manageability and informal value of the validation model. As result of this application shall be mentioned: • The evaluation should only be done by specialists in municipal water management. • A change of the validation of criteria should only be done having experience in evaluation of infrastructural systems of wastewater. • The final result has to be verified by a sensitivity analysis of the weighting factors. • The amount of work is suitable. The presented model enables engineers and scientists of municipal water management and regional planning to compare different sewage structure systems under the aspect of sustainability on the basis of local conditions. The application of this evaluation system is not limited to Central Europe because the high variability of the criteria allows an adaptation to the specific conditions of any country.

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    Authors: Endreson, Thorunn Gullaksen;

    Norwegian contemporary climate fiction often portrays humans as in denial of climate change. In Erlend Nødtvedt’s transgressive novel Vestlandet (2017), an alternative story is presented. In contrast to conventional climate change denial, the two protagonists turn the situation upside down and literally celebrate death and climate change and the exceptional Western Norwegian »sublime« landscape. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of laughter and the carnivalesque, I will investigate Vestlandet as a response to a world in climate crisis, and thereby transcending the ecocritical reluctance to engage with laughter. Environmental humor offers an alternative vision, a possibility to see ourselves from another perspective. Vestlandet contributes to the creation of new climate change narratives and communicates potential for change, but there is no guarantee that laughter will lead to increased awareness and action. In der zeitgenössischen norwegischen Klimaliteratur wird der Mensch oft als Leugner des Klimawandels dargestellt. In Erlend Nødtvedts transgressivem Roman Vestlandet (2017) wird eine alternative Geschichte präsentiert. Im Gegensatz zur herkömmlichen Leugnung des Klimawandels stellen die beiden Protagonisten die Situation auf den Kopf und feiern buchstäblich den Tod, den Klimawandel und die außergewöhnliche westnorwegische »erhabene « Landschaft. In Anlehnung an Mikhail Bakhtins Konzept des Lachens und des Karnevalesken werde ich Vestlandet als Antwort auf eine Welt in der Klimakrise untersuchen und dabei die ökokritische Zurückhaltung gegenüber dem Lachen überwinden. Umwelthumor bietet eine alternative Vision, eine Möglichkeit, uns selbst aus einer anderen Perspektive zu sehen. Vestlandet trägt zur Schaffung neuer Erzählungen über den Klimawandel bei und vermittelt das Potenzial für Veränderungen, gibt aber keine Garantie dafür, dass Lachen zu mehr Bewusstsein und Handeln führt.

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    Authors: Dobroschke, Stephan;

    Seit nunmehr 18 Jahren werden in Deutschland gesetzlich garantierte Einspeisetarife zur Förderung von Windstrom genutzt. In der Folge ist ein stetiger Anstieg der Stromproduktion auf Basis von Windenergie zu verzeichnen. Inzwischen sind im Tagesverlauf vereinzelt Perioden zu beobachten, in denen der Strompreis die gesetzlichen Einspeisemindestvergütungen einiger Windkraftanlagen übersteigt. Die vorliegende Studie geht der Frage nach, ob dies als erstes Anzeichen einer aufkeimenden Marktfähigkeit für Windstrom zu werten ist und, wenn dem so ist, welche Folgen sich für die Förderung erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland ergeben. Dazu erfolgt zunächst eine Marktpotenzialabschätzung. Es werden u. a. durchschnittliche Spotmarktpreise, die durchschnittliche Einspeisecharakteristik von Windstrom sowie der aktuelle Bestand von Windkraftanlagen in Abhängigkeit der jeweiligen Einspeisetarife zugrunde gelegt. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Anforderungen an ein konkretes Direktvermarktungsablaufschema untersucht sowie mögliche Weiterentwicklungen der deutschen Windstromförderung aufgezeigt. Langfristig ist mit einem deutlichen Anstieg direktvermarktbaren Windstroms zu rechnen. Insbesondere zur frühzeitigen Förderung des Entwicklungspotentials kosteneffizienter Ausregelungsmöglichkeiten von Produktionsschwankungen könnten dazu einzelne Perioden gewinnbringender Direktvermarktung durch Premium- Zahlungen gezielt ausgeweitet werden. Since 18 years, wind power plants in Germany are being promoted by guaranteed feed-in tariffs. As a consequence, the supply of electricity from wind power plants is steadily increasing. Meanwhile, the market price for electricity starts exceeding feedin tariffs within certain periods in the course of the day. This report examines whether this can be interpreted as a first signal of commencing marketability of wind power. If so, the study further investigates implications for the promotion of renewable energies in Germany. In a first step, the market potential of wind power in Germany is being assessed. In order to derive a representative estimation, average electricity prices on the spot market, average amounts of produced wind power as well as the actual wind power portfolio in Germany is being considered. Based on this estimation, the study further derives a flowchart in order to account for the various requirements, both on the side of wind producers as well as on the side of grid operators. Finally, further developments in the promotion of wind power in Germany are being elaborated. In the long run, a significant increase in the direct sale of wind power can be expected. In order to promote new strategies and schemes to efficiently feed this electricity into the grid, an early promotion of direct sales may be reasonable. For this purpose, a combination of guaranteed feed-in tariffs and premiums on top of the market price may be suitable.

