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  • 7. Clean energy
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    Authors: Fistola, Romano;

    Prefigurare assetti urbani futuri nei quali le tecnologie consentano azioni e interazioni fra gli individui inimmaginabili solo pochi anni fa, ha da sempre rappresentato una delle tematiche di ricerca ed approfondimento più interessanti delle scienze della città anche se, probabilmente, non sufficientemente considerate nel dibattito urbanistico del nostro paese degli ultimi venti anni. L’accelerazione verso tali tematiche è stata consistente a partire dai recenti bandi della Comunità Europea e del Ministero dell’Istruzione e della Ricerca Italiano sulle: Smart City. In questa importante svolta, supportata dalle numerose aziende produttrici di tecnologie, dispositivi e media, sembra tuttavia verificarsi una discontinuità nell’ambito della definizione teorica dei processi connessi alla strutturazione ed alla gestione della Smart City. I numerosi approfondimenti sul tema sembrano svilupparsi lontano dalle scienze del governo delle trasformazioni della città e distanti dal principale ambito disciplinare di riferimento: l’urbanistica. Tale discrasia è probabilmente riconducibile a due fattori: da una parte la marginalizzazione del tema relativo a città ed innovazione tecnologica nel dibattito urbanistico nazionale concentratosi su altri, pur importanti, argomenti e, dall’altra l’approccio marcatamente aziendale che la recente accelerazione ha subito e che, in una logica di mercato, tende ad evitare possibili razionalizzazioni dei processi. All’interno del testo verranno proposti approcci, ipotesi e riflessioni probabilmente non strutturate per definire un ordinato sviluppo teorico ma, probabilmente in grado di aprire dimensioni del ragionamento ed indicare possibili scenari che possano essere successivamente ripresi, confutati e riarticolati dagli altri studiosi delle scienze urbane per definirne un nuovo modo di interpretare e tentare di orientare lo sviluppo urbano. Molte delle riflessioni presentate nel seguito rappresentano semplici spunti che necessitano di ulteriori approfondimenti e sviluppi maggiormente strutturati. Ma pare utile avviare un ragionamento che dimostri come la proposizione del modello “smart” per i moderni sistemi urbani non derivi unicamente da necessità tecnicisticamente aziendali, che spingono all’utilizzo di device di controllo urbano, ma possano essere visti come uno stadio evolutivo della città del quale già da tempo si erano prefigurati gli sviluppi. In altre parole obiettivo di questo paper è quello di tentare di ricondurre le dinamiche di sviluppo della SC nel loro naturale alveo di sviluppo teorico-operativo, anche recuperando approcci e riferimenti metodologici riconducibili allo studio del rapporto fra nuove tecnologie e trasformazioni del sistema urbano da tempo sviluppati in sede di ricerca ma mai concretamente adottati per la definizione di nuovi processi di governo della città. Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 6, N° 1 (2013): Smart Cities: Researches, Projects and Good Practices for the City

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  • Authors: Petito, Fabio;

