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  • Energy Research
  • 1. No poverty
  • 3. Good health
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    Authors: Boer, Lukas;

    Diese Dissertation beantwortet verschiedene politikrelevante ökonomische Fragen in den Bereichen Handelspolitik, Geldpolitik, sowie Rohstoffmärkte und Energieökonomik mit Hilfe von strukturellen Vektorautoregressionsmodellen (SVAR). SVARs stellen eine effektive Möglichkeit dar, die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen makroökonomischen und/oder Finanzmarkt-Variablen zu modellieren und werden verwendet, um die dynamischen kausalen Effekte von ökonomischen Schocks zu schätzen. Für jede ökonomische Fragestellung wird eine Identifikationsstrategie angewandt, die auf die betrachteten Daten und ihre statistischen Eigenschaften sowie die zugrundeliegenden Annahmen über ökonomische Mechanismen zwischen den betrachteten Zeitreihen zugeschnitten ist. Im Einzelnen besteht diese Dissertation aus vier Kapiteln. In den ersten beiden Kapiteln werden die Auswirkungen von Handelspolitik auf Finanzmärkte und auf die Makroökonomie geschätzt. Das dritte Kapitel liefert einen methodischen Beitrag zur SVAR-Literatur, der in einer Anwendung zu den Effekten von Geldpolitik dargestellt wird. Das letzte Kapitel verlässt die Felder der Handels- und Geldpolitik und wendet sich Rohstoffmärkten und der Energiewirtschaft zu, stützt sich dabei aber ebenfalls auf Zeitreihenmethoden. Es analysiert die Rolle von Metallen in der Energiewende. This dissertation answers various policy relevant economic questions in the fields of trade policy, monetary policy, and commodity markets and energy economics using structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models. SVARs constitute a parsimonious way to model the relations between different macroeconomic and/or financial variables and they are used to estimate the dynamic causal effects of economic shocks. For each economic question, this dissertation applies an identification strategy that is tailored to the relevant data and its statistical properties as well as the underlying assumptions about economic mechanisms among the regarded time series. Specifically, this dissertation consists of four chapters. The first two chapters estimate the effects of trade policy on financial markets and on the macroeconomy. The third chapter makes a methodological contribution to the SVAR literature in an application to monetary policy shocks. The final chapter moves away from trade and monetary policy to commodity markets and energy economics but also relies on time series methods. It analyzes the role of metals for the clean energy transition.

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    Authors: Zhang, Yajin;

