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Technological change has altered labor market demands within well-developed societies implying global competition for skilled labor and, as a consequence, new forms of labor migration. So far, patterns of this labor migration have been underexplored. Thus, the article analyzes characteristics, geographies and possible underlying drivers of workers migrating from Germany as an exemplary case for a well-developed country. Relying on probability-based and unique data, our findings reveal that, besides demand for people with higher levels of education, performing specific occupational tasks is also in demand in the global competition for talent. Hence, Germans in jobs with a high proportion of analytical non-routine tasks are more likely to emigrate than those with predominantly manual routine tasks. Moreover, the results show that global discrepancies concerning the technological development between the country of origin and the country to which they emigrate are a crucial contextual driver attracting this specifically demanded work force. Workers mainly performing analytical non-routine tasks within their job tend to move to countries which are technologically more developed than Germany while individuals performing jobs with a high share of non-routine manual or interactive tasks tend to emigrate to countries that are less technologically developed than Germany.

Climate change is a global problem, which affects the various geographical regions at different levels. It is also associated with a wide range of human health problems, which pose a burden to health systems, especially in regions such as Africa. Indeed, across the African continent public health systems are under severe pressure, partly due to their fragile socioeconomic conditions. This paper reports on a cross-sectional study in six African countries (Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Namibia, Ethiopia, and Kenya) aimed at assessing their vulnerabilities to climate change, focusing on its impacts on human health. The study evaluated the levels of information, knowledge, and perceptions of public health professionals. It also examined the health systems’ preparedness to cope with these health hazards, the available resources, and those needed to build resilience to the country’s vulnerable population, as perceived by health professionals. The results revealed that 63.1% of the total respondents reported that climate change had been extensively experienced in the past years, while 32% claimed that the sampled countries had experienced them to some extent. Nigerian respondents recorded the highest levels (67.7%), followed by Kenya with 66.6%. South Africa had the lowest level of impact as perceived by the respondents (50.0%) when compared with the other sampled countries. All respondents from Ghana and Namibia reported that health problems caused by climate change are common in the two countries. As perceived by the health professionals, the inadequate resources reiterate the need for infrastructural resources, medical equipment, emergency response resources, and technical support. The study’s recommendations include the need to improve current policies at all levels (i.e., national, regional, and local) on climate change and public health and to strengthen health professionals’ skills. Improving the basic knowledge of health institutions to better respond to a changing climate is also recommended. The study provides valuable insights which may be helpful to other nations in Sub-Saharan Africa.