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    EconStor
    Report . 2010
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      EconStor
      Report . 2010
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Notz, Kristina; Lenz, Andreas;

    Bildung wurde als Thema lange vernachlässigt, bis es gesellschaftliche Zwänge und mannigfaltige Umwälzungen sowie strukturelle Wandlungen in das Zentrum des gesellschaftlichen Diskurses stellten. Als Stichwort sei der Wandel von der Agrar- zur Industrie- und Dienstleistungsgesellschaft hin zur Wissensgesellschaft genannt (Clark, 2003). Heute gehört Bildung zu den zentralen Themen der Gegenwart und Zukunft und ist gleichsam und unauflöslich mit der Zukunftsfähigkeit unserer Gesellschaft verknüpft (Kreibich 1986). [...] Der Ideenwettbewerb „GENERATION-D. Ideen für Deutschland. Gemeinsam packen.“ will eine Plattform bieten, um zum einen Ideen und Potenziale abzurufen, welche in Studierenden an den deutschen Hochschulen schlummern. Zum anderen soll die Umsetzung der Projektideen gefördert werden, um dadurch in Deutschland notwendige Veränderungsprozesse (Reiß, 1997) anzustoßen. (DIPF/Orig.) Dürnberger, Hannah [Hrsg.]; Hofhues, Sandra [Hrsg.]; Sporer, Thomas [Hrsg.]: Offene Bildungsinitiativen. Fallbeispiele, Erfahrungen und Zukunftsszenarien. Münster ; New York ; München ; Berlin : Waxmann 2011, S. 211-221. - (Medien in der Wissenschaft; 58)

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25656/01...
    Part of book or chapter of book . 2011
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25656/01...
      Part of book or chapter of book . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martens, Thilo; Wagner, Marcel;

    Mit dem Ziel die Rohbiogasproduktion flexibler am Marktbedarf zu orientieren, ist im Oktober 2012 das Forschungsprojekt Biogas Optimus mit einer Laufzeit von 36 Monaten gestartet. Erklärtes Ziel des Projektes ist es das bestehende Anlagenkonzept der mehrstufigen nassfermentativen, anaeroben Rohbiogasproduktion zu nutzen und dieses als Grundlage für eine flexible Produktion des Gases zu verwenden.