    Seit dem Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ist die Entwicklung Neuer Städte ein sehr wichtiges Element der modernen Städtebautheorie und Städtebaupraxis. Auf der materiellen „Ebene“ haben die Neuen Städte mit der Unterstützung der Öffentlichen Hand eine hohe „Quantität“ der Massenbebauung ermöglicht, sie dient unterschiedlichen Entwicklungszielen auf der Ebene der Kommune, der Region und des Landes, ebenso wie der Behebung der Wohnungsnot, der Entlastung der Metropolen oder der Förderung von Wirtschaftszentren. Die Neue Stadt hat eine besondere natürliche „Qualität“, die regionale, gut eingebundene Lage der Neuen Städte, ihre Einbindung in die natürliche Umwelt und das hohe Niveau ihrer Infrastruktur und ihrer öffentlichen Einrichtungen. Der Bau Neuer Städte erweist sich geschichtlich immer als eines der wichtigsten Mittel zur Stärkung der kommunalen und regionalen Kompetenzkraft; deshalb wurden auch immer dann noch Neue Stadt-Quartiere gebaut, wenn die Wohnungsnot nicht mehr vorhanden war. Die Entwicklung der Neuen Städte ist auch ein ständiger Zeuge der Entwicklung der Städtebautheorien und von diesen im Positiven wie im Negativen ständig beeinflusst. Die Planung ganzer Neuer Städte ist eine der kompliziertesten Aufgaben des Städtebaus - die Realisierung ungeprüfter Innovationen, das schnelle Planungs- und Entwicklungstempo, die aus finanziellen Gründen oft schwach ausgeprägten öffentlichen Einrichtungen oder die Folgen einseitiger Sozialpolitik verstärken die Schwierigkeiten bei der Entwicklung einer Neuen Stadt. Das einseitige Übergewicht quantitativer Maßstäbe erzeugt eine Diskrepanz zwischen Qualität und Quantität. Die Neuen Städte als Aufgabe Das Thema der - so definierten - „Neuen Städte“ ist heute sowohl wegen der Erneuerungsbedürfnisse der „alten“ Neuen Städte, der Entwicklungsbedürfnisse der Neuen Stadt-Quartiere, sowohl in Europa, wie auch in der globalen Neue Stadt-Entwicklung von höchster Aktualität. Als ein Spiegel der modernen Städtebau-Entwicklung ist die Neue Stadt sowohl auf der Ebene der Forschung als auch der Praxis von sehr hoher Bedeutung, jedoch gibt es seit den 1970er Jahren zu dem Thema „Neue Stadt“ kaum noch Forschungsaktivitäten. In China ist die „Neue Stadt“, bereits in der Historie, immer ein wichtiges Element des Stadtentwicklungsmodells gewesen. Die Stadt ist der klar definierte Träger der speziellen Bedeutung: von der Gesellschaftsordnung über die Philosophie bis insbesondere zu der Politik. Die einschneidende Veränderung der chinesischen Kultur am Ende des Kaiserreiches - zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts - führte zu einer Philosophie, welche die „westliche Kultur“ in Bezug auf Funktion und Form aufnimmt, jedoch die chinesische lokale Kultur als Seele - der Stadt - begreift. Diese Art der Trennung - der Stadtauffassung - beeinflusst die Philosophie der chinesischen Stadtentwicklung noch heute. Die 80er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts waren der Anfang der Ausbreitung der chinesischen Verstädterung. In diesem rasanten Verstädterungsprozess haben nicht nur die Metropolen, sondern auch die chinesischen Mittel- und Kleinstädte, die Neue Stadt als das wichtigste Instrument der Stadtentwicklung gewählt. Jedoch ist aufgrund des begrenzten Überblickes und des mangelhaften Wissensstandes, insbesondere für eine chinesische Neue Stadt heute, deren Grundlage in materieller sowie immaterieller Hinsicht schwach. Leitgedanken der Planung Neuer Städte Aus der hier dargestellten Forschungsarbeit lassen sich, als erster Teil der Arbeitsergebnisse, folgende Erfahrungen zusammenfassen: - Soziale Stadtgesellschaft: In der Planung einer Neuen Stadt ist nicht die Stadt selbst das wichtigste Entwicklungsziel, sondern vielmehr die Gesellschaft der Neuen Stadt. - Harmonische Humanität: Der eigentliche Zweck einer Neuen Stadt ist die harmonische Humanität, - d.h. die Schaffung eines Gleichgewichts der oft polaren Bedürfnisse der Menschen. - Global-historisches Stadtbild: Das Stadtbild, der Spiegel der immateriellen Qualität einer „Neuen Stadt“, ist deshalb ebenso wichtig wie die materielle Stadt und ihre funktionale Effektivität. Die Identität des Stadtbildes beruht auf einer Synthese von moderner, globaler Weltkultur und historischer, regionaler Kultur. Modell einer nachhaltigen Neue Stadt-Planung Aus diesem ergeben sich die Anforderungen an den Sinn, Inhalt und Ablauf der Planung einer Neuen Stadt sowie an den Hintergrund der Gründungsinitiative, die Gruppe der Initiatoren, den Planungsinhalt, den Arbeitsprozess, allgemeine Grundsätze des Städtebaus und der Planung Neuer Städte. Als Beispiele werden europäische und chinesische Neue Städte vor dem Hintergrund der Ansprüche der Menschen an ihre physische und psychische Umwelt analysiert. Since the beginning of the 20th Century, the development of new towns is a very important element of the modern urban planning theory and the practice of urban development. On a physical level, the new towns have a special “quantity” of large buildings and rich developed areas with support from the public sector. They serve different development objectives at local, regional and national levels, such as solving the housing shortage, the discharge of the metropolis, or the promotion of economic centers. The new city also has special natural born qualities, the location of the new towns, their integration into the natural environment, its high level of infrastructure and new public facilities. Historically, the establishment of new cities always proves to be one of the most important means to strengthen local and regional expertise; therefore nowadays more and more new city blocks are built, even when the housing shortage has no longer existed. The development of new towns is like witnessing the evolution of urban planning theories, from those in both the positive and negative influences. The planning of complete new towns is already one of the most complicated tasks of urban planning - it is believed that the problems are worsened by the realization of untested innovations, the rapid pace of development and planning, financial reasons, weak public facilities, or a one-sided social policy. The unilateral emphasis on the quantity causes discrepancies between quality and quantity. The new towns as a task The topic of the – so called – “new towns” requirements today both concern the renovation needs of the “old” new towns and the development needs of new communities in Europe and the global new urban development, from the most up-to-date. The new town as a mirror of modern urban development is highly meaningful from both a research and a practical level. However the research on the topic "New Town" has been almost complete since the 1970's. In China, the "new town" had historically been an important element of the urban development model. The town is a well-defined carrier having special importance to the social order and particularly in philosophy and politics too. The dramatic change in the Chinese culture at the end of the empire - at the beginning of the 20th Century - has led to a philosophy that accommodates the western culture in both form and functionalities, but the local Chinese culture as a soul – can be seen in the towns. This kind of separation - the town view - influenced the philosophy of the Chinese town development today. The 1980s was the beginning of the spread of Chinese urbanization. In this rapid urbanization process, it was not only the metropolises, but also the Chinese medium and small towns that chose the "new towns" as the most important characteristic of urban development. Nowadays, because of a limited overview and insufficient knowledge, the foundation of Chinese new towns seems to be weak materially and immaterially. Guide principle in planning new towns As the first part of the results of this paper, the following experience is summarized: - Social urban society: To plan a new town, the most important thing is not the town per se, but the society in a new town. - Harmonic Humanity: The real purpose of a New Town is a harmonious humanity – it means a human living environment - that is capable of all material and immaterial needs of all classes and all levels of generation to meet the prospective city inhabitant. - Global historical town: the town, a mirror of the immaterial qualities of a "New Town", is just as important as the physical town and its functional effectiveness. The identity of the cityscape is based on a synthesis of modern, global culture and historical, regional culture. Model of a sustainable new town planning Therefore the basis of a theoretical model for a new city can be determined. Things such as the background to the start-up initiative, the group of initiators, the content of planning, the work process and the general principles of urban design and planning of new towns. As an example, a new Chinese "New Towns" is analyzed with the context of requirements from a Chinese family on their physical and psychological environment.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2012
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      Doctoral thesis . 2012
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  • Authors: Peter, Elsner; M��ller-Kirschbaum, Thomas; Schweitzer, Katharina; Wolf, Ronja; +35 Authors

