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Pòster presentat a l'European Energy Research Alliance Conference 2016

Nowadays, most of the ancillary services such as reserve capacity, inertia and frequency control relies on large conventional power plants. Approaching future power systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) has resulted in imperative need for the evaluation of ancillary services. This research focuses on the frequency stability which must be ensured in order to maintain the grid stability against imbalances between generation and load. This large conventional power plants that provide ancillary services are called “must-run” units. These facilities are generation power plants necessary during certain operating conditions and they are responsible for providing enough ancillary services to ensure a reliable operation of power systems. Given a high RES penetration in the future, must-run units are expected to be reduced or totally decommissioned reducing the power system inertia. This may result in insecure operation threatening the reliability of the power supply. This project investigates the frequency stability support from renewable energy generation such as wind power plants (WPPs) and solar photovoltaic systems (SPVSs) in future power systems with high penetration of RES and without must-run units. Sensitivity studies for frequency stability are performed on a simulated 2030 scenario for western Denmark (DK1) power system. The objective of this master thesis is to study the DK1 power system to analyse the ability of modern controllable WPPs to provide frequency stability without must-run units in a future scenario dominated by RES generation. This project examines the primary frequency control in DK1 simulating an overfrequency event islanding DK1 from the CE power system with high wind forecast. The main results of this project reveal that the fast deploy of active power by the RES generation counterbalances the reduced inertia in the power system, which can operate without a lack of stability of the power supply for overfrequency events without must-run units. However, there are technical capabilities and limitations that curtail the RES penetration. Recommendations on the parameters of the WPPs frequency control are made according to the droop, the ramp rate and the RES penetration. The virtual inertia is recommended for frequency control of WPPs and increases its importance when the RES penetration is high. The support of HVDC interconnections is an interesting facility to increase the RES penetration allowing the power system to operate with even less inertia online maintaining a stable supply. Although, the measurement and communication delay by the frequency controllers increases its importance when increasing the RES penetration as faster power deploy is needed.

[CASTELLÀ] En este trabajo de final de grado hemos realizado un prototipo mecánico capaz de captar la energía que se pierde de las olas del mar (energía undimotriz) en el espigón de Vilanova i la Geltrú. Estudiando y analizando los mecanismos y prototipos de las empresas actuales en el mercado, obtenemos unas ideas para nuestro dispositivo. A parte hemos analizado el comportamiento del oleaje en nuestro punto de estudio, que es en el espigón de la playa del faro (Vilanova i la Geltrú) y teniendo en cuenta el oleaje y las mareas, hemos diseñado un prototipo más idóneo para esta ubicación. Nuestra idea final trataría de poner varios dispositivos a lo largo del espigón para así de esta manera poder captar la máxima energía en esta zona. [ANGLÈS] In this final degree project we have made a mechanical prototype capable of capturing the energy that is lost from the waves of the sea (wave energy) in the breakwater of Vilanova i la Geltrú. By studying and analysing the mechanisms and prototypes of current companies in the market, we obtain some ideas for our device. We have also analysed the behaviour of the waves at our point of study, which is at the pier of the beach of the lighthouse (Vilanova i la Geltrú) and taking into account the waves and tides, we have designed a more suitable prototype for this location. Our final idea would try to put several devices along the jetty in order to capture the maximum energy in this area.

Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy is used to map composition and electronic states in epitaxial La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 (LCMO) films of various thicknesses grown on SrTiO3 (001) and (110) substrates. For relatively thick films (≥20 nm), epitaxial tensile strain in (001) films promotes a compositional La/Ca gradient across the film thickness, being the interface La rich, while the relaxed (110) films are chemically homogeneous. In contrast, much thinner (001) and (110) LCMO films display a different La/Ca distribution, being La rich at the free surface. The observed distinct thickness-dependent composition gradient behavior reflects a balance between strain-induced elastic energy minimization and kinetic effects during growth.

This chapter presents an overview of positive motivators for students, lecturers, and educational managers to prioritize Sustainable Development in education. Very often, we implicitly assume that students and colleagues should all be motivated by the great challenges that the world faces. And if they appear not to react sufficiently to these challenges, we sometimes tend to give these challenges an apocalyptic character. But is this the right motivator for students and colleagues to work on Sustainable Development? We all know that if you only use a stick and no carrot… So why don’t we use more carrots? The bureaucracy that comes with tools for checking/auditing/evaluating the (SD content of) programs/curricula is not particularly a strong motivator for university lecturers. And building courses that add another subject to the erudition of the graduate might not be the right motivators for students that want to make a difference. We are often still in the process of convincing university managers to add SD to the curriculum, convincing colleagues to address SD, and convincing students to pick SD electives and address SD in their projects. How to motivate them to do this when this gives them no direct personal reward and even might increase their workload? The paper will explore options to develop motivating educating by reviewing case studies on educational renewal in four universities. It concludes that there are various options for more motivating education. However, to fully utilize these options, more priority should be given to education. Peer Reviewed

En l’institut Guillem de Berguedà de Berga hi ha massificació d’estudiants i fins i tot s'han d'impartir les classes en barracons ubicats al pati per falta d'espai. Seria convenient fer l’ampliació d’aquest centre per tal de minimitzar aquesta massificació a les classes i per la comoditat dels alumnes, ja que, la realitat demostra que falta espai per poder-hi allotjar tot l’alumnat en el mateix institut. Aquest projecte, per tant, consisteix en fer un estudi d’ampliació de l’ IES Guillem de Berguedà i aprofitant aquesta remodelació de l’edifici, fer una instal·lació d’energia solar fotovoltaica i tèrmica ja que aquestes energies renovables són respectuoses amb el medi ambient, no contaminen i són fonts inesgotables. L’ampliació proposada consisteix en l’aixecament d’una planta més a la part nova de l’edifici fent la instal·lació elèctrica d'aquesta i la distribució de les aules i lluminàries pertinents. L’ampliació de la part nova del centre, no tindrà repercussions urbanístiques ni cap tipus d’impacte ambiental, ja que, al seu voltant, els edificis són de tres i quatre plantes; a més, l’edifici de la part nova de l’ institut es troba en la zona més apartada dels edificis més propers, estant al costat de la carretera i no representant cap obstacle visual. Aprofitant aquest fet, es transformarà la teulada en un terrat per ser més accessible des de l'interior i fer-hi una instal·lació de panells fotovoltaics connectats a la xarxa elèctrica. També es destinarà una part d'aquest espai per instal·lar-hi col·lectors solars tèrmics i d’aquesta manera produir aigua calenta sanitària.