L'intensification durable a été proposée comme moyen d'atteindre la sécurité alimentaire et de réduire les impacts environnementaux de l'agriculture en se concentrant sur la réduction des écarts de rendement sur les terres agricoles existantes tout en améliorant l'efficacité de l'utilisation des ressources. Il existe un consensus général sur le fait que les régions présentant de grands écarts de rendement peuvent bénéficier le plus d'une intensification durable, mais il n'est pas clair dans quelle mesure cela est durable pour les agriculteurs compte tenu de leurs contraintes actuelles en matière de ressources et de leurs stratégies de subsistance. Ici, nous nous appuyons sur trois études de cas contrastées, pour lesquelles des données détaillées au niveau des champs et des exploitations étaient disponibles pour la décomposition des écarts de rendement, afin d'évaluer le fonctionnement de l'intensification durable des cultures (au niveau des champs) au niveau des exploitations à l'aide d'indicateurs environnementaux et socio-économiques. Bien qu'il existe un grand potentiel d'intensification future (plus de production avec plus d'intrants) de la production céréalière dans le sud de l'Éthiopie, l'utilisation actuelle des intrants dans ces systèmes agricoles n'est pas durable sur les plans économique et environnemental au niveau des exploitations. Il en va de même pour la production de riz dans le centre de Luçon, où une intensification durable (plus de production avec moins d'intrants) peut aider à réduire les écarts de rendement et à améliorer l'efficacité de l'utilisation de l'azote (nue), mais elle n'est pas rentable en raison de la forte dépendance à une main-d' œuvre embauchée coûteuse. Des compromis entre la réduction de l'écart de rendement et la productivité du travail ont également été observés dans les systèmes agricoles susmentionnés. Les fermes arables aux Pays-Bas présentent de faibles écarts de rendement ainsi que des performances économiques, des nue et des excédents d'azote plus élevés que ceux observés dans le sud de l'Éthiopie et le centre de Luçon. Pour améliorer la durabilité environnementale, ces exploitations nécessitent des augmentations de l'efficacité de l'utilisation des ressources et une réduction des impacts environnementaux grâce à une utilisation moindre des intrants (même production avec moins d'intrants). Nous concluons que les investissements publics propices à l'innovation et à une agriculture rentable sont essentiels pour rendre les technologies accessibles et abordables pour les agriculteurs et pour veiller à ce que les écarts de rendement puissent être réduits et que les objectifs de durabilité soient atteints au niveau des exploitations. La intensificación sostenible se ha propuesto como una vía para lograr la seguridad alimentaria y reducir los impactos ambientales de la agricultura, centrándose en reducir las brechas de rendimiento en las tierras agrícolas existentes al tiempo que se mejora la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos. Existe un consenso general de que las regiones con grandes brechas de rendimiento pueden beneficiarse más de la intensificación sostenible, pero no está claro qué tan sostenible es esto para los agricultores dadas sus actuales limitaciones de recursos y estrategias de medios de vida. Aquí, nos basamos en tres estudios de casos contrastantes, para los cuales se disponía de datos detallados a nivel de campo y granja para la descomposición de la brecha de rendimiento, para evaluar cómo funciona la intensificación sostenible de los cultivos (a nivel de campo) a nivel de granja utilizando indicadores ambientales y socioeconómicos. Aunque existe un gran potencial para la intensificación futura (más producción con más insumos) de la producción de cereales en el sur de Etiopía, el uso actual de insumos en estos sistemas agrícolas no es económica y ambientalmente sostenible a nivel de granja. Lo mismo ocurre con la producción de arroz en Luzón Central, donde la intensificación sostenible (más producción con menos insumos) puede ayudar a reducir las brechas de rendimiento y mejorar la eficiencia del uso del N (nue), pero no es rentable debido a la gran dependencia de la costosa mano de obra contratada. También se observaron compensaciones entre el cierre de la brecha de rendimiento y la productividad laboral en los sistemas agrícolas mencionados anteriormente. Las granjas cultivables en los Países Bajos exhiben pequeñas brechas de rendimiento, así como un mayor rendimiento económico, superávit de nue y N en comparación con las observadas en el sur de Etiopía y el centro de Luzón. Para mejorar la sostenibilidad ambiental, estas granjas requieren aumentos en la eficiencia del uso de los recursos y una reducción de los impactos ambientales a través de un menor uso de insumos (mismo producto con menos insumos). Concluimos que las inversiones públicas propicias para la innovación y la agricultura rentable son esenciales para que las tecnologías sean accesibles y asequibles para los agricultores y para garantizar que las brechas de rendimiento se puedan reducir y que los objetivos de sostenibilidad se cumplan a nivel de granja. Sustainable intensification has been proposed as a pathway to achieve food security and reduce environmental impacts of agriculture by focusing on narrowing yield gaps on existing agricultural land while improving resource use efficiencies. There is a general consensus that regions with large yield gaps can benefit most from sustainable intensification but it remains unclear how sustainable this is for farmers given their current resource constraints and livelihood strategies. Here, we draw upon three contrasting case studies, for which detailed data at field and farm levels were available for yield gap decomposition, to assess how sustainable intensification of crops (at field level) works out at farm level using environmental and socio-economic indicators. Although there is large potential for future intensification (more output with more input) of cereal production in southern Ethiopia, current input use in these farming systems is not economically and environmentally sustainable at farm level. The same is true for rice production in Central Luzon where sustainable intensification (more output with less input) can help to narrow yield gaps and improve N use efficiency (NUE) but it is not profitable due to the heavy reliance on costly hired labour. Trade-offs between yield gap closure and labour productivity were also observed in the aforementioned farming systems. Arable farms in the Netherlands exhibit small yield gaps as well as higher economic performance, NUE and N surplus compared to those observed in Southern Ethiopia and Central Luzon. For improving environmental sustainability, these farms require increases in resource-use efficiency and a reduction of the environmental impacts through a lower use of inputs (same output with less input). We conclude that public investments conducive for innovation and profitable farming are essential to make technologies accessible and affordable for farmers and to ensure that yield gaps can be narrowed and sustainability objectives served at the farm level. تم اقتراح التكثيف المستدام كمسار لتحقيق الأمن الغذائي والحد من الآثار البيئية للزراعة من خلال التركيز على تضييق فجوات الغلة على الأراضي الزراعية الحالية مع تحسين كفاءة استخدام الموارد. هناك إجماع عام على أن المناطق التي تعاني من فجوات كبيرة في المحاصيل يمكن أن تستفيد أكثر من التكثيف المستدام ولكن لا يزال من غير الواضح مدى استدامة ذلك بالنسبة للمزارعين نظرًا لقيود الموارد الحالية واستراتيجيات سبل العيش. هنا، نعتمد على ثلاث دراسات حالة متناقضة، حيث كانت البيانات التفصيلية على مستوى الحقل والمزرعة متاحة لتحليل فجوة الغلة، لتقييم كيفية عمل التكثيف المستدام للمحاصيل (على مستوى الحقل) على مستوى المزرعة باستخدام المؤشرات البيئية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية. على الرغم من وجود إمكانات كبيرة للتكثيف المستقبلي (المزيد من الإنتاج مع المزيد من المدخلات) لإنتاج الحبوب في جنوب إثيوبيا، فإن الاستخدام الحالي للمدخلات في هذه النظم الزراعية ليس مستدامًا اقتصاديًا وبيئيًا على مستوى المزرعة. وينطبق الشيء نفسه على إنتاج الأرز في وسط لوزون حيث يمكن أن يساعد التكثيف المستدام (المزيد من المخرجات مع مدخلات أقل) في تضييق فجوات الغلة وتحسين كفاءة الاستخدام (NUE) ولكنه ليس مربحًا بسبب الاعتماد الكبير على العمالة المستأجرة المكلفة. كما لوحظت مفاضلات بين إغلاق فجوة العائد وإنتاجية العمل في النظم الزراعية المذكورة أعلاه. تُظهر المزارع الصالحة للزراعة في هولندا فجوات صغيرة في الغلة بالإضافة إلى أداء اقتصادي أعلى وفائض NUE و N مقارنة بتلك التي لوحظت في جنوب إثيوبيا ووسط لوزون. ولتحسين الاستدامة البيئية، تتطلب هذه المزارع زيادات في كفاءة استخدام الموارد وتقليل الآثار البيئية من خلال استخدام أقل للمدخلات (نفس المخرجات مع مدخلات أقل). نستنتج أن الاستثمارات العامة التي تفضي إلى الابتكار والزراعة المربحة ضرورية لجعل التقنيات في متناول المزارعين وبأسعار معقولة ولضمان تضييق فجوات الغلة وتحقيق أهداف الاستدامة على مستوى المزرعة.