    Heutige Produktions- und Konsummuster folgen weitgehend einer linearen Logik: abbauen, herstellen, konsumieren, entsorgen. Nur neun Prozent der Weltwirtschaft sind laut Circular Gap Report 2020 kreislaufgef��hrt. Doch dieses Wirtschaftsprinzip tr��gt zu einer massiven ��berschreitung der ���Planetaren Grenzen��� und damit zu einer Destabilisierung der ��kosysteme und Lebensgrundlage der Menschen bei, wie etwa des Klimasystems und der Artenvielfalt. Demzufolge wird derzeit viel ��ber einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Logik industrieller Wertsch��pfung diskutiert ��� weg von einem ressourcenintensiven hin zu einem ressourcenproduktiven, weitgehend kreislaufgef��hrten Modell. F��r das Industrie- und Exportland Deutschland ergeben sich weitreichende Chancen, schlie��lich bedeutet dieser Wechsel nicht weniger als eine Neuinterpretation des Modells ���Made in Germany���. Die Europ��ische Union und zahlreiche Mitgliedsl��nder haben bereits strategische Pl��ne f��r einen ��bergang zu einer ressourcenschonenden Wirtschaftsweise nach den Prinzipien der Circular Economy entwickelt. Auch au��erhalb von Europa folgen L��nder dieser Leitidee, beispielsweise China, Japan oder Kanada. F��r Deutschland fehlt solch ein Plan derzeit. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) hat zum Ziel, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als f��nfzig Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r einen solchen Plan zu legen. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rtern rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchen sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definiert Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussiert folgende Themen: - Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber - Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung - Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung der volkswirtschaftlichen Circular-Economy-Potenziale Zwischen Oktober 2019 und Dezember 2020 hat die Arbeitsgruppe Verpackung der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland ein gemeinsames Zielbild 2030 und Handlungsempfehlungen hin zu einer Kreislaufwirtschaft (CE) f��r Verpackungen entwickelt. Mit einer wertsch��pfungsketten��bergreifenden Betrachtung hat die Arbeitsgruppe Anreiz und Nutzen f��r die Kreislauff��hrung von Verpackungsmaterialien zwischen relevanten Akteuren beleuchtet und dadurch Handlungsoptionen entlang der gesamten Wertsch��pfungskette identifiziert. Damit unterst��tzen die Mitglieder die Initiierung, Umsetzung und langfristige Verankerung der Circular Economy in Deutschland und dar��ber hinaus. Mit 20 Mitgliedsorganisationen der Arbeitsgruppe ���Verpackung��� umfassen die Mitglieder Vertreterinnen und Vertreter aus f��hrenden deutschen Unternehmen, akademischen Institutionen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen ��ber die gesamte Wertsch��pfungskette hinweg. Damit konnte die Arbeitsgruppe ihr Ziel erreichen, eine wissenschaftlich fundierte und m��glichst ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Themas zu gew��hrleisten. Most current patterns of production and consumption follow a linear ���extract, produce, consume, dispose��� model. According to the Circular Gap Report 2020, the global economy is just 9% circular. This economic model is contributing to a massive transgression of ���planetary boundaries��� and the destabilisation of ecosystems and factors essential to human life such as the climate system and biodiversity. As a result, there is currently much discussion of a paradigm shift in the industrial value creation model, away from a resource-intensive system and towards a resource-productive, predominantly circular model. This shift offers significant opportunities for an industrialized, exporting nation like Germany ��� ultimately, it entails nothing less than a recasting of the ���Made in Germany��� model. The European Union and several of its member states have already developed strategic plans for the transition to a resource-efficient economic system based on circular economy principles. Non-European countries such as China, Japan and Canada are also following the same fundamental approach. However, Germany has yet to formulate a plan of its own. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) is a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society that aims to lay the foundations of a plan for Germany. In its interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral working groups, some 130 experts consider how to enable and implement circular economic models, exploring potential fields of application and discussing the conditions that could facilitate successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland is developing targets for the transition, with a focus on the following themes: - Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation - New value networks for batteries and packaging - Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of circularity���s economic potential Between October 2019 und December 2020, the Working Group ���Packaging��� of the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland developed a joint target picture 2030 and recommendations for action for the establishment of a Circular Economy for packaging. With a cross-value chain approach, the Working Group highlighted incentives and benefits for the recycling of packaging materials across relevant stakeholders and thereby identified options for action along the entire value chain. With the report, the members support the initiation, implementation and long-term anchoring of the Circular Economy in Germany and beyond. The 20 members of the Working Group ���Packaging��� are experts from leading academic institutions, German businesses and civil society across the entire packaging value chain. This composition allowed the group to achieve its goal of addressing the topic as holistically as possible.

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    Authors: Zou, Yang;