    La continua evoluzione nel settore delle energie rinnovabili ha condotto alla ricerca di soluzioni che permettano l’ottenimento combinato di vettori energetici eterogenei. Tale tematica introduce molteplici piani di analisi, dalla definizione di nuovi sistemi, all’analisi dell’impatto ambientale fino alla resa economica complessiva, nel classico paradigma costi – benefici. In quest’ottica, le Green Renewable Technologies ridefiniscono il concetto di soluzione innovativa, in quanto rappresentano una scelta basata su principi di eco – sostenibilità. Tale aspetto fornisce una spinta propulsiva, sia alla ricerca di base che a quella industriale. Il punto cardine dell’analisi è sintetizzabile attraverso due concetti basilari: la definizione di nuovi sistemi non ancora standardizzati e la produzione combinata di energia per il soddisfacimento di richieste differenti. In questo discorso si innestano, trovando ampi margini di studio i sistemi a concentrazione solare. Tali dispositivi, infatti, risultano privi di standard affermati sia dal punto di vista della configurazione specifica di impianto, che per quanto concerne la componentistica di base. Inoltre, seppur studiati principalmente per la produzione di energia elettrica o termica, in maniera separata, essi presentano elevate potenzialità di producibilità combinata. Nel lavoro presentato viene fornita un’analisi approfondita dei sistemi a concentrazione. Nello specifico, considerando sia la parte elettrica che quella termica e definendo le principali tecnologie a supporto, parliamo di sistemi termo – fotovoltaici a concentrazione. In generale, il principio fondamentale di un sistema termo – fotovoltaico a concentrazione è quello di focalizzare i raggi luminosi, per mezzo di dispositivi ottici di vario genere, su particolari celle solari, di tipo multi – giunzione, al fine di aumentare l’energia ottenuta e ridurre l’area del materiale fotovoltaico attivo. Con la concentrazione della luce solare, la temperatura delle celle aumenta ed è fondamentale un corretto raffreddamento, al fine di non inficiare sul rendimento elettrico. Attraverso uno smaltimento attivo del calore, tramite un fluido termo – vettore, è possibile ottenere contemporaneamente energia termica. Lo scopo del lavoro è la definizione e modellazione teorico – sperimentale di tali apparati al fine di poterne valutare le prestazioni energetiche ed economiche. In particolar modo, non ci si è riferiti ad uno specifico impianto ma, attraverso le varie simulazioni, si è svolta un’analisi parametrica che permettesse di comprendere l’influenza di ciascuna variabile, interna o esterna, sul sistema. In tal senso, è stato possibile adattare il funzionamento dell’impianto con varie configurazioni e valutarne le potenzialità elettriche e termiche a seconda dell’applicazione. Un sistema termo – fotovoltaico a concentrazione è composto da tre parti principali, l’ottica che permette di focalizzare la luce, il ricevitore, dove sono alloggiate le celle multi – giunzione e che include il sistema di recupero del calore e l’inseguitore. Le celle scelte sono a tripla giunzione, in particolar modo sono state analizzate sperimentalmente le caratteristiche di celle di fosfuro di Indio – Gallio, arseniuro di Gallio e Germanio (InGaP/GaAs/Ge). Il lavoro valuta i principali parametri di un impianto a concentrazione, tra cui il fattore di concentrazione che descrive di quanto venga amplificata la radiazione incidente sulla cella, l’angolo di accettazione che incide sull’inseguimento e sulla corretta focalizzazione e la configurazione. Quest’ultima descrive come le celle e le ottiche sono disposte le une rispetto alle altre. I sistemi a concentrazione sono descritti in ogni loro componente, evidenziando i punti di forza ed analizzando quanto presente in letteratura. L’analisi definisce tutte le parti da modellare e gli strumenti da impiegare per raggiungere l’obiettivo di valutazione complessiva di tali impianti. In questo senso, partendo dall’input, al fine di valutare le prestazioni dell’impianto in ogni condizione, è stata definita una procedura per la stima del potenziale solare attraverso le reti neurali. In particolare, dato che i sistemi a concentrazione operano solo con la componente diretta della radiazione, si è fatta particolare attenzione al modello di tale frazione della radiazione globale. Sono state definite due reti, una per la radiazione globale ed una per la diretta. Dopo un’attenta analisi delle variabili input ed un processo di ricombinazione, la prima rete è stata costruita considerando sette parametri di input tra cui: latitudine e longitudine ore di luce, declinazione solare. La rete per la radiazione diretta, invece, presenta quattro input principali tra cui la stessa radiazione globale e l’indice di chiarezza, che descrive le condizioni di nuvolosità. Tali modelli sono stati addestrati, validati e testati con dati per vari anni, impiegando misure di database nazionali e prove sperimentali. Le reti valutate statisticamente e confrontate con la letteratura hanno offerto ottimi risultati in termini di errore medio sulla predizione. Le reti neurali, così definite, hanno permesso, poi, di implementare un’app mobile per la valutazione del potenziale solare a Salerno. Al fine valutare le prestazioni energetiche di un impianto a concentrazione, si sono definiti differenti modelli. In particolar modo, si è descritto come valutare la producibilità elettrica, a partire dalle prestazioni delle celle e dalle configurazioni scelte. Grande attenzione, inoltre, è stata posta sui modelli per la valutazione della temperatura della cella, variabile che influenza sia la parte elettrica che quella termica. Il culmine dell’analisi è stata la costruzione di un modello tipo Random Forest che ha permesso di prevedere la temperatura al variare della concentrazione, della temperatura ambiente e della radiazione incidente. Come per i modelli alle reti neurali, anche in questo caso è stato fondamentale l’impiego di dati sperimentali raccolti sul campo. Infine, la valutazione delle prestazioni termiche dell’impianto ha avuto come principale elemento di analisi la temperatura del fluido termo – vettore. A seconda di concentrazione e numero di celle sono stati definiti due circuiti di raffreddamento, uno basato su uno schema point – focus, l’altro su una configurazione line – focus. Sfruttando software grafici come Catia e SolidWorks e implementando l’analisi numerica in Ansys è stato possibile osservare i tempi di risposta di ciascun impianto e le temperature raggiunte dal fluido. In particolare si è impiegata una soluzione di acqua e glicole in un circuito con un diametro interno di 4.2 cm e celle a tripla giunzione da 1 cm. I modelli, principalmente in regime transitorio, hanno permesso di valutare la configurazione line – focus come più efficiente sia per i tempi di risposta che per le temperature raggiunte. Anche in questo caso, parte delle simulazioni hanno considerato come input ai modelli termici, temperature della cella valutate sperimentalmente. L’ultima fase modellistica, infine, ha analizzato la connessione del sistema a concentrazione ad un’utenza domestica, definendo il funzionamento di un possibile serbatoio che fungesse da accumulo per l’energia termica. Si sono, inoltre, svolte analisi di inefficienza a partire da una prestabilita configurazione e sono state analizzate le potenzialità energetico – economiche degli impianti a concentrazione, in varie condizioni. L’analisi sperimentale, come detto, rappresenta un aspetto basilare del lavoro, essa infatti ha avuto un duplice ruolo, da un lato ha permesso di analizzare l’incidenza di alcuni fattori, non direttamente rilevabile teoricamente. Dall’altro lato, invece, ha consentito, tramite il sistema di misura allestito, di costruire un database di rilevazioni, fondamentali per differenti modelli come quello di Random Forest per la valutazione della temperatura della cella, oppure quelli alle reti neurali. Lo studio sperimentale parte dalla sviluppo di un sistema a concentrazione realizzato all’Università degli Studi di Salerno. Tale sistema sfrutta una configurazione point – focus con una lente di Fresnel dal diametro di 30 cm, un caleidoscopio come ottica secondaria, ed una cella a tripla giunzione. Attraverso tale apparato sono state valutate differenti configurazioni al fine di definire una procedura sperimentale per la valutazione del fattore di concentrazione. In modo particolare, variando l’altezza della lente e valutando le tensioni di corto circuito della cella, è stato, di volta in volta, calcolato un fattore di concentrazione. Ciò ha permesso di caratterizzare sperimentalmente la cella al variare di C, osservando i principali parametri quali: tensione di circuito aperto, Fill Factor, rendimento, resistenza serie e resistenza di shunt. Si è ottenuta una concentrazione massima di 310x con un’altezza della lente di circa 24 cm. La fase sperimentale ha, in parallelo, previsto la definizione di una strumentazione di misura che permettesse da un lato di monitorare le prestazioni dell’impianto e dall’altro di raccogliere misure utili ai modelli teorici. In modo particolare, sono state impiegate diverse termo – resistenze, un piranometro, un sistema di acquisizione per la raccolta dei dati dai sensori ed il monitoraggio dei segnali elettrici ed una Source Meter Unit per imporre una tensione variabile in sede di caratterizzazione della cella. L’ultima fase di studio sperimentale ha permesso di progettare un nuovo impianto di tipo line – focus, con un fattore di concentrazione intorno ai 100x, lanciato il produzione a Novembre 2016. I principali risultati della modellazione teorico – sperimentale, consequenziali allo studio dell’input e delle variabili del sistema, mostrano le analisi elettriche e termiche svolte, evidenziando le ottime potenzialità dei sistemi a concentrazione. In modo particolare, considerando un’applicazione domestica, tramite un modello di scelta si è giunti alla definizione di un sistema point – focus con 180 celle disposte in tre moduli ed un fattore di concentrazione elevato. In questa configurazione, il sistema risponde ai carichi dell’utenza, sfruttando sia la rete elettrica che il serbatoio di accumulo. Altri esempi di applicazioni, hanno mostrato l’analisi di un sistema line – focus, con circa 500 celle. I risultati dell’analisi sperimentale, oltre ad un fattore C stimato in 310x, evidenziano una temperatura massima della cella che supera i 70°C. Ciò quindi ha reso possibile l’analisi parametrica della temperatura, tramite il modello di Random Forest, che evidenzia come, all’aumentare della concentrazione, il sistema possa essere impiegato sia per il riscaldamento invernale che per la refrigerazione estiva. In generale, per un’utenza domestica situata al Sud Italia, il sistema a concentrazione permette una produzione di circa 3000 kWh elettrici annui e di 10000 – 13000 kWh termici. Considerando richieste medie, la possibilità di scambiare energia elettrica con la rete e l’impiego di un serbatoio con integrazione si può affermare che tali sistemi