• Energy Research
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The industrial sector accounts for 17% of end-use energy in the UK, and 54% globally. Therefore, there is substantial scope for simulating and assessing potential energy retrofit options for industrial buildings. Building Energy Modelling (BEM) applied to industrial buildings poses a complex but important opportunity for reducing global energy demand, due to years of renovation and expansion. Large and complex industrial buildings make modelling existing geometry for BEM difficult and time consuming. This paper presents a potential solution for quickly capturing and processing as-built geometry of a factory to be utilized in BEM. Laser scans were captured from the interior of an industrial facility to produce a Point Cloud. The existing capabilities of a Point Cloud processing software were assessed to identify the potential development opportunities to automate the conversion of Point Clouds to building geometry for BEM applications. In conclusion, scope exists for increasing the speed of 3D geometry creation of an existing industrial building for application in BEM and subsequent thermal simulation.

The industrial sector accounts for 17% of end-use energy in the UK, and 54% globally. Therefore, there is substantial scope for simulating and assessing potential energy retrofit options for industrial buildings. Building Energy Modelling (BEM) applied to industrial buildings poses a complex but important opportunity for reducing global energy demand, due to years of renovation and expansion. Large and complex industrial buildings make modelling existing geometry for BEM difficult and time consuming. This paper presents a potential solution for quickly capturing and processing as-built geometry of a factory to be utilized in BEM. Laser scans were captured from the interior of an industrial facility to produce a Point Cloud. The existing capabilities of a Point Cloud processing software were assessed to identify the potential development opportunities to automate the conversion of Point Clouds to building geometry for BEM applications. In conclusion, scope exists for increasing the speed of 3D geometry creation of an existing industrial building for application in BEM and subsequent thermal simulation.

Abstract The need to increase energy system flexibility, alongside the need to lower fossil fuel use in the food sector, and the importance of refrigeration infrastructure presents an opportunity for Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) integrated with refrigerated warehouses. To quantify this opportunity in Europe we analyse energy scenarios and existing refrigeration infrastructure for four countries with diverse energy systems (UK, Spain, Bulgaria and Germany). We find that with growing levels of electricity generation from variable renewable sources and numerous refrigerated warehouses, LAES has the potential to provide value in many areas of the EU through the 2020s. However, LAES is still pre-commercial, and with the proportion of electricity from variable renewable sources still low in many countries it is likely that LAES will not be deployed widely alongside refrigerated warehouses under current market conditions. Countries such as the UK and Spain, which have the greatest need for additional energy system flexibility and the most refrigerated warehouses are likely to gain the most value initially.

Abstract The need to increase energy system flexibility, alongside the need to lower fossil fuel use in the food sector, and the importance of refrigeration infrastructure presents an opportunity for Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) integrated with refrigerated warehouses. To quantify this opportunity in Europe we analyse energy scenarios and existing refrigeration infrastructure for four countries with diverse energy systems (UK, Spain, Bulgaria and Germany). We find that with growing levels of electricity generation from variable renewable sources and numerous refrigerated warehouses, LAES has the potential to provide value in many areas of the EU through the 2020s. However, LAES is still pre-commercial, and with the proportion of electricity from variable renewable sources still low in many countries it is likely that LAES will not be deployed widely alongside refrigerated warehouses under current market conditions. Countries such as the UK and Spain, which have the greatest need for additional energy system flexibility and the most refrigerated warehouses are likely to gain the most value initially.

Abstract The paper presents an equivalent circuit based simulation model for the static and dynamic behavior of lithium-ion battery systems and explains the different steps of the theoretical and experimental modeling process. The equivalent circuit based model describes the voltage-current characteristic, the state of charge behavior and the occurring losses of the battery system. A parameter identification method based on three characteristic experiments, a cycle test, an open circuit voltage test and pulse tests, is introduced. The model parameters are estimated employing a nonlinear optimization method. Furthermore, the experimental test bed for investigation of lithium-ion battery systems is described. The battery model approach is demonstrated and validated for a commercial 5 kWh lithium-ion battery system, including the model validation for test profiles and emulated battery charging and discharging profiles of a real photovoltaic home storage application. The comparison of measured and simulated voltage profiles indicates an excellent performance of the battery model.

Abstract The paper presents an equivalent circuit based simulation model for the static and dynamic behavior of lithium-ion battery systems and explains the different steps of the theoretical and experimental modeling process. The equivalent circuit based model describes the voltage-current characteristic, the state of charge behavior and the occurring losses of the battery system. A parameter identification method based on three characteristic experiments, a cycle test, an open circuit voltage test and pulse tests, is introduced. The model parameters are estimated employing a nonlinear optimization method. Furthermore, the experimental test bed for investigation of lithium-ion battery systems is described. The battery model approach is demonstrated and validated for a commercial 5 kWh lithium-ion battery system, including the model validation for test profiles and emulated battery charging and discharging profiles of a real photovoltaic home storage application. The comparison of measured and simulated voltage profiles indicates an excellent performance of the battery model.

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) is becoming an important commercial and industrial working fluid as a potential replacement of the non-environmental friendly refrigerants. For refrigeration and power systems, the minichannel heat exchangers are becoming attractive for transcritical CO2 Rankine cycle and supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle, due to their highly compact construction, high heat transfer coefficient, high pressure capability and lower fluid inventory. This paper employs three-dimensional numerical models to investigate the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of supercritical CO2 in minichannels. The models consider real gas thermophysical properties and buoyancy effect and investigate the effect of cross-section geometry on the thermohydraulic characteristics. Six minichannel cross-section geometries with the same hydraulic diameter of 1.22 mm are considered. The geometries include circle, semicircle, square, equilateral triangle, rectangle (aspect ratio = 2) and ellipse (aspect ratio = 2). The inlet temperature, outlet pressure and wall heat flux are 35 °C/75 bar/100 kW/m2 and 35 °C/150 bar/300 kW/m2 for heating conditions and 120 °C/75 bar/-100 kW/m2 and 120 °C/150 bar/-300 kW/m2 for cooling conditions. Comparisons of local Nusselt number and friction factor with those employed empirical correlations are made and useful information and guidelines are provided for the design of compact heat exchangers for supercritical CO2 power system applications.