    In polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), hydrated perfluorosulfonate ionomers such as NAFION are generally used as membrane materials. The high proton conductivity required for the application in the fuel cells comes from the water which acts as a carrier for protons in the swollen polymer membrane. A main disadvantage of such hydrated materials is that the upper limit of their useful temperature range is 100°C at normal pressure. However, when reformates or methanol is used as a fuel in fuel cells, temperatures above 100°C are required. Therefore, the development of new polymer electrolyte membrane materials for the application at high temperature, e.g. in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), is attracting considerable interest. It has already been reported that heterocyclic aromates, such as imidazole, pyrazole and benzimidazole, show proton and solvent transport properties similar to water at a given temperature related to the corresponding melting point. However, due to their relatively low vapor pressures, these low molecular weight components will volatilize progressively as increasing temperature, which leads to a decrease of conductivity. One approach to overcome this limitation is to fix the proton carrier on the polymer backbone. 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene has been selected as a carrier because of its well known proton sponge characteristics. Using this compound as carrier moiety in the side chain or main chain the different novel polymers were synthesized in this work. All synthesized polymers were characterized by different methods. Using proton sponge and functional polymers as base components, while p-toluene sulfonic acid and sulfonated polystyrene as acid components, both low molecular weight mixture and blends were prepared and inverstigated regarding their proton transfer, morphology and conductivity by FTIR, DSC and impedance spectroscopy. Im Bereich der Niedertemperatur-Brennstoffzellen kommt den protonenleitenden Membranmaterialien eine entscheidende Rolle zu. In kommerziellen Polymerelektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen (PEMC) werden gewöhnlich perfluorierte Sulfonationionomere wie z. B. Nafion als Membranmaterial eingesetzt. Ein Hauptnachteil dieser Materialien ist allerdings die begrenzte Temperaturstabilität der Membran. Oberhalb von 80°C verarmt die Membran an Wasser einhergehend mit dem Verlust an Protonenleitfähigkeit. Die Verwendung von z. B. Methanol anstelle von Wasserstoff als Brennstoff (DMFC) erfordert jedoch Temperaturen über 150°C. Die in der Literatur bekannten Ansätze Wasser als Protonencarrier zu ersetzen, basieren auf der Verwendung höhersiedender Heteroaromaten wie z.B. Imidazol, Pyrazol und Benzimidazol. Eine Verflüchtigung dieser Stoffe bei höherer Temperatur führt aber auch hier zur Verarmung an Ladungsträgereinheiten in der Membran. Ein Ansatz diese Limitierung zu umgehen, ist die Verwendung von festen Carriermembranen, bei denen die Carrierfunktion von funktionellen, am Polymer fixierten Strukturelementen übernommen wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Funktionspolymere mit 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalin- Struktureinheiten, die in der Literatur als "Protonenschwammverbindung" bekannt sind, sowohl in die Hauptkette als auch in die Seitenkette synthetisiert. Diese Funktionspolymere wurden mittels verschiedener Analytikmethoden charakterisiert. Die Mischungen des als Poylmerstrukturbaustein fungierenden 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)-naphthalins mit p-Toluolsulfonsäure wie auch die Ionomerblends aus Funktionspolymer bzw. sulfonierten Polystyrol und niedermolekularen Komponenten wurden hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Protonentransfer, Morphologie und Leitfähigkeit mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie, differentieller Wärmeflußkalorimetrie und Impedanzspektroskopie untersucht.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2002
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2002
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    Authors: Oehmke, Sebastian;

    Da fossile Quellen endlich sind, werden Chemikalien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen immer interessanter für die Forschung und Industrie. Zu den vielversprechenden Plattformchemikalien gehört das Stoffpaar 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein. Jedoch sind bisherige Ansätze für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein im industriellen Maßstab nicht ausreichend. Deshalb wurde in dieser Arbeit geprüft, inwieweit sich Schlempe, ein glycerinhaltiges Nebenprodukt der Bioethanolherstellung, zur 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein Produktion nutzen lässt und inwieweit diese Produktion in den Bioethanolprozess im Sinne des Bioraffineriekonzeptes integriert werden kann, um bestehende Probleme zu lösen und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren. Dazu wurden ansatzweise und kontinuierliche Versuche im 5 ml bis 2 l Maßstab sowie Berechnungen in den Bereichen Biokatalysatorproduktion, Biotransformation, Aufreinigung und Kostenschätzung durchgeführt. Der Ganzzellbiokatalysator Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 ist nicht in der Lage die Hefezellen aus Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen für sein Wachstum zu nutzen, jedoch hat sich gezeigt, dass er nicht alle Nährstoffe im MRS Medium benötigt und Hefeextrakt als einzigste Quelle von Aminosäuren und Vitaminen für sein Wachstum und seine Enzymproduktion ausreichend ist. Die 3-HPA Produktion ist in Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen 68 % höher als in einer vergleichbaren Glycerinlösung bei gleichen Bedingungen und es wird weniger Biokatalysator benötigt. Eine Kombination aus Dehydratisierung und einfacher Destillation ist geeignet, um das 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd simultan in Acrolein umzuwandeln und aus der Biotransformationsbrühe bei 37°C abzutrennen, wodurch 105 ± 8 g/l Acrolein in Wasser mit hoher Reinheit gewonnen werden können. Die Kostenschätzung eines möglichen Prozesses hat gezeigt, dass die ermittelten Kosten des Acroleins in einer Größenordnung liegen, welche zeigt, dass der angedachte Prozess bei entsprechender Optimierung in naher Zukunft zu den Produktionskosten aus Rohölderivaten aufschließen kann. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich eine Anlehnung an den Bioethanolprozess nutzen lässt, um die biotechnologische Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zu verbessern. Since fossile rescources are of limited availability, chemicals from renewable resources become more interesting for scientists and the industry. Promising platform chemicals include 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its anhydride acrolein. However, existing approaches are not sufficient for an economic production in industrial scale. Therefore, it was examined in this thesis how far stillage, a glycerol containing byproduct of the bioethanol production process, can be used for the 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein production and how far this production can be integrated into the bioethanol process according to the biorefinery concept to solve existing problems and to reduce production costs. Calculations as well as batchwise and continuous experiments were carried out in 5 ml to 2 l scale in the area of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, purification and cost estimation. The whole cell biocatalyst Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 is not able to use the yeast cells from bioethanol production residues for its growth. However, it has been shown that it does not need all the nutrients in MRS medium and yeast extract is sufficient as the only source of amino acids and vitamins for its growth and enzyme production. The 3-HPA production in bioethanol production residues is 68 % higher than in a comparable aqueous glycerol solution under the same conditions and it requires less biocatalyst. A combination of dehydration and simple distillation is suitable to convert 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde into acrolein and separate it from the biotransformation broth at 37 ° C. 105 ± 8 g/l acrolein in aqueous solution were obtained in high purity. The cost estimation of a possible process has shown that the calculated cost for acrolein can likely catch up with production costs from crude oil in the near future with appropriate optimization. Hence it was shown that basing the process on stillage from the bioethanol process can improve the biotechnological production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein from renewable resources.