presentano ottime potenzialità per un’utenza domestica. Inoltre, è potuto osservare come le differenti configurazioni possano sopperire alle richieste, con un tempo medio di ritorno dell’investimento tra gli 8 e gli 11 anni, nel caso di inefficienze irrisolte. Il lavoro presentato, quindi mostra le grandi potenzialità dei sistemi a concentrazione nell’ambito della produzione combinata di energia. L’analisi teorica e sperimentale si è incentrata sullo studio dell’influenza di ciascun parametro, caratteristico di tali tipi di impianti. I principali risultati sono connessi alla previsione dell’input, alla valutazione del funzionamento in termini sia elettrici che termici, ed allo studio sperimentale dei sistemi al fine di progettare e realizzare diversi prototipi. In generale, quindi i sistemi a concentrazione rappresentano una soluzione alternativa interessante, che mostra elevata flessibilità nella configurazione e nella possibilità di continui sviluppi volti a definire uno standard. [a cura dell'autore] The evolution in the renewable energies field led to search for solutions that allow the combined achievement of heterogeneous energy vectors. This theme introduces multiple levels of analysis, from the definition of new systems and the environmental impact analysis to the overall economic performances, in the traditional cost – benefit paradigm. In this context, the Green Renewable Technologies redefines the concept of innovative solution, as they represent a choice based on eco – sustainability princes. This aspect provides a driving force, both for the basic and industrial research. The key point of the analysis can be summarized in two basic concepts: the definition of new systems not yet standardized and the combined energy production in order to meet different demands. In this analysis, the systems based on the solar concentration present wide margin of study. Such devices don’t have established standards from the specific system configuration point of view and as regards the basic components. In addition, although primarily designed for the electrical or thermal energy production, in a separate way, they have a high potential of combined energy capability. In the presented work a complete analysis of the concentration systems is provided. Considering both the electrical and the thermal energy production, we can talk of concentrating photovoltaic and thermal systems. Generally, the basic principle of these systems is to focus the solar radiation, by means of optical devices, on specific solar cells, the multi – junction ones, in order to increase the obtained energy and decrease the solar cell area. The sunlight concentration lead to an increase in the solar cell temperature, hence a right cooling is needed. By employing a cooling fluid it is possible to avoid electrical losses and simultaneously obtain thermal energy. The main aim of this work is the definition and theoretical – experimental modeling of such kind of systems in order to evaluate their energetic and economic performances. In particular, the work is not referred to a specific plant but, by means of different simulations, a parametric analysis has been conducted in order to understand the different variables influence on the system configuration. Hence, it was possible to adapt the system operating with different configurations and to assess the electrical and thermal potential depending on a specific application. A concentrating photovoltaic and thermal systems is principally composed of three parts, the optics that allows the sunlight concentration, the receiver, where the solar cells are placed and the tracking system. The solar cells chosen are triple junction solar cells, in particular the characteristics of Indium – Gallium phosphide, Gallium arsenide and Germanium (InGaP/GaAs/Ge) cells have been experimentally analyzed. The work evaluates the main parameters of a concentrating plant, such as the concentration factor which describes how many times the incident radiation has been amplified, the acceptance angle which affects on tracking and the configuration. This describes how the cells and the optics are arranged to each other. The concentration systems are described in each component, highlighting what is present in the literature. The analysis defines both the part to modeling and the employed tools in order to achieve an overall assessment of these systems. In this way, starting from the input, a procedure for the solar potential evaluation has been defined by means of the artificial neural networks. In particular, as these systems work only with the direct component of the solar radiation, two networks have been analyzed both for the global and direct radiation, employing a recombination process. The first network considers seven input parameters while the second one, for the direct radiation evaluation, exploits four input variables, including the cloudiness. These models have been trained, validated and tested exploiting data from national databases and experimental measures for different years. The neural networks designed have also been statistically compared with the main literature results in this field, reporting excellent performances. In order to evaluate the energetic performances of a concentration system, different models have been introduced. In particular, models for the electrical analysis, starting from the cells characteristics and the chosen configuration, have been defined. Moreover, the thermal analysis has been conducted, studying the cell temperature. Hence, the definition of a Random Forest model for the cell temperature predicting has been a key point of the analysis. The evaluation of the cell temperature under concentration, in fact, represents a problem which effects both the electrical and the thermal analysis. Hence, the realized Random Forest model, allows to solve different problems. As for the neural networks models, also for the Random Forest model the use of experimental data has been fundamental. Once known the cell temperature, different thermal model have been realized in order to evaluate the cooling fluid temperature. In particular, depending on the concentration level and the number of the cells, two different cooling circuit have been realized. The first one based on a point – focus configuration, while the second one based on a line – focus configuration. By means of graphic softwares, such as Catia and Solidworks, and implementing a numeric analysis in Ansys, the fluid temperatures in the different cooling circuits have been evaluated. The line focus configuration has shown the best performances both for the reached temperatures and the response time. The last modeling phase analyzed the system connection with a residential user. In particular, the use of a tank which would represent a thermal energy storage has also been evaluated. Moreover, different inefficiency analysis has been conducted in order to evaluate the energetic end economic performances of the concentration systems in different conditions. The experimental analysis represented a key point for all the realized model. It had a dual role, on one hand, it allowed to understand the influence of different variables, not theoretically evaluable. On another hand, it allowed to obtain a database of experimental measures, which have been fundamental for the different realized models, such as the neural networks and Random Forest. The experimental analysis starts with the development o a concentrating system at the University of Salerno. This plant presents a point – focus configuration with a Fresnel lens, as primary optics, a kaleidoscope as secondary optics, and a triple junction solar cell. This plant allowed to define an experimental procedure for the concentration factor evaluation. By changing the Fresnel lens height, it was possible to modify the concentration factor and to evaluate different cell parameter such as the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current, the efficiency, the fill factor and the series and shunt resistances. The maximum concentration factor reached has been of 310 suns, with a lens height of 24 cm. The experimental phase provided for the definition of a measurement equipment that, on the one hand, allowed the monitoring of the system performances, while on another hand it permitted to collect measures useful for the theoretical models. In particular, different thermo – resistances, a pyranometer, an acquisition system and a Source Meter Unit have been employed in order to monitor the electrical signals and for the cell characterization. The last phase of the experimental study allowed to design a new line focus system with a concentration factor of about 100 suns. The main results of the theoretical – experimental modeling, after the input analysis and the study of the system variables, show the electrical and thermal performance of the concentration systems defined. In particular, considering a residential user and exploiting a choice model, a point – focus system with 180 triple junction cells has been chosen. With this configuration, considering the electric national grid and a thermal energy storage, the system allows to meet the user energy demands. Another application example, for a residential user, led to define a line focus system with 500 triple junction solar cells. The experimental results, over the estimation of the concentration factor, have shown a maximum temperature for the solar cell of about 70°C. Hence, it allowed the parametric analysis of the cell temperature by means of the Random Forest model, which shows as, increasing the concentration factor, the system can be employed both for the winter heating and the summer cooling. Generally, for a domestic user in the South of Italy, the concentrating photovoltaic and thermal system allows an annual electric energy production of about 3000 kWh and an annual thermal energy production between 10000 and 13000 kWh. Taking into account of average energy demands and considering the system possibility of work with the electrical national grid and a tank, the concentrating systems represent a good solution for a residential user. Moreover, as shown by the analysis of the different configuration, the systems can meet the energy demand with a simple payback period between 8 and 11 years, considering some inefficiencies. Hence, the presented work shows the great potential of the concentration system in the combined energy production field. The theoretical and experimental analysis have been conducted focusing on the study of the different parameters influence. The main results are connected to the input prevision, the system operating analysis for both the electrical and the thermal part and the designing of different prototypes. The concentrating photovoltaic and thermal systems represent an interesting alternative solution which shows a high flexibility in the system configuration and which constitute a topic for further development, in particular for the definition of a standard plant. [edited by author] XV n.s. (XXIX) 2015 - 2016

