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AbstractA common control strategy for the production of recombinant proteins in Pichia pastoris using the alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promotor is to separate the bioprocess into two main phases: biomass generation on glycerol and protein production via methanol induction. This study reports the establishment of a soft sensor for the prediction of biomass concentration that adapts automatically to these distinct phases. A hybrid approach combining mechanistic (carbon balance) and data‐driven modeling (multiple linear regression) is used for this purpose. The model parameters are dynamically adapted according to the current process phase using a multilevel phase detection algorithm. This algorithm is based on the online data of CO2 in the off‐gas (absolute value and first derivative) and cumulative base feed. The evaluation of the model resulted in a mean relative prediction error of 5.52% and R² of .96 for the entire process. The resulting model was implemented as a soft sensor for the online monitoring of the P. pastoris bioprocess. The soft sensor can be used for quality control and as input to process control systems, for example, for methanol control.

Environmental and intrinsic factors interact to determine energy requirements in vertebrates. Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are key mediators of this interaction, as they fluctuate with energetic demands and regulate physiological and behavioral responses to environmental challenges. While a great body of research has focused on GC variation among individuals, the mechanisms driving GC variation across species and at broad spatial scales remain largely unexplored. Here, we adopted a macrophysiological approach to investigate the environmental factors and life-history traits driving variation in baseline GCs across lizard species. We tested three hypotheses: (1) If GCs increase with body temperature to meet higher metabolic demand, we expect an association between average baseline GCs and the mean species’ body temperature in the field (GC-temperature dependence hypothesis); (2) If GCs mediate behavioral responses to avoid thermal extremes, we expect that individuals frequently exposed to extreme conditions exhibit higher baseline GC levels (Behavioral thermoregulation hypothesis); (3) If GCs increase to support higher energy demands in active foragers during their period of activity, we expect that active foraging species have higher baseline GCs than sit-and-wait foragers, and that GC levels increase in relation to the duration of daily activity windows (Activity hypothesis). We used biophysical models to calculate operative temperatures and the activity patterns of lizards in sun-exposed and shaded microenvironments. Then, we tested the association between baseline GCs, body temperature, operative temperatures, foraging mode, and activity windows across 37 lizard species, using data from HormoneBase. Our comparative analyses showed that variation in baseline GCs was primarily related to the mean field body temperature and foraging mode, with higher baseline GCs in active foragers with higher body temperatures. Our results suggest that body temperature and foraging mode drive GC variation through their effects on energy requirements across lizard species.

In old age, the complex relation of food consumption with energy and nutrient requirements finds expression in both single and multiple nutritional problems. Addressing conditions affecting intake -- either from foods or from supplements -- endogenous production, bioefficacy and/or requirements can benefit nutritional health in old age through balancing requirements and supply.

The ATLAS Inner Detector is a composite tracking system consisting of silicon pixels, silicon strips and straw tubes in a 2 T magnetic field. Its installation was completed in August 2008 and the detector took part in data- taking with single LHC beams and cosmic rays. The initial detector operation, hardware commissioning and in-situ calibrations are described. Tracking performance has been measured with 7.6 million cosmic-ray events, collected using a tracking trigger and reconstructed with modular pattern-recognition and fitting software. The intrinsic hit efficiency and tracking trigger efficiencies are close to 100%. Lorentz angle measurements for both electrons and holes, specific energy-loss calibration and transition radiation turn-on measurements have been performed. Different alignment techniques have been used to reconstruct the detector geometry. After the initial alignment, a transverse impact parameter resolution of 22.1+/-0.9 ��m and a relative momentum resolution ��p/p = (4.83+/-0.16) \times 10-4 GeV-1 \times pT have been measured for high momentum tracks. 34 pages, 25 figures