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    TUHH Open Research - Research Data TUHH
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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    Authors: Stock, Tim Erwin;

    Im heutigen Zeitalter des Anthropozäns stehen die Industrie-, Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer vor vielfältigen Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen, die durch globale Trends im Handlungsfeld umweltbezogener, gesellschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Dimension menschlichen Wirkens hervorgerufen werden. Dazu zählen die steigende sozio-ökonomische Ungleichheit, der Klimawandel, die zunehmende Umweltbelastung, Urbanisierung sowie der Anstieg der Cyberabhängigkeit. Diese Trends führen in den einzelnen Ländern zu unterschiedlichen, regional ausgeprägten Risiken, wie z. B. soziale Instabilität, Unterbeschäftigung, unfreiwillige Migration, Wasserkrisen, Naturkatastrophen, Ressourcenverknappung oder Cyberattacken. Zur langfristigen Bewältigung der globalen Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen haben die Mitgliedsländer der Vereinten Nationen die Agenda 2030 verabschiedet. Diese umfasst 17 unteilbare und sich selbst bedingende Ziele für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung, die als Vorgabe für eine Transformation der Volkswirtschaften von einer meist rein ökonomisch geprägten hin zu einer auf Nachhaltigkeit ausgerichteten Entwicklung dienen. Zur Umsetzung der Agenda 2030 sollen insbesondere globale, nationale, regionale und lokale Anspruchsgruppen maßgeblich beitragen, indem sie zielgerichtete Handlungen zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung planen, ausführen und steuern. Start-Ups können bottom-up dazu beitragen, nachhaltige Ideen durch die Entwicklung technischer Innovationen am Markt zu etablieren. Durch die marktwirtschaftliche Dynamik von Kooperation und Wettbewerb in globalen Wertschöpfungs- und Wissensnetzwerken können technische Innovationen somit langfristig die Transformation in Richtung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung fördern. Start-Ups müssen daher befähigt werden, eigenständig nachhaltige Innovationen systematisch zu entwickeln. Es wird dazu eine Vorgehensweise erforscht, die die integrierte Entwicklung eines technischen Produktes und zugehörigen Geschäftsmodelles als relevante Teilsysteme einer Innovation ermöglicht. Die Vorgehensweise deckt die frühere und spätere Phase der Innovationsentwicklung ab. Sie ermöglicht die einfache Suche nachhaltiger Lösungen zur Entwicklung der Innovation. Dazu werden die Werte sowie Ziele und Prinzipien einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung in die Vorgehensweise eingebunden. Die Vorgehensweise orientiert sich dabei an den besonderen Bedürfnissen von Start-Ups zur Erschließung neuer Märkte sowie zur Realisierung von Wettbewerbsvorteilen auf bestehenden Märkten. Die Implementierung und Erprobung der Vorgehensweise erfolgt exemplarisch für unterschiedliche industrielle und universitäre Start-Ups. In today's age of the Anthropocene, newly and early industrialized countries are facing a variety of sustainability challenges caused by global trends in the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of human activities, such as a growing socio-economic inequality, climate change, increasing environmental degradation, urbanization, and an increasing cyber-dependency. These global trends are leading to different regional risks, e.g. social instability, underemployment, involuntary migration, water crises, natural catastrophes, resource depletion, or cyberattacks. For coping with the challenges in the long run, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Agenda 2030, which applies equally to all countries in the world. The Agenda 2030 includes 17 indivisible and self-sustaining goals. These so-called Sustainable Development Goals are intended to serve as the foundation for a transformation of the global economies towards a sustainable development. The implementation of the Agenda 2030 requires a significant contribution from global, national, regional, and local stakeholders by planning, running, and controlling activities related to a sustainable development. Bottom-up, startups can essentially contribute by expanding sustainable inventions to competitive, technological innovations. By means of the market dynamics of cooperation and competition in global value creation and knowledge networks, these sustainable innovations can foster a global sustainable development. Thus, startups must be enabled to systematically develop sustainable innovations independently. For this purpose, a procedure is being researched which enables the integrated development of a technical product and related business model as relevant subsystems of an innovation. The procedure covers the early and late phase of the innovation development. It allows the search for sustainable solutions during the development of the innovation in a simple manner. To this end, values, goals, and principles of a sustainable development are integrated. The procedure is oriented towards the special needs of startups for opening up new markets and realizing competitive advantages in existing markets. The implementation and testing of the procedure is exemplary carried out for different industrial and university startups.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
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    Authors: Schuster, Stefanie;

    Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered for the production of next generation biofuel 1-butanol. Therefore electrotransformation was performed with artificial plasmids harbouring the butanol-synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii. So far, the functional expression of the genes was proven by demonstrating the synthesis of 1-butanol from glucose in different E. coli strains. To investigate the butanol production in acetogenic bacteria such as Clostridium ljungdahlii, the butanol-synthesis genes were cloned into the shuttle vector pIMP1. C. ljungdahlii is able to grow on synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2. Synthesis gas can be easily produced and does not compete with the food industry such as conventional butanol fermentation which uses corn or sugar as substrate. Furthermore, genome sequence analysis of C. acetobutylicum revealed a gene (CAC3330) encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP152A2). The gene coding for CYP152A2 was amplified and expressed in E. coli. After overexpression and purification of P450 monooxygenase, it was demonstrated that this enzyme is able to catalyze the hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The "ClosTron® Gene Knockout System" was used for the specific disruption of CAC3330, and in growth experiments, the consequences of the gene inactivation were determined.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2016
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    Authors: Marheineke, Torsten; Krewitt, Wolfram; Neubarth, Jürgen; Friedrich, Rainer; +1 Authors