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    Authors: MARCA, FEDERICO;

    MICROCHP ANALYSIS, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROCHP STIRLING ENGINE OF 1 KW POWER. ANALISI DEL POTENZIALE DELLA MICROCOGENERAZIONE IN AMBITO CIVILE E DOMESTICO, E PROGETTAZIONE E REALIZZAZIONE DI UN MICROCOGENERATORE A CICLO STIRLING DA 1 KW ELETTRICO.

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    Authors: Gigliarelli E.; Calcerano F.; Calvano M.; Ruperto F.; +2 Authors

    Energy efficiency, sustainability of interventions and efficient management of the conservation process are three increasingly important features of the restoration and regeneration of urban historic fabrics. Several studies identify in the Heritage-BIM the most suitable instrument for the integration and management of knowledge produced during the conservation process, with ongoing experiments that, from the field of representation and geometric survey, have gone in the direction of a multidisciplinary approach. Numerical simulations are one of the most powerful tools for improving energy efficiency of the built heritage, not only for the understanding of complex phenomena and the analysis of the energy and environmental consequences of conservation interventions (also in terms of deterioration), but also because they allow innovative applications in the field of non-destructive analysis and in the reconstruction of the original passive behaviour of historic structures. An HBIM model already contains much of the information required for numerical analysis of historical structures, and interoperability can save time by reducing errors in manual steps but at the moment the process of integration between the two software environments is still complex and in an embryonic phase that requires a multidisciplinary approach and the involvement of numerous experts from different scientific fields. The article describes the methodology of integration between multidisciplinary analyses, HBIM modelling and simulation analysis adopted within the METRICS research project, where it was possible to test the limits and potentials of the currently available approaches, exploiting the digital medium of computational design to bridge the gap between BIM and simulation environments.

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    Part of book or chapter of book . 2017
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: BIASINI VALENTINA;

    The paper presents the objectives of the European Construction Technology Platform for the development of innovative materials, such as: reduction of environmental impact of production and demolition of construction materials; 30% reduction in production times and costs through the introduction of innovative, efficient and predictable processes; increase of energy efficiency of buildings through the use of innovative materials designed for specific applications; reduction in lifecycle costs of construction materials; improve in environmental comfort (health, hygiene, safe, aesthetics); development of new multifunctional materials with high knowledge content specifically designed according to customers' requirements.

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    Article . 2008
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      Article . 2008
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  • Authors: Massimiliano LO FARO; Sabrina CAMPAGNA ZIGNANI; Sebastian VECINO; Giuseppe MONFORTE; +1 Authors

    Currently, society is assisting in transitioning from centralized power generation to distributed power generation [1, 2]. This transition is necessary for various reasons that essentially reside on some fundamental points: 1.The current electric lines can not withstand the energy demand of an increasing number of energy-intensive vehicles, especially for mobility [3]. 2.The ever-increasing availability of small electric generators has created many small electricity producers, and on-site use becomes more advantageous [4]. 3.Technologies concerning electrochemical devices for the production and use of energy are particularly efficient for small sizes [5]. In this scenario, the development of energy conversion devices such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and devices for the storage of electricity such as solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and metal-air solid oxide batteries can play a crucial role [6, 7]. Solid oxide cells (SOC) are electrochemical devices capable of converting chemical energy into electrical energy when used as SOFCs and vice versa when operated as SOECs. A similar cell can also be used as cell batteries, allowing electricity storage, depending on the grid demand. The current problem is that such devices cannot be considered sufficiently mature because not enough time has passed from their conceptualization to their demonstration for real uses. Therefore, we are assisting to a proliferation of concepts that simulate their perspectives in a suitable environment. Based on these considerations, this communication reports the ideas and prototypes adopted by our research group to improve the flexibility in the use of fuels (SOFC), the convenience of direct methane production through commercial SOEC cells and the realization of a simple and cheep architecture of metal-air battery.

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    Other ORP type . 2021
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      Other ORP type . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Diego Calabrese; Gioacchino Tricarico; Elia Brescia; Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella; +2 Authors

    1) Files.csv : Dataset acquired on the experimental laboratory setup used for the emulation of a Ducted Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine. 2) DHAWT.xlsx : aerodynamic characteristics of the Ducted Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine chosen as case of study.

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC BY
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sala A.; Notti E.; Buglioni G.;

    The actual panorama of fishing industry is very problematic due to the contemporary action of many factors. Overfishing and the actual economic crisis affect revenues, while the obsolescence of existing fishing vessels which causes high fuel consumption, combined with the continuous rise up of the fuel price increase management costs. So that, for many fishermen there is no profitability at the moment. Due to the impossibility to have influence on the market, fishermen can only try to reduce management costs of their activities, mainly related to the fuel cost and consumption. Actually there is no possibility to replace fishing fleets with new and more efficient constructions due to last European Commission regulations. Fishermen must reduce fuel consumption only by reducing fishing vessels energy usage. The total amount of energy used by a fishing vessel will vary depend on the size (and engineering) of the vessel, weather conditions, type and size of fishing gears, location, skill and knowledge. Furthermore, similar fishing vessels could have different energy usage, due to different engineering solutions such as different hull design and propulsion systems, different propeller type and size, different techniques and tactics. To achieve energy saving on existing fishing vessels a methodological approach is necessary. First of all, it is necessary to define the energy profile of the vessel. Once the energy profile is defined it is possible to state how energy (and the fuel) is used and heavy energy users can be identified. For these energy users technological improvements can be discussed and solution proposed; these solutions must be evaluated also from an economical point of view with a business plan, taking into account economical savings and investment costs. The energetic profile is defined trough an Energy Audit, an engineering test for the monitoring of energy usage during normal fishing activities. An Energy Audit template was conceived and applied to some fishing vessels. The main goal is to define the energetic profiles of the Center Adriatic fishing fleet as a baseline for further analysis, aimed mainly to find and evaluate improvements.

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    Report . 2012
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      Report . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Introduction The momentum towards the green economy; strongly focused on innovation; highlights the urgent need to anticipate the new and emerging health and safety risks in green jobs with a view to ensuring adequate; safe and healthy working conditions. The present study has conducted a survey among relevant stakeholders; social partners; institutions and green companies to collect their perceptions of potential effects of green jobs on occupational health and safety; with particular regard to the renewable energy sector. Methods An online questionnaire posted on the "Research Activity" section of the INAIL website was used to conduct the survey. It involved a sample of 61 stakeholders including institutions (11); trade unions (11); employers associations (13); companies (11); research (15). Questionnaire results have been uploaded to a database in Microsoft Excel format and analysed using SPSS version 16.0 for Windows. Results Most of respondents claim that the green transition poses new risks that can be managed with current risk management procedures (38;2% of responses) or think that renewables entail the same types of risks as other forms of energy but new risk management procedures are required (27;3% of responses). As regards the occupational health and safety risks associated with the production of sustainable energy sources; this study shows that wind; photovoltaic and solar thermal energy (41;2%) entail low health and safety risks. Medium risks have been identified in geothermal (47;1%); hydro power (44;1%) and biomass (38;2%). Discussion This study provides an objective analysis of green experts' perception of emerging and poorly investigated issues concerning the potential implications of green technologies in the field of occupational health and safety. The poor perception of workers' health and safety protection brought to light by the survey is due to a delay of the Italian political; scientific and industrial world in the assessment of potential risks for workers' health and safety posed by the introduction of new green technologies.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.13122/va...
    Other literature type . 2014
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Archivio Istituziona...arrow_drop_down
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.13122/va...
      Other literature type . 2014
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  • Authors: Cafaro; C.; Ceci; P.; +2 Authors

    The focus of this work is to outline the actions that in the next years, at international and national level, will be implemented as a tool to contrast climate change and reduce the contribution of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These actions go through an important transformation of the energy sector, with the progressive decrease in the use of fossil fuels for the energy production, starting with coal which is the most polluting. This conversion process can represent a possibility of a technological renewal of the current plants operating in Italy and an opportunity for an employment growth with reference to the construction of the new plants and to the decommissioning of the existing plants which will close in the future.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Fistola, Romano;