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    Fraunhofer-ePrints
    Article . 2014
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      Article . 2014
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    Authors: Weber, Malte; Geu Flores, Francisco; Raab, Dominik; Hefter, Harald; +4 Authors

    Motiviert durch ein Anwendungsbeispiel wird die Komfortzone für mobile, kinematisch redundante Manipulatoren definiert. Die Lage und Orientierung der Basis des Manipulators und die Gelenkwinkel werden so gewählt, dass ausgesuchte Zielfunktionen minimal werden. Diese Zielfunktionen werden aus bekannten Maßen wie kartesische Geschwindigkeit, Kraft und Steifigkeit abgeleitet. Sie werden abhängig von den Parametern der Basis und den Gelenkwinkeln des Manipulators bestimmt, wobei nur ein Unterraum an möglichen Konfigurationen aufgrund der vorgegebenen Lage und Orientierung des Endeffektors (EE) für die Optimierung frei wählbar ist. Es werden im Sinne der multikriteriellen Optimierung Pareto-Fronten errechnet, welche durch vordefinierte Grenzen (z.B. minimale erreichbare Kraft oder minimale erreichbare Geschwindigkeit) begrenzt werden. Motivated by an application example, the comfort zone for mobile kinematically redundant manipulators is defined. The position and orientation of the mobile platform (=base of the manipulator) and the joint angles are selected in such a way that selected target functions are minimized. These objective functions are derived from known measures such as Cartesian velocity, force and stiffness. The objective functions are evaluated depending on the parameters of the base and the joint angles of the manipulator, whereby only a subspace of possible configurations is freely selectable for optimization due to the given position and orientation of the end effector (EE). Pareto-fronts are calculated in the sense of multi-criteria optimization, which are limited by, e.g., minimum achievable force or minimum achievable speed. IFToMM D-A-CH Konferenz, vol. 2020Sechste IFToMM D-A-CH Konferenz 2020: 27./28. Februar 2020, Campus Technik Lienz

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.17185/du...
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  • Authors: Butemann, Hendrik;

    Eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen im Kampf gegen den Klimawandel stellt der Umstieg von fossilen auf erneuerbare Energien dar. Viele Länder haben es sich daher zum Ziel gemacht, den Anteil der erneuerbaren Energien zur Stromerzeugung zu erhöhen. In Deutschland betrug der Anteil im Jahr 2019 40,2 %, wobei Biomasse 20,6 % davon ausmachte. Zu dieser Kategorie gehören Biogasanlagen, die im Gegensatz zu anderen Quellen erneuerbarer Energie den Vorteil haben, nicht von bestimmten Wetterbedingungen abhängig zu sein. Sie gelten als flexible Option zur Stromerzeugung, weil sie auch Strom produzieren können, wenn weder die Sonne scheint noch Wind weht. Als die ersten Biogasanlagen in Betrieb genommen wurden, konnten die Erlöse aus der Stromproduktion maximiert werden, indem das der Biogasanlage zugehörige Blockheizkraftwerk (BHKW) durchgängig Strom erzeugte. Um die Vorteile der Flexibilität von Biogasanlagen auszunutzen, führte der Gesetzgeber in Deutschland Prämien ein, die Anreize zur Stromproduktion in Zeiten eines geringen Angebots aus anderen erneuerbaren Energiequellen beinhalten. Seitdem können Biogasanlagenbetreiber ihre Erlöse maximieren, wenn das BHKW bedarfsorientiert Strom produziert, d. h. im Start- Stopp-Betrieb. Eine Vielzahl an Starts und Stopps des BHKW verursacht jedoch einen erhöhten Verschleiß und muss bei der langfristigen Planung der Stromproduktion einer Biogasanlage berücksichtigt werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es daher, mithilfe von Methoden des Operations Researchs zyklische Pläne zur Stromproduktion von Biogasanlagen zu entwickeln, die den Verschleiß des BHKW und die Zeitpunkte und Kosten für Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen berücksichtigen, um Betreiber von Biogasanlagen bei der Erlösmaximierung zu unterstützen. Dazu erfolgt zunächst eine Einordnung der Stromproduktionsplanung von Biogasanlagen in die Planungsaufgaben entlang der biomassebasierten Supply Chain. Anschließend werden die Grundlagen zu Biogasanlagen erläutert, zu denen die Bedeutung dieser in Deutschland, die Funktionsweise, die Wartung ...