    Energy and material flows caused by human activities have essential influence on human beings and the environment. These impacts should be taken into consideration in case of evaluating technologies with regard to a sustainable development. Therefore, it was goal of the project to quantify the impacts caused by different technologies of electricity and heat supply and to consider not only the process of energy transformation, but also the up- and downstream processes as fuel supply, waste disposal, the construction and dismantling of the power plant etc. The work carried out includes the development of methods for life cycle assessment, the compilation of a database, the develop-ment of an appropriate software tool for life cycle assessment and finally the assessments of various energy supply technologies itself. Besides the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and the extraction of raw materials, results are quantified for the cumulated energy demand as well as the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, impacts on human health and damages on materials and plants. Finally, the monetary evaluation is used to quantify damages costs for the impact categories human health, material and plant damages, and avoidance costs für the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems and the greenhause effect. Anthropogen umgesetzte Energie- und Stoffströme können mit wesentlichen Auswirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt verbunden sein. Um diese Auswirkungen bei der Beurteilung von Energieversorgungstechniken berücksichtigen zu können, werden in dem vorliegenden Bericht für verschiedene Techniken zur Strom- und Wärmebereitstellung die Stoff- und Energieströme über den gesamten Lebensweg quantifiziert und die aus ihnen resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Umwelt abgeschätzt. Berücksichtigte Wirkungskategorien sind der Treibhauseffekt, die Versauerung und Eutrophierung von Böden und Gewässern, Risiken für die menschliche Gesundheit, Ressourcenverzehr, Materialschäden und die Schädigung von Nutzpflanzen.

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    Authors: Hennings, Werner;

    Samoa so far has had an intact subsistence-production based on an economy and society in balance with the ecological system. Theoretically founded on the grounds of the entropy-law and methodologically implemented by a set of tested sustainability-indicators this paper maintains the thesis that the integration of the Samoan economy with recently high GDP-growth rates has led the system to an abrupt increase of entropy, driving back subsistence production, transforming land tenure to individualisation, threatening decentralisation and polluting the environment.

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    Publications at Bielefeld University
    Other ORP type . 2008
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    Authors: Elmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; +1 Authors
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    Authors: Boer, Lukas;

    Diese Dissertation beantwortet verschiedene politikrelevante ökonomische Fragen in den Bereichen Handelspolitik, Geldpolitik, sowie Rohstoffmärkte und Energieökonomik mit Hilfe von strukturellen Vektorautoregressionsmodellen (SVAR). SVARs stellen eine effektive Möglichkeit dar, die Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen makroökonomischen und/oder Finanzmarkt-Variablen zu modellieren und werden verwendet, um die dynamischen kausalen Effekte von ökonomischen Schocks zu schätzen. Für jede ökonomische Fragestellung wird eine Identifikationsstrategie angewandt, die auf die betrachteten Daten und ihre statistischen Eigenschaften sowie die zugrundeliegenden Annahmen über ökonomische Mechanismen zwischen den betrachteten Zeitreihen zugeschnitten ist. Im Einzelnen besteht diese Dissertation aus vier Kapiteln. In den ersten beiden Kapiteln werden die Auswirkungen von Handelspolitik auf Finanzmärkte und auf die Makroökonomie geschätzt. Das dritte Kapitel liefert einen methodischen Beitrag zur SVAR-Literatur, der in einer Anwendung zu den Effekten von Geldpolitik dargestellt wird. Das letzte Kapitel verlässt die Felder der Handels- und Geldpolitik und wendet sich Rohstoffmärkten und der Energiewirtschaft zu, stützt sich dabei aber ebenfalls auf Zeitreihenmethoden. Es analysiert die Rolle von Metallen in der Energiewende. This dissertation answers various policy relevant economic questions in the fields of trade policy, monetary policy, and commodity markets and energy economics using structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models. SVARs constitute a parsimonious way to model the relations between different macroeconomic and/or financial variables and they are used to estimate the dynamic causal effects of economic shocks. For each economic question, this dissertation applies an identification strategy that is tailored to the relevant data and its statistical properties as well as the underlying assumptions about economic mechanisms among the regarded time series. Specifically, this dissertation consists of four chapters. The first two chapters estimate the effects of trade policy on financial markets and on the macroeconomy. The third chapter makes a methodological contribution to the SVAR literature in an application to monetary policy shocks. The final chapter moves away from trade and monetary policy to commodity markets and energy economics but also relies on time series methods. It analyzes the role of metals for the clean energy transition.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Zhang, Yajin;