    Prefigurare assetti urbani futuri nei quali le tecnologie consentano azioni e interazioni fra gli individui inimmaginabili solo pochi anni fa, ha da sempre rappresentato una delle tematiche di ricerca ed approfondimento più interessanti delle scienze della città anche se, probabilmente, non sufficientemente considerate nel dibattito urbanistico del nostro paese degli ultimi venti anni. L’accelerazione verso tali tematiche è stata consistente a partire dai recenti bandi della Comunità Europea e del Ministero dell’Istruzione e della Ricerca Italiano sulle: Smart City. In questa importante svolta, supportata dalle numerose aziende produttrici di tecnologie, dispositivi e media, sembra tuttavia verificarsi una discontinuità nell’ambito della definizione teorica dei processi connessi alla strutturazione ed alla gestione della Smart City. I numerosi approfondimenti sul tema sembrano svilupparsi lontano dalle scienze del governo delle trasformazioni della città e distanti dal principale ambito disciplinare di riferimento: l’urbanistica. Tale discrasia è probabilmente riconducibile a due fattori: da una parte la marginalizzazione del tema relativo a città ed innovazione tecnologica nel dibattito urbanistico nazionale concentratosi su altri, pur importanti, argomenti e, dall’altra l’approccio marcatamente aziendale che la recente accelerazione ha subito e che, in una logica di mercato, tende ad evitare possibili razionalizzazioni dei processi. All’interno del testo verranno proposti approcci, ipotesi e riflessioni probabilmente non strutturate per definire un ordinato sviluppo teorico ma, probabilmente in grado di aprire dimensioni del ragionamento ed indicare possibili scenari che possano essere successivamente ripresi, confutati e riarticolati dagli altri studiosi delle scienze urbane per definirne un nuovo modo di interpretare e tentare di orientare lo sviluppo urbano. Molte delle riflessioni presentate nel seguito rappresentano semplici spunti che necessitano di ulteriori approfondimenti e sviluppi maggiormente strutturati. Ma pare utile avviare un ragionamento che dimostri come la proposizione del modello “smart” per i moderni sistemi urbani non derivi unicamente da necessità tecnicisticamente aziendali, che spingono all’utilizzo di device di controllo urbano, ma possano essere visti come uno stadio evolutivo della città del quale già da tempo si erano prefigurati gli sviluppi. In altre parole obiettivo di questo paper è quello di tentare di ricondurre le dinamiche di sviluppo della SC nel loro naturale alveo di sviluppo teorico-operativo, anche recuperando approcci e riferimenti metodologici riconducibili allo studio del rapporto fra nuove tecnologie e trasformazioni del sistema urbano da tempo sviluppati in sede di ricerca ma mai concretamente adottati per la definizione di nuovi processi di governo della città. Tema. Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment, Vol 6, N° 1 (2013): Smart Cities: Researches, Projects and Good Practices for the City

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  • Authors: Petito, Fabio;