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    Authors: Schumann, Tim;

    Peer Reviewed

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    Authors: Neukirch, Mario;

    Untersucht wird die Transformation des deutschen Energiesystems im Zeitraum 1974-2017 als ein Konflikt zweier Großkoalitionen: Etablierte, die den Status quo verteidigen und Herausforderer, von denen die Energiewende gefordert bzw. technisch und wirtschaftlich umgesetzt wird. Der Analysezeitraum wird in drei zeitlichen Phasen betrachtet. In der ersten Phase diskursiver Konfrontation fordert eine Graswurzelkoalition Staat und Energiekonzerne heraus, kann aber die quasi revolutionären Forderungen u.a. nach einer Demokratisierung des Energiesystems nicht durchsetzen. Ermöglicht durch eine weitgehende Restrukturierung beider Koalitionen in Phase zwei, kommt es seit Ende der 80er Jahre zu einer partiellen Umsetzung der Ideen. In der 2011 beginnenden dritten Phase schließlich, gelingt es der Etablierten Koalition, die z. T. verlorene Kontrolle über das Energiesystem zurückzugewinnen.

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  • Authors: Christoffers, Niels;

    Todays wireless transceivers require reference signals to translate received and transmitted signals to their desired frequencies. Therefore, they need frequency synthesizers which are typically based on phase-locked-loops (PLLs). Communication standards like GSM or Bluetooth necessiate that the PLLs put out oscillations with high spectral purity and accuracy. Additionally, the oscillation frequency must be adjustable very accurately at low transient time to account for occasional carrier frequency changes. So called Sigma-Delta-fractional-N frequency synthesizers are often employed to fulfil these requirements. However, the number and the locations of the poles of the control loop and hence the loop filter must be chosen properly. Unity gain frequency and phase margin have to be considered as well as the stringent frequency accuracy and the detailed origin of the spurious emissions. The design methodology proposed in this work is based on numerical optimization techniques, a high number of control loop poles and the use of Gm-C-biquads as loop filter building blocks.

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    Authors: Herbst, Heinrich Bernhard;