In recent years, the literature in the field of general equilibrium modeling has increased. For long-term energy projections, general equilibrium models are more adequate than standard econometrics in evaluating alternative economic policies in a theoretically consistent framework. The well-known structure and economic mechanism of those models makes it easier to analyze structural changes of prices and quantities demanded or supplied for a given data set of an economy, national income accounts figures, and trade balance effects. The dynamic formulation of these models via investment decisions and capital formation also enables an intertemporal interpretation of structural adjustment and growth processes.

In 2021, 56% of the global population lived in cities, and by 2050 the ratio of urban-to-rural population is expected to reach 67% [...]

The PRIMAP-hist Socio-Eco dataset combines several published datasets to create a comprehensive set of population and Gross domestic product (GDP) pathways for every country covering the years 1850 to 2017, and all UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) member states, as well as most non-UNFCCC territories. The data has no sector resolution. List of datasets included in this data publication: (1) PMHSOCIOECO21_GDP_26-Jul-2019.csv: contains the GDP data for all countries(2) PMHSOCIOECO21_Population_26-Jul-2019.csv: contains the population data for all countries(3) PRIMAP-hist_SocioEco_data_description.pdf: including CHANGELOG(all files are also included in the .zip folder) When using this dataset or one of its updates, please cite the DOI of the precise version of the dataset. Please consider also citing the relevant original sources when using the PRIMAP-hist Socio-Eco dataset. See the full citations in the References section further below. A data description article is in preparation. Until it is published we refer to the description article of the PRIMAP-hist emissions time series for the methodology used. SOURCES: - UN World Population Prospects 2019 (UN2019)- World Bank World Development Indicators 2019 (July) (WDI2019B). We use the *NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD* variable for GDP.- Penn World Table version 9.1 (PWT91). We use the *cgdpe* variable for GDP (Robert and Feenstra, 2019; Feenstra et al., 2015)- Maddison Project Database 2018 (MPD2018). We use the *cgdppc* variable for GDP (Bolt et al,, 2018)- Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2 (HYDE32)(Klein Goldewijk, 2017)- Continuous national gross domestic product (GDP) time series for 195 countries: past observations (1850–2005) harmonized with future projections according to the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (2006–2100) (Geiger2018, Geiger and Frieler, 2018)Full references are available in the data description document. Methods:Country resolved data is combined from different sources using the PRIMAP emissions module (Nabel et. al., 2011). It is supplemented with growth rates from regionally resolved sources and numerical extrapolations.

This study evaluates and compares the trends in CO2 emissions for the manufacturing industries of three countries: two developed countries (Germany and Sweden) that have applied several measures to promote a shift towards a low-carbon economy and one developing country (Colombia) that has shown substantial improvements in the reduction of CO2 emissions. This analysis is conducted using panel data cointegration techniques to infer causality between CO2 emissions, production factors and energy sources. The results indicate a trend of producing more output with less pollution. The trends for these countries’ CO2 emissions depend on investment levels, energy sources and economic factors. Furthermore, the trends in CO2 emissions indicate that there are emission level differences between the two developed countries and the developing country. Moreover, the study confirms that it is possible to achieve economic growth and sustainable development while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, as Germany and Sweden demonstrate. In the case of Colombia, it is important to encourage a reduction in CO2 emissions through policies that combine technical and economic instruments and incentivise the application of new technologies that promote clean and environmentally friendly processes.

In view of pressing unemployment problems, policy makers across all parties jump on the prospects of renewable energy promotion as a job creation engine which can boost economic well-being. Our analytical model shows that initial labor market rigidities in theory provide some scope for such a double dividend. However, the practical outcome of renewable energy promotion might be sobering. Our computable general equilibrium analysis of subsidized electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES-E) in Germany suggests that the prospects for employment and welfare gains are quite limited and hinge crucially on the level of the subsidy rate and the financing mechanism. If RES-E subsidies are financed by labor taxes, welfare and employment effects are strictly negative for a broad range of subsidy rates. The use of an electricity tax to fund RES-E subsidies generates minor benefits for small subsidy rates but these benefits quickly turn into significant losses as the subsidy rate exceeds some threshold value.