    La continua evoluzione nel settore delle energie rinnovabili ha condotto alla ricerca di soluzioni che permettano l’ottenimento combinato di vettori energetici eterogenei. Tale tematica introduce molteplici piani di analisi, dalla definizione di nuovi sistemi, all’analisi dell’impatto ambientale fino alla resa economica complessiva, nel classico paradigma costi – benefici. In quest’ottica, le Green Renewable Technologies ridefiniscono il concetto di soluzione innovativa, in quanto rappresentano una scelta basata su principi di eco – sostenibilità. Tale aspetto fornisce una spinta propulsiva, sia alla ricerca di base che a quella industriale. Il punto cardine dell’analisi è sintetizzabile attraverso due concetti basilari: la definizione di nuovi sistemi non ancora standardizzati e la produzione combinata di energia per il soddisfacimento di richieste differenti. In questo discorso si innestano, trovando ampi margini di studio i sistemi a concentrazione solare. Tali dispositivi, infatti, risultano privi di standard affermati sia dal punto di vista della configurazione specifica di impianto, che per quanto concerne la componentistica di base. Inoltre, seppur studiati principalmente per la produzione di energia elettrica o termica, in maniera separata, essi presentano elevate potenzialità di producibilità combinata. Nel lavoro presentato viene fornita un’analisi approfondita dei sistemi a concentrazione. Nello specifico, considerando sia la parte elettrica che quella termica e definendo le principali tecnologie a supporto, parliamo di sistemi termo – fotovoltaici a concentrazione. In generale, il principio fondamentale di un sistema termo – fotovoltaico a concentrazione è quello di focalizzare i raggi luminosi, per mezzo di dispositivi ottici di vario genere, su particolari celle solari, di tipo multi – giunzione, al fine di aumentare l’energia ottenuta e ridurre l’area del materiale fotovoltaico attivo. Con la concentrazione della luce solare, la temperatura delle celle aumenta ed è fondamentale un corretto raffreddamento, al fine di non inficiare sul rendimento elettrico. Attraverso uno smaltimento attivo del calore, tramite un fluido termo – vettore, è possibile ottenere contemporaneamente energia termica. Lo scopo del lavoro è la definizione e modellazione teorico – sperimentale di tali apparati al fine di poterne valutare le prestazioni energetiche ed economiche. In particolar modo, non ci si è riferiti ad uno specifico impianto ma, attraverso le varie simulazioni, si è svolta un’analisi parametrica che permettesse di comprendere l’influenza di ciascuna variabile, interna o esterna, sul sistema. In tal senso, è stato possibile adattare il funzionamento dell’impianto con varie configurazioni e valutarne le potenzialità elettriche e termiche a seconda dell’applicazione. Un sistema termo – fotovoltaico a concentrazione è composto da tre parti principali, l’ottica che permette di focalizzare la luce, il ricevitore, dove sono alloggiate le celle multi – giunzione e che include il sistema di recupero del calore e l’inseguitore. Le celle scelte sono a tripla giunzione, in particolar modo sono state analizzate sperimentalmente le caratteristiche di celle di fosfuro di Indio – Gallio, arseniuro di Gallio e Germanio (InGaP/GaAs/Ge). Il lavoro valuta i principali parametri di un impianto a concentrazione, tra cui il fattore di concentrazione che descrive di quanto venga amplificata la radiazione incidente sulla cella, l’angolo di accettazione che incide sull’inseguimento e sulla corretta focalizzazione e la configurazione. Quest’ultima descrive come le celle e le ottiche sono disposte le une rispetto alle altre. I sistemi a concentrazione sono descritti in ogni loro componente, evidenziando i punti di forza ed analizzando quanto presente in letteratura. L’analisi definisce tutte le parti da modellare e gli strumenti da impiegare per raggiungere l’obiettivo di valutazione complessiva di tali impianti. In questo senso, partendo dall’input, al fine di valutare le prestazioni dell’impianto in ogni condizione, è stata definita una procedura per la stima del potenziale solare attraverso le reti neurali. In particolare, dato che i sistemi a concentrazione operano solo con la componente diretta della radiazione, si è fatta particolare attenzione al modello di tale frazione della radiazione globale. Sono state definite due reti, una per la radiazione globale ed una per la diretta. Dopo un’attenta analisi delle variabili input ed un processo di ricombinazione, la prima rete è stata costruita considerando sette parametri di input tra cui: latitudine e longitudine ore di luce, declinazione solare. La rete per la radiazione diretta, invece, presenta quattro input principali tra cui la stessa radiazione globale e l’indice di chiarezza, che descrive le condizioni di nuvolosità. Tali modelli sono stati addestrati, validati e testati con dati per vari anni, impiegando misure di database nazionali e prove sperimentali. Le reti valutate statisticamente e confrontate con la letteratura hanno offerto ottimi risultati in termini di errore medio sulla predizione. Le reti neurali, così definite, hanno permesso, poi, di implementare un’app mobile per la valutazione del potenziale solare a Salerno. Al fine valutare le prestazioni energetiche di un impianto a concentrazione, si sono definiti differenti modelli. In particolar modo, si è descritto come valutare la producibilità elettrica, a partire dalle prestazioni delle celle e dalle configurazioni scelte. Grande attenzione, inoltre, è stata posta sui modelli per la valutazione della temperatura della cella, variabile che influenza sia la parte elettrica che quella termica. Il culmine dell’analisi è stata la costruzione di un modello tipo Random Forest che ha permesso di prevedere la temperatura al variare della concentrazione, della temperatura ambiente e della radiazione incidente. Come per i modelli alle reti neurali, anche in questo caso è stato fondamentale l’impiego di dati sperimentali raccolti sul campo. Infine, la valutazione delle prestazioni termiche dell’impianto ha avuto come principale elemento di analisi la temperatura del fluido termo – vettore. A seconda di concentrazione e numero di celle sono stati definiti due circuiti di raffreddamento, uno basato su uno schema point – focus, l’altro su una configurazione line – focus. Sfruttando software grafici come Catia e SolidWorks e implementando l’analisi numerica in Ansys è stato possibile osservare i tempi di risposta di ciascun impianto e le temperature raggiunte dal fluido. In particolare si è impiegata una soluzione di acqua e glicole in un circuito con un diametro interno di 4.2 cm e celle a tripla giunzione da 1 cm. I modelli, principalmente in regime transitorio, hanno permesso di valutare la configurazione line – focus come più efficiente sia per i tempi di risposta che per le temperature raggiunte. Anche in questo caso, parte delle simulazioni hanno considerato come input ai modelli termici, temperature della cella valutate sperimentalmente. L’ultima fase modellistica, infine, ha analizzato la connessione del sistema a concentrazione ad un’utenza domestica, definendo il funzionamento di un possibile serbatoio che fungesse da accumulo per l’energia termica. Si sono, inoltre, svolte analisi di inefficienza a partire da una prestabilita configurazione e sono state analizzate le potenzialità energetico – economiche degli impianti a concentrazione, in varie condizioni. L’analisi sperimentale, come detto, rappresenta un aspetto basilare del lavoro, essa infatti ha avuto un duplice ruolo, da un lato ha permesso di analizzare l’incidenza di alcuni fattori, non direttamente rilevabile teoricamente. Dall’altro lato, invece, ha consentito, tramite il sistema di misura allestito, di costruire un database di rilevazioni, fondamentali per differenti modelli come quello di Random Forest per la valutazione della temperatura della cella, oppure quelli alle reti neurali. Lo studio sperimentale parte dalla sviluppo di un sistema a concentrazione realizzato all’Università degli Studi di Salerno. Tale sistema sfrutta una configurazione point – focus con una lente di Fresnel dal diametro di 30 cm, un caleidoscopio come ottica secondaria, ed una cella a tripla giunzione. Attraverso tale apparato sono state valutate differenti configurazioni al fine di definire una procedura sperimentale per la valutazione del fattore di concentrazione. In modo particolare, variando l’altezza della lente e valutando le tensioni di corto circuito della cella, è stato, di volta in volta, calcolato un fattore di concentrazione. Ciò ha permesso di caratterizzare sperimentalmente la cella al variare di C, osservando i principali parametri quali: tensione di circuito aperto, Fill Factor, rendimento, resistenza serie e resistenza di shunt. Si è ottenuta una concentrazione massima di 310x con un’altezza della lente di circa 24 cm. La fase sperimentale ha, in parallelo, previsto la definizione di una strumentazione di misura che permettesse da un lato di monitorare le prestazioni dell’impianto e dall’altro di raccogliere misure utili ai modelli teorici. In modo particolare, sono state impiegate diverse termo – resistenze, un piranometro, un sistema di acquisizione per la raccolta dei dati dai sensori ed il monitoraggio dei segnali elettrici ed una Source Meter Unit per imporre una tensione variabile in sede di caratterizzazione della cella. L’ultima fase di studio sperimentale ha permesso di progettare un nuovo impianto di tipo line – focus, con un fattore di concentrazione intorno ai 100x, lanciato il produzione a Novembre 2016. I principali risultati della modellazione teorico – sperimentale, consequenziali allo studio dell’input e delle variabili del sistema, mostrano le analisi elettriche e termiche svolte, evidenziando le ottime potenzialità dei sistemi a concentrazione. In modo particolare, considerando un’applicazione domestica, tramite un modello di scelta si è giunti alla definizione di un sistema point – focus con 180 celle disposte in tre moduli ed un fattore di concentrazione elevato. In questa configurazione, il sistema risponde ai carichi dell’utenza, sfruttando sia la rete elettrica che il serbatoio di accumulo. Altri esempi di applicazioni, hanno mostrato l’analisi di un sistema line – focus, con circa 500 celle. I risultati dell’analisi sperimentale, oltre ad un fattore C stimato in 310x, evidenziano una temperatura massima della cella che supera i 70°C. Ciò quindi ha reso possibile l’analisi parametrica della temperatura, tramite il modello di Random Forest, che evidenzia come, all’aumentare della concentrazione, il sistema possa essere impiegato sia per il riscaldamento invernale che per la refrigerazione estiva. In generale, per un’utenza domestica situata al Sud Italia, il sistema a concentrazione permette una produzione di circa 3000 kWh elettrici annui e di 10000 – 13000 kWh termici. Considerando richieste medie, la possibilità di scambiare energia elettrica con la rete e l’impiego di un serbatoio con integrazione si può affermare che tali sistemi