    Seit ca. 160 Jahren werden in Mitteleuropa Schwemmkanalisationen zur Ableitung der Niederschlagswässer, der häuslichen sowie der gewerblich-industriellen Abwässer errichtet. Mit Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts wurden die Abwässer zunehmend in zentralen Kläranlagen behandelt. Heute sind in Deutschland ca. 96% der Bevölkerung an zentrale und der verbleibende Anteil an dezentrale Abwasserentsorgungsanlagen angeschlossen. Die abwassertechnischen Anlagen müssen unterhalten und an veränderte Randbedingungen wie z.B. rechtliche, demografische und klimatische Entwicklungen angepasst werden. Abwasser kann als Wertstoff betrachtet werden, der Kohlenstoff als Energieträger sowie Phosphor, Stickstoff und Kalium als Nährstoffe beinhaltet. Aufbereitetes Abwasser kann als Substitut für Wassernutzungen dienen, die keine Trinkwasserqualität erfordern. Eine weiterreichende Nutzung des Abwassers und seiner Wertstoffe wird bei neuartigen Sanitärkonzepten umgesetzt. Dabei erfolgt eine weitgehende Trennung der häuslichen Abwasserteilströme Toilettenabwasser (Schwarzwasser), Faeces (Braunwasser), Urin (Gelbwasser) und häusliches Restschmutzwasser (Grauwasser) am Anfallort. Dies erfordert neben einer aufwändigen Sanitärtechnik auch eine auf die spezifische Abwasserteilstrombelastung ausgerichtete Verfahrenstechnik zur Nährstoffstoffrückgewinnung und Brauchwasseraufbereitung. Kriterien, die bei der Erstellung oder Veränderung eines Abwasserentsorgungssystems von Bedeutung sind, sind die Leistungsfähigkeit, die Wirtschaftlichkeit sowie der Gewässer- und Ressourcenschutz. Die Erfüllung dieser Kriterien und eine Vielzahl an einsetzbaren Verfahren erfordert für die Entscheidungsfindung zu Gunsten eines zentralen oder dezentralen Infrastruktursystems eine objektive Bewertung. Die Bewertung von Infrastruktursystemen erfolgt heute im Hinblick auf die Nachhaltigkeit des Systems unter Berücksichtigung von ökonomischen, ökologischen und gesellschaftlichen Aspekten. Die bisherigen Bewertungsmodelle weisen folgende Defizite auf: • hoher zeitlicher und personeller Aufwand; daher nur für wissenschaftliche Zwecke geeignet, • mangelnde Übertragbarkeit aufgrund einer meist anwendungsfall- bzw. projektbezogenen Bewertung, • keine Berücksichtigung der gewerblich-industriellen Abwässer bei der Bewertung neuartiger Systeme, • subjektive Bewertung durch Einsatz ordinaler Bewertungsverfahren, • zumeist keine Berücksichtigung vorhandener Infrastrukturelemente, • zumeist keine Berücksichtigung gesellschaftlicher Kriterien, wie Akzeptanz oder zukunftsorientierter Aspekte (demografische und klimatische Entwicklung). Das Fehlen eines praxisorientierten Bewertungsmodells, mit dem wissenschaftlich fundiert und einfach handhabbar Abwasserinfrastruktursysteme beurteilt werden können, war das Motiv zu dieser Arbeit. Für das neue mehrdimensionale Bewertungsmodell wurden praxisrelevante ökonomische, ökologische und gesellschaftliche Kriterien entwickelt. Die wesentlichen Merkmale des neuen Bewertungsmodells sind: • funktionale Beschreibbarkeit und kardinale Bewertbarkeit der Kriterien durch Berechnung einer Bewertungszahl, • Kriterien werden durch die Berechnung einer Bewertungszahl objektiviert, • Anpassung der Kriterien sowie deren funktionale Zusammenhänge an die zu berücksichtigenden fallbezogenen Rahmenbedingungen, • hohe Variabilität der Bewertungskriterien ermöglicht breite Anwendung • Berücksichtigung von abstrahierten Siedlungsstrukturen, • Einbeziehung der Entsorgung gewerblich-industrieller Abwässer, • Bewertung vorhandener Infrastrukturelemente/-systeme unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Systemauslastung, • Bewertung vorhandener Infrastrukturelemente/-systeme bei einer möglichen Systemumstellung, • Berücksichtigung zukünftiger demographischer und klimatischer Entwicklungen. • Modellerweiterung um Elemente der Wasserversorgung und Regionalplanung, wie z.B. Energieversorgung, Telekommunikation und sozialen Einrichtungen sind möglich. Die Handhabbarkeit und die Aussagefähigkeit des Bewertungsmodells wurden beispielhaft für ein Gemeindegebiet nachgewiesen. Als Ergebnis der Anwendung ist festzuhalten: • Die Bewertung sollte nur von Personen mit siedlungswasserwirtschaftlichem Fachwissen durchgeführt werden. • Eine Veränderung der Gewichtung der Kriterien sollte nur mit Erfahrung bei der Bewertung von Abwasserinfrastruktursystemen erfolgen. Das Endergebnis muss durch eine Sensitivitätsanalyse der Gewichtungsfaktoren verifiziert werden. • Der Arbeitsaufwand ist angemessen. Das vorgestellte Modell ermöglicht Ingenieuren und Wissenschaftlern der Siedlungswasserwirtschaft und Regionalplanung, vor dem Hintergrund der örtlichen Rahmenbedingungen entwickelte unterschiedliche Abwasserinfrastruktursysteme unter Aspekten der Nachhaltigkeit vergleichend zu bewerten. Dabei ist die Anwendung nicht nur auf Mitteleuropa beschränkt, da über die hohe Variabilität der Kriterien die Möglichkeit zur Anpassung an ländertypische Rahmenbedingungen besteht. Since nearly 160 years central sewage systems are built to discharge surface water as well as domestic and industrial wastewater in Central Europe. With the beginning of the 20th century the wastewater increasingly became treated in central sewage treatment plants. Today approx. 