    Seit dem Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ist die Entwicklung Neuer Städte ein sehr wichtiges Element der modernen Städtebautheorie und Städtebaupraxis. Auf der materiellen „Ebene“ haben die Neuen Städte mit der Unterstützung der Öffentlichen Hand eine hohe „Quantität“ der Massenbebauung ermöglicht, sie dient unterschiedlichen Entwicklungszielen auf der Ebene der Kommune, der Region und des Landes, ebenso wie der Behebung der Wohnungsnot, der Entlastung der Metropolen oder der Förderung von Wirtschaftszentren. Die Neue Stadt hat eine besondere natürliche „Qualität“, die regionale, gut eingebundene Lage der Neuen Städte, ihre Einbindung in die natürliche Umwelt und das hohe Niveau ihrer Infrastruktur und ihrer öffentlichen Einrichtungen. Der Bau Neuer Städte erweist sich geschichtlich immer als eines der wichtigsten Mittel zur Stärkung der kommunalen und regionalen Kompetenzkraft; deshalb wurden auch immer dann noch Neue Stadt-Quartiere gebaut, wenn die Wohnungsnot nicht mehr vorhanden war. Die Entwicklung der Neuen Städte ist auch ein ständiger Zeuge der Entwicklung der Städtebautheorien und von diesen im Positiven wie im Negativen ständig beeinflusst. Die Planung ganzer Neuer Städte ist eine der kompliziertesten Aufgaben des Städtebaus - die Realisierung ungeprüfter Innovationen, das schnelle Planungs- und Entwicklungstempo, die aus finanziellen Gründen oft schwach ausgeprägten öffentlichen Einrichtungen oder die Folgen einseitiger Sozialpolitik verstärken die Schwierigkeiten bei der Entwicklung einer Neuen Stadt. Das einseitige Übergewicht quantitativer Maßstäbe erzeugt eine Diskrepanz zwischen Qualität und Quantität. Die Neuen Städte als Aufgabe Das Thema der - so definierten - „Neuen Städte“ ist heute sowohl wegen der Erneuerungsbedürfnisse der „alten“ Neuen Städte, der Entwicklungsbedürfnisse der Neuen Stadt-Quartiere, sowohl in Europa, wie auch in der globalen Neue Stadt-Entwicklung von höchster Aktualität. Als ein Spiegel der modernen Städtebau-Entwicklung ist die Neue Stadt sowohl auf der Ebene der Forschung als auch der Praxis von sehr hoher Bedeutung, jedoch gibt es seit den 1970er Jahren zu dem Thema „Neue Stadt“ kaum noch Forschungsaktivitäten. In China ist die „Neue Stadt“, bereits in der Historie, immer ein wichtiges Element des Stadtentwicklungsmodells gewesen. Die Stadt ist der klar definierte Träger der speziellen Bedeutung: von der Gesellschaftsordnung über die Philosophie bis insbesondere zu der Politik. Die einschneidende Veränderung der chinesischen Kultur am Ende des Kaiserreiches - zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts - führte zu einer Philosophie, welche die „westliche Kultur“ in Bezug auf Funktion und Form aufnimmt, jedoch die chinesische lokale Kultur als Seele - der Stadt - begreift. Diese Art der Trennung - der Stadtauffassung - beeinflusst die Philosophie der chinesischen Stadtentwicklung noch heute. Die 80er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts waren der Anfang der Ausbreitung der chinesischen Verstädterung. In diesem rasanten Verstädterungsprozess haben nicht nur die Metropolen, sondern auch die chinesischen Mittel- und Kleinstädte, die Neue Stadt als das wichtigste Instrument der Stadtentwicklung gewählt. Jedoch ist aufgrund des begrenzten Überblickes und des mangelhaften Wissensstandes, insbesondere für eine chinesische Neue Stadt heute, deren Grundlage in materieller sowie immaterieller Hinsicht schwach. Leitgedanken der Planung Neuer Städte Aus der hier dargestellten Forschungsarbeit lassen sich, als erster Teil der Arbeitsergebnisse, folgende Erfahrungen zusammenfassen: - Soziale Stadtgesellschaft: In der Planung einer Neuen Stadt ist nicht die Stadt selbst das wichtigste Entwicklungsziel, sondern vielmehr die Gesellschaft der Neuen Stadt. - Harmonische Humanität: Der eigentliche Zweck einer Neuen Stadt ist die harmonische Humanität, - d.h. die Schaffung eines Gleichgewichts der oft polaren Bedürfnisse der Menschen. - Global-historisches Stadtbild: Das Stadtbild, der Spiegel der immateriellen Qualität einer „Neuen Stadt“, ist deshalb ebenso wichtig wie die materielle Stadt und ihre funktionale Effektivität. Die Identität des Stadtbildes beruht auf einer Synthese von moderner, globaler Weltkultur und historischer, regionaler Kultur. Modell einer nachhaltigen Neue Stadt-Planung Aus diesem ergeben sich die Anforderungen an den Sinn, Inhalt und Ablauf der Planung einer Neuen Stadt sowie an den Hintergrund der Gründungsinitiative, die Gruppe der Initiatoren, den Planungsinhalt, den Arbeitsprozess, allgemeine Grundsätze des Städtebaus und der Planung Neuer Städte. Als Beispiele werden europäische und chinesische Neue Städte vor dem Hintergrund der Ansprüche der Menschen an ihre physische und psychische Umwelt analysiert. Since the beginning of the 20th Century, the development of new towns is a very important element of the modern urban planning theory and the practice of urban development. On a physical level, the new towns have a special “quantity” of large buildings and rich developed areas with support from the public sector. They serve different development objectives at local, regional and national levels, such as solving the housing shortage, the discharge of the metropolis, or the promotion of economic centers. The new city also has special natural born qualities, the location of the new towns, their integration into the natural environment, its high level of infrastructure and new public facilities. Historically, the establishment of new cities always proves to be one of the most important means to strengthen local and regional expertise; therefore nowadays more and more new city blocks are built, even when the housing shortage has no longer existed. The development of new towns is like witnessing the evolution of urban planning theories, from those in both the positive and negative influences. The planning of complete new towns is already one of the most complicated tasks of urban planning - it is believed that the problems are worsened by the realization of untested innovations, the rapid pace of development and planning, financial reasons, weak public facilities, or a one-sided social policy. The unilateral emphasis on the quantity causes discrepancies between quality and quantity. The new towns as a task The topic of the – so called – “new towns” requirements today both concern the renovation needs of the “old” new towns and the development needs of new communities in Europe and the global new urban development, from the most up-to-date. The new town as a mirror of modern urban development is highly meaningful from both a research and a practical level. However the research on the topic "New Town" has been almost complete since the 1970's. In China, the "new town" had historically been an important element of the urban development model. The town is a well-defined carrier having special importance to the social order and particularly in philosophy and politics too. The dramatic change in the Chinese culture at the end of the empire - at the beginning of the 20th Century - has led to a philosophy that accommodates the western culture in both form and functionalities, but the local Chinese culture as a soul – can be seen in the towns. This kind of separation - the town view - influenced the philosophy of the Chinese town development today. The 1980s was the beginning of the spread of Chinese urbanization. In this rapid urbanization process, it was not only the metropolises, but also the Chinese medium and small towns that chose the "new towns" as the most important characteristic of urban development. Nowadays, because of a limited overview and insufficient knowledge, the foundation of Chinese new towns seems to be weak materially and immaterially. Guide principle in planning new towns As the first part of the results of this paper, the following experience is summarized: - Social urban society: To plan a new town, the most important thing is not the town per se, but the society in a new town. - Harmonic Humanity: The real purpose of a New Town is a harmonious humanity – it means a human living environment - that is capable of all material and immaterial needs of all classes and all levels of generation to meet the prospective city inhabitant. - Global historical town: the town, a mirror of the immaterial qualities of a "New Town", is just as important as the physical town and its functional effectiveness. The identity of the cityscape is based on a synthesis of modern, global culture and historical, regional culture. Model of a sustainable new town planning Therefore the basis of a theoretical model for a new city can be determined. Things such as the background to the start-up initiative, the group of initiators, the content of planning, the work process and the general principles of urban design and planning of new towns. As an example, a new Chinese "New Towns" is analyzed with the context of requirements from a Chinese family on their physical and psychological environment.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2012
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  • Authors: Peter, Elsner; M��ller-Kirschbaum, Thomas; Schweitzer, Katharina; Wolf, Ronja; +35 Authors