presentano ottime potenzialità per un’utenza domestica. Inoltre, è potuto osservare come le differenti configurazioni possano sopperire alle richieste, con un tempo medio di ritorno dell’investimento tra gli 8 e gli 11 anni, nel caso di inefficienze irrisolte. Il lavoro presentato, quindi mostra le grandi potenzialità dei sistemi a concentrazione nell’ambito della produzione combinata di energia. L’analisi teorica e sperimentale si è incentrata sullo studio dell’influenza di ciascun parametro, caratteristico di tali tipi di impianti. I principali risultati sono connessi alla previsione dell’input, alla valutazione del funzionamento in termini sia elettrici che termici, ed allo studio sperimentale dei sistemi al fine di progettare e realizzare diversi prototipi. In generale, quindi i sistemi a concentrazione rappresentano una soluzione alternativa interessante, che mostra elevata flessibilità nella configurazione e nella possibilità di continui sviluppi volti a definire uno standard. [a cura dell'autore] The evolution in the renewable energies field led to search for solutions that allow the combined achievement of heterogeneous energy vectors. This theme introduces multiple levels of analysis, from the definition of new systems and the environmental impact analysis to the overall economic performances, in the traditional cost – benefit paradigm. In this context, the Green Renewable Technologies redefines the concept of innovative solution, as they represent a choice based on eco – sustainability princes. This aspect provides a driving force, both for the basic and industrial research. The key point of the analysis can be summarized in two basic concepts: the definition of new systems not yet standardized and the combined energy production in order to meet different demands. In this analysis, the systems based on the solar concentration present wide margin of study. Such devices don’t have established standards from the specific system configuration point of view and as regards the basic components. In addition, although primarily designed for the electrical or thermal energy production, in a separate way, they have a high potential of combined energy capability. In the presented work a complete analysis of the concentration systems is provided. Considering both the electrical and the thermal energy production, we can talk of concentrating photovoltaic and thermal systems. Generally, the basic principle of these systems is to focus the solar radiation, by means of optical devices, on specific solar cells, the multi – junction ones, in order to increase the obtained energy and decrease the solar cell area. The sunlight concentration lead to an increase in the solar cell temperature, hence a right cooling is needed. By employing a cooling fluid it is possible to avoid electrical losses and simultaneously obtain thermal energy. The main aim of this work is the definition and theoretical – experimental modeling of such kind of systems in order to evaluate their energetic and economic performances. In particular, the work is not referred to a specific plant but, by means of different simulations, a parametric analysis has been conducted in order to understand the different variables influence on the system configuration. Hence, it was possible to adapt the system operating with different configurations and to assess the electrical and thermal potential depending on a specific application. A concentrating photovoltaic and thermal systems is principally composed of three parts, the optics that allows the sunlight concentration, the receiver, where the solar cells are placed and the tracking system. The solar cells chosen are triple junction solar cells, in particular the characteristics of Indium – Gallium phosphide, Gallium arsenide and Germanium (InGaP/GaAs/Ge) cells have been experimentally analyzed. The work evaluates the main parameters of a concentrating plant, such as the concentration factor which describes how many times the incident radiation has been amplified, the acceptance angle which affects on tracking and the configuration. This describes how the cells and the optics are arranged to each other. The concentration systems are described in each component, highlighting what is present in the literature. The analysis defines both the part to modeling and the employed tools in order to achieve an overall assessment of these systems. In this way, starting from the input, a procedure for the solar potential evaluation has been defined by means of the artificial neural networks. In particular, as these systems work only with the direct component of the solar radiation, two networks have been analyzed both for the global and direct radiation, employing a recombination process. The first network considers seven input parameters while the second one, for the direct radiation evaluation, exploits four input variables, including the cloudiness. These models have been trained, validated and tested exploiting data from national databases and experimental measures for different years. The neural networks designed have also been statistically compared with the main literature results in this field, reporting excellent performances. In order to evaluate the energetic performances of a concentration system, different models have been introduced. In particular, models for the electrical analysis, starting from the cells characteristics and the chosen configuration, have been defined. Moreover, the thermal analysis has been conducted, studying the cell temperature. Hence, the definition of a Random Forest model for the cell temperature predicting has been a key point of the analysis. The evaluation of the cell temperature under concentration, in fact, represents a problem which effects both the electrical and the thermal analysis. Hence, the realized Random Forest model, allows to solve different problems. As for the neural networks models, also for the Random Forest model the use of experimental data has been fundamental. Once known the cell temperature, different thermal model have been realized in order to evaluate the cooling fluid temperature. In particular, depending on the concentration level and the number of the cells, two different cooling circuit have been realized. The first one based on a point – focus configuration, while the second one based on a line – focus configuration. By means of graphic softwares, such as Catia and Solidworks, and implementing a numeric analysis in Ansys, the fluid temperatures in the different cooling circuits have been evaluated. The line focus configuration has shown the best performances both for the reached temperatures and the response time. The last modeling phase analyzed the system connection with a residential user. In particular, the use of a tank which would represent a thermal energy storage has also been evaluated. Moreover, different inefficiency analysis has been conducted in order to evaluate the energetic end economic performances of the concentration systems in different conditions. The experimental analysis represented a key point for all the realized model. It had a dual role, on one hand, it allowed to understand the influence of different variables, not theoretically evaluable. On another hand, it allowed to obtain a database of experimental measures, which have been fundamental for the different realized models, such as the neural networks and Random Forest. The experimental analysis starts with the development o a concentrating system at the University of Salerno. This plant presents a point – focus configuration with a Fresnel lens, as primary optics, a kaleidoscope as secondary optics, and a triple junction solar cell. This plant allowed to define an experimental procedure for the concentration factor evaluation. By changing the Fresnel lens height, it was possible to modify the concentration factor and to evaluate different cell parameter such as the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current, the efficiency, the fill factor and the series and shunt resistances. The maximum concentration factor reached has been of 310 suns, with a lens height of 24 cm. The experimental phase provided for the definition of a measurement equipment that, on the one hand, allowed the monitoring of the system performances, while on another hand it permitted to collect measures useful for the theoretical models. In particular, different thermo – resistances, a pyranometer, an acquisition system and a Source Meter Unit have been employed in order to monitor the electrical signals and for the cell characterization. The last phase of the experimental study allowed to design a new line focus system with a concentration factor of about 100 suns. The main results of the theoretical – experimental modeling, after the input analysis and the study of the system variables, show the electrical and thermal performance of the concentration systems defined. In particular, considering a residential user and exploiting a choice model, a point – focus system with 180 triple junction cells has been chosen. With this configuration, considering the electric national grid and a thermal energy storage, the system allows to meet the user energy demands. Another application example, for a residential user, led to define a line focus system with 500 triple junction solar cells. The experimental results, over the estimation of the concentration factor, have shown a maximum temperature for the solar cell of about 70°C. Hence, it allowed the parametric analysis of the cell temperature by means of the Random Forest model, which shows as, increasing the concentration factor, the system can be employed both for the winter heating and the summer cooling. Generally, for a domestic user in the South of Italy, the concentrating photovoltaic and thermal system allows an annual electric energy production of about 3000 kWh and an annual thermal energy production between 10000 and 13000 kWh. Taking into account of average energy demands and considering the system possibility of work with the electrical national grid and a tank, the concentrating systems represent a good solution for a residential user. Moreover, as shown by the analysis of the different configuration, the systems can meet the energy demand with a simple payback period between 8 and 11 years, considering some inefficiencies. Hence, the presented work shows the great potential of the concentration system in the combined energy production field. The theoretical and experimental analysis have been conducted focusing on the study of the different parameters influence. The main results are connected to the input prevision, the system operating analysis for both the electrical and the thermal part and the designing of different prototypes. The concentrating photovoltaic and thermal systems represent an interesting alternative solution which shows a high flexibility in the system configuration and which constitute a topic for further development, in particular for the definition of a standard plant. [edited by author] XV n.s. (XXIX) 2015 - 2016