96% of the population in Germany is connected to a central sewage disposal system and the remaining part to local sewage treatment plants. The existing technical sewage installations have to be maintained and adapted to changing basic conditions, e.g. legal, demographical and climatical changes. Waste water can be considered as a valuable source containing carbon as energy source as well as phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium as nutrients. Treated wastewater can serve as a substitute for water utilisations that do not need drinking water quality. A consequent utilisation of the sewage water and its recyclable material is realised in new ecological sanitation systems. Thereby an efficient separation and collection of the different flows of the domestic wastewater - toilet wastewater (black water) faeces (brown water), urine (yellow water) and the remaining domestic wastewater (greywater) is realised directly in situ. These systems require a complex sanitary technique as well as a specialised process engineering for the recovery of nutrients and for the wastewater treatment, considering the specific ingredients of the different partial wastewater flows. Important criteria for the elaboration or modification of sewage disposal systems are the efficiency, the cost-effectiveness as well as pollution abatement and the protection of resources. The fulfilment of these criteria and a multitude of applicable proceedings are needed to define an objective valuation for the decision in favour of a central or decentralised infrastructure system. The valuation of infrastructure systems is nowadays carried out with regard to the sustainability of a system taking in consideration economical, ecological and social aspects. Hitherto existing valuation models show the following deficits: • extreme expenses in time and effort; thus applicable for scientific purposes only, • lacking transferability due to project defined valuation • no consideration of industrial wastewater in the valuation of new ecological sanitation systems • subjective valuation due to application of ordinal valuation methods • mostly no consideration of existing infrastructural elements • mostly no consideration of social criteria, like acceptance or future oriented aspects (demographic and climatic changes) The absence of a practice oriented valuation model for the evaluation that is scientifically founded and simple to apply for sewage infrastructure systems has given the motif for this thesis. Economical, ecological and social criteria were developed for the new multidimensional evaluation system with practical relevance. The essential characteristics of this new evaluation model are: • Functional specification and cardinal valuation of criteria by calculation of a validation number • Criteria are objectified by the calculation of a validation number • Adaptation of criteria as well as their functional coherence considering all project related conditions • High variability of evaluation criteria facilitates a wide application • Consideration of abstracted settlement systems • Incorporation of the disposal of industrial wastewater • Evaluation of existing infrastructural elements or infrastructural systems considering their system efficiency • Valuation of existing infrastructural elements or systems in the case of a possible system change • Consideration of future demographical and climatic developments • Amplification of the model by elements of water supply and regional planning are possible, e.g. energy supply, telecommunication and social institutions. One community area serves as an example for the manageability and informal value of the validation model. As result of this application shall be mentioned: • The evaluation should only be done by specialists in municipal water management. • A change of the validation of criteria should only be done having experience in evaluation of infrastructural systems of wastewater. • The final result has to be verified by a sensitivity analysis of the weighting factors. • The amount of work is suitable. The presented model enables engineers and scientists of municipal water management and regional planning to compare different sewage structure systems under the aspect of sustainability on the basis of local conditions. The application of this evaluation system is not limited to Central Europe because the high variability of the criteria allows an adaptation to the specific conditions of any country.