    Heutige Produktions- und Konsummuster folgen weitgehend einer linearen Logik: abbauen, herstellen, konsumieren, entsorgen. Nur neun Prozent der Weltwirtschaft sind laut Circular Gap Report 2020 kreislaufgef��hrt. Doch dieses Wirtschaftsprinzip tr��gt zu einer massiven ��berschreitung der ���Planetaren Grenzen��� und damit zu einer Destabilisierung der ��kosysteme und Lebensgrundlage der Menschen bei, wie etwa des Klimasystems und der Artenvielfalt. Demzufolge wird derzeit viel ��ber einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Logik industrieller Wertsch��pfung diskutiert ��� weg von einem ressourcenintensiven hin zu einem ressourcenproduktiven, weitgehend kreislaufgef��hrten Modell. F��r das Industrie- und Exportland Deutschland ergeben sich weitreichende Chancen, schlie��lich bedeutet dieser Wechsel nicht weniger als eine Neuinterpretation des Modells ���Made in Germany���. Die Europ��ische Union und zahlreiche Mitgliedsl��nder haben bereits strategische Pl��ne f��r einen ��bergang zu einer ressourcenschonenden Wirtschaftsweise nach den Prinzipien der Circular Economy entwickelt. Auch au��erhalb von Europa folgen L��nder dieser Leitidee, beispielsweise China, Japan oder Kanada. F��r Deutschland fehlt solch ein Plan derzeit. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) hat zum Ziel, als Multi-Stakeholder-Prozess mit mehr als f��nfzig Institutionen aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Zivilgesellschaft die Grundlage f��r einen solchen Plan zu legen. In interdisziplin��ren und branchen��bergreifenden Arbeitsgruppen er��rtern rund 130 Expertinnen und Experten, wie zirkul��re Wirtschaftssysteme erm��glicht und umgesetzt werden k��nnen. Dazu untersuchen sie m��gliche Anwendungsfelder und diskutieren, welche Rahmenbedingungen zu einer erfolgreichen Umsetzung f��hren k��nnten. Die Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland definiert Ziele f��r diesen Ver��nderungsprozess und fokussiert folgende Themen: - Zirkul��re Gesch��ftsmodelle und digitale Technologien als Innovationstreiber - Neue Wertsch��pfungsnetzwerke f��r Batterien und Verpackung - Rahmenbedingungen f��r eine zirkul��re Transformation und Bemessung der volkswirtschaftlichen Circular-Economy-Potenziale Zwischen Oktober 2019 und Dezember 2020 hat die Arbeitsgruppe Verpackung der Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland ein gemeinsames Zielbild 2030 und Handlungsempfehlungen hin zu einer Kreislaufwirtschaft (CE) f��r Verpackungen entwickelt. Mit einer wertsch��pfungsketten��bergreifenden Betrachtung hat die Arbeitsgruppe Anreiz und Nutzen f��r die Kreislauff��hrung von Verpackungsmaterialien zwischen relevanten Akteuren beleuchtet und dadurch Handlungsoptionen entlang der gesamten Wertsch��pfungskette identifiziert. Damit unterst��tzen die Mitglieder die Initiierung, Umsetzung und langfristige Verankerung der Circular Economy in Deutschland und dar��ber hinaus. Mit 20 Mitgliedsorganisationen der Arbeitsgruppe ���Verpackung��� umfassen die Mitglieder Vertreterinnen und Vertreter aus f��hrenden deutschen Unternehmen, akademischen Institutionen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Vereinigungen ��ber die gesamte