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    Authors: MARCA, FEDERICO;

    MICROCHP ANALYSIS, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A MICROCHP STIRLING ENGINE OF 1 KW POWER. ANALISI DEL POTENZIALE DELLA MICROCOGENERAZIONE IN AMBITO CIVILE E DOMESTICO, E PROGETTAZIONE E REALIZZAZIONE DI UN MICROCOGENERATORE A CICLO STIRLING DA 1 KW ELETTRICO.

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    Authors: Gigliarelli E.; Calcerano F.; Calvano M.; Ruperto F.; +2 Authors

    Energy efficiency, sustainability of interventions and efficient management of the conservation process are three increasingly important features of the restoration and regeneration of urban historic fabrics. Several studies identify in the Heritage-BIM the most suitable instrument for the integration and management of knowledge produced during the conservation process, with ongoing experiments that, from the field of representation and geometric survey, have gone in the direction of a multidisciplinary approach. Numerical simulations are one of the most powerful tools for improving energy efficiency of the built heritage, not only for the understanding of complex phenomena and the analysis of the energy and environmental consequences of conservation interventions (also in terms of deterioration), but also because they allow innovative applications in the field of non-destructive analysis and in the reconstruction of the original passive behaviour of historic structures. An HBIM model already contains much of the information required for numerical analysis of historical structures, and interoperability can save time by reducing errors in manual steps but at the moment the process of integration between the two software environments is still complex and in an embryonic phase that requires a multidisciplinary approach and the involvement of numerous experts from different scientific fields. The article describes the methodology of integration between multidisciplinary analyses, HBIM modelling and simulation analysis adopted within the METRICS research project, where it was possible to test the limits and potentials of the currently available approaches, exploiting the digital medium of computational design to bridge the gap between BIM and simulation environments.

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    Authors: BIASINI VALENTINA;

    The paper presents the objectives of the European Construction Technology Platform for the development of innovative materials, such as: reduction of environmental impact of production and demolition of construction materials; 30% reduction in production times and costs through the introduction of innovative, efficient and predictable processes; increase of energy efficiency of buildings through the use of innovative materials designed for specific applications; reduction in lifecycle costs of construction materials; improve in environmental comfort (health, hygiene, safe, aesthetics); development of new multifunctional materials with high knowledge content specifically designed according to customers' requirements.

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  • Authors: Massimiliano LO FARO; Sabrina CAMPAGNA ZIGNANI; Sebastian VECINO; Giuseppe MONFORTE; +1 Authors

    Currently, society is assisting in transitioning from centralized power generation to distributed power generation [1, 2]. This transition is necessary for various reasons that essentially reside on some fundamental points: 1.The current electric lines can not withstand the energy demand of an increasing number of energy-intensive vehicles, especially for mobility [3]. 2.The ever-increasing availability of small electric generators has created many small electricity producers, and on-site use becomes more advantageous [4]. 3.Technologies concerning electrochemical devices for the production and use of energy are particularly efficient for small sizes [5]. In this scenario, the development of energy conversion devices such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) and devices for the storage of electricity such as solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) and metal-air solid oxide batteries can play a crucial role [6, 7]. Solid oxide cells (SOC) are electrochemical devices capable of converting chemical energy into electrical energy when used as SOFCs and vice versa when operated as SOECs. A similar cell can also be used as cell batteries, allowing electricity storage, depending on the grid demand. The current problem is that such devices cannot be considered sufficiently mature because not enough time has passed from their conceptualization to their demonstration for real uses. Therefore, we are assisting to a proliferation of concepts that simulate their perspectives in a suitable environment. Based on these considerations, this communication reports the ideas and prototypes adopted by our research group to improve the flexibility in the use of fuels (SOFC), the convenience of direct methane production through commercial SOEC cells and the realization of a simple and cheep architecture of metal-air battery.

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    Other ORP type . 2021
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Diego Calabrese; Gioacchino Tricarico; Elia Brescia; Giuseppe Leonardo Cascella; +2 Authors

    1) Files.csv : Dataset acquired on the experimental laboratory setup used for the emulation of a Ducted Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine. 2) DHAWT.xlsx : aerodynamic characteristics of the Ducted Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine chosen as case of study.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Datacite
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2020
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Datacite
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2020
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Sala A.; Notti E.; Buglioni G.;

    The actual panorama of fishing industry is very problematic due to the contemporary action of many factors. Overfishing and the actual economic crisis affect revenues, while the obsolescence of existing fishing vessels which causes high fuel consumption, combined with the continuous rise up of the fuel price increase management costs. So that, for many fishermen there is no profitability at the moment. Due to the impossibility to have influence on the market, fishermen can only try to reduce management costs of their activities, mainly related to the fuel cost and consumption. Actually there is no possibility to replace fishing fleets with new and more efficient constructions due to last European Commission regulations. Fishermen must reduce fuel consumption only by reducing fishing vessels energy usage. The total amount of energy used by a fishing vessel will vary depend on the size (and engineering) of the vessel, weather conditions, type and size of fishing gears, location, skill and knowledge. Furthermore, similar fishing vessels could have different energy usage, due to different engineering solutions such as different hull design and propulsion systems, different propeller type and size, different techniques and tactics. To achieve energy saving on existing fishing vessels a methodological approach is necessary. First of all, it is necessary to define the energy profile of the vessel. Once the energy profile is defined it is possible to state how energy (and the fuel) is used and heavy energy users can be identified. For these energy users technological improvements can be discussed and solution proposed; these solutions must be evaluated also from an economical point of view with a business plan, taking into account economical savings and investment costs. The energetic profile is defined trough an Energy Audit, an engineering test for the monitoring of energy usage during normal fishing activities. An Energy Audit template was conceived and applied to some fishing vessels. The main goal is to define the energetic profiles of the Center Adriatic fishing fleet as a baseline for further analysis, aimed mainly to find and evaluate improvements.

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    CNR ExploRA
    Report . 2012
    Data sources: CNR ExploRA
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ CNR ExploRAarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      Report . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao

    Introduction The momentum towards the green economy; strongly focused on innovation; highlights the urgent need to anticipate the new and emerging health and safety risks in green jobs with a view to ensuring adequate; safe and healthy working conditions. The present study has conducted a survey among relevant stakeholders; social partners; institutions and green companies to collect their perceptions of potential effects of green jobs on occupational health and safety; with particular regard to the renewable energy sector. Methods An online questionnaire posted on the "Research Activity" section of the INAIL website was used to conduct the survey. It involved a sample of 61 stakeholders including institutions (11); trade unions (11); employers associations (13); companies (11); research (15). Questionnaire results have been uploaded to a database in Microsoft Excel format and analysed using SPSS version 16.0 for Windows. Results Most of respondents claim that the green transition poses new risks that can be managed with current risk management procedures (38;2% of responses) or think that renewables entail the same types of risks as other forms of energy but new risk management procedures are required (27;3% of responses). As regards the occupational health and safety risks associated with the production of sustainable energy sources; this study shows that wind; photovoltaic and solar thermal energy (41;2%) entail low health and safety risks. Medium risks have been identified in geothermal (47;1%); hydro power (44;1%) and biomass (38;2%). Discussion This study provides an objective analysis of green experts' perception of emerging and poorly investigated issues concerning the potential implications of green technologies in the field of occupational health and safety. The poor perception of workers' health and safety protection brought to light by the survey is due to a delay of the Italian political; scientific and industrial world in the assessment of potential risks for workers' health and safety posed by the introduction of new green technologies.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Archivio Istituziona...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    https://dx.doi.org/10.13122/va...
    Other literature type . 2014
    Data sources: Datacite
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Archivio Istituziona...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      https://dx.doi.org/10.13122/va...
      Other literature type . 2014
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  • Authors: Cafaro; C.; Ceci; P.; +2 Authors

    The focus of this work is to outline the actions that in the next years, at international and national level, will be implemented as a tool to contrast climate change and reduce the contribution of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These actions go through an important transformation of the energy sector, with the progressive decrease in the use of fossil fuels for the energy production, starting with coal which is the most polluting. This conversion process can represent a possibility of a technological renewal of the current plants operating in Italy and an opportunity for an employment growth with reference to the construction of the new plants and to the decommissioning of the existing plants which will close in the future.

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