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    Authors: Endreson, Thorunn Gullaksen;

    Norwegian contemporary climate fiction often portrays humans as in denial of climate change. In Erlend Nødtvedt’s transgressive novel Vestlandet (2017), an alternative story is presented. In contrast to conventional climate change denial, the two protagonists turn the situation upside down and literally celebrate death and climate change and the exceptional Western Norwegian »sublime« landscape. Drawing on Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of laughter and the carnivalesque, I will investigate Vestlandet as a response to a world in climate crisis, and thereby transcending the ecocritical reluctance to engage with laughter. Environmental humor offers an alternative vision, a possibility to see ourselves from another perspective. Vestlandet contributes to the creation of new climate change narratives and communicates potential for change, but there is no guarantee that laughter will lead to increased awareness and action. In der zeitgenössischen norwegischen Klimaliteratur wird der Mensch oft als Leugner des Klimawandels dargestellt. In Erlend Nødtvedts transgressivem Roman Vestlandet (2017) wird eine alternative Geschichte präsentiert. Im Gegensatz zur herkömmlichen Leugnung des Klimawandels stellen die beiden Protagonisten die Situation auf den Kopf und feiern buchstäblich den Tod, den Klimawandel und die außergewöhnliche westnorwegische »erhabene « Landschaft. In Anlehnung an Mikhail Bakhtins Konzept des Lachens und des Karnevalesken werde ich Vestlandet als Antwort auf eine Welt in der Klimakrise untersuchen und dabei die ökokritische Zurückhaltung gegenüber dem Lachen überwinden. Umwelthumor bietet eine alternative Vision, eine Möglichkeit, uns selbst aus einer anderen Perspektive zu sehen. Vestlandet trägt zur Schaffung neuer Erzählungen über den Klimawandel bei und vermittelt das Potenzial für Veränderungen, gibt aber keine Garantie dafür, dass Lachen zu mehr Bewusstsein und Handeln führt.

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    Authors: Dobroschke, Stephan;

    Seit nunmehr 18 Jahren werden in Deutschland gesetzlich garantierte Einspeisetarife zur Förderung von Windstrom genutzt. In der Folge ist ein stetiger Anstieg der Stromproduktion auf Basis von Windenergie zu verzeichnen. Inzwischen sind im Tagesverlauf vereinzelt Perioden zu beobachten, in denen der Strompreis die gesetzlichen Einspeisemindestvergütungen einiger Windkraftanlagen übersteigt. Die vorliegende Studie geht der Frage nach, ob dies als erstes Anzeichen einer aufkeimenden Marktfähigkeit für Windstrom zu werten ist und, wenn dem so ist, welche Folgen sich für die Förderung erneuerbarer Energien in Deutschland ergeben. Dazu erfolgt zunächst eine Marktpotenzialabschätzung. Es werden u. a. durchschnittliche Spotmarktpreise, die durchschnittliche Einspeisecharakteristik von Windstrom sowie der aktuelle Bestand von Windkraftanlagen in Abhängigkeit der jeweiligen Einspeisetarife zugrunde gelegt. Auf dieser Grundlage werden Anforderungen an ein konkretes Direktvermarktungsablaufschema untersucht sowie mögliche Weiterentwicklungen der deutschen Windstromförderung aufgezeigt. Langfristig ist mit einem deutlichen Anstieg direktvermarktbaren Windstroms zu rechnen. Insbesondere zur frühzeitigen Förderung des Entwicklungspotentials kosteneffizienter Ausregelungsmöglichkeiten von Produktionsschwankungen könnten dazu einzelne Perioden gewinnbringender Direktvermarktung durch Premium- Zahlungen gezielt ausgeweitet werden. Since 18 years, wind power plants in Germany are being promoted by guaranteed feed-in tariffs. As a consequence, the supply of electricity from wind power plants is steadily increasing. Meanwhile, the market price for electricity starts exceeding feedin tariffs within certain periods in the course of the day. This report examines whether this can be interpreted as a first signal of commencing marketability of wind power. If so, the study further investigates implications for the promotion of renewable energies in Germany. In a first step, the market potential of wind power in Germany is being assessed. In order to derive a representative estimation, average electricity prices on the spot market, average amounts of produced wind power as well as the actual wind power portfolio in Germany is being considered. Based on this estimation, the study further derives a flowchart in order to account for the various requirements, both on the side of wind producers as well as on the side of grid operators. Finally, further developments in the promotion of wind power in Germany are being elaborated. In the long run, a significant increase in the direct sale of wind power can be expected. In order to promote new strategies and schemes to efficiently feed this electricity into the grid, an early promotion of direct sales may be reasonable. For this purpose, a combination of guaranteed feed-in tariffs and premiums on top of the market price may be suitable.

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    EconStor
    Report . 2010
    Data sources: EconStor
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      EconStor
      Report . 2010
      Data sources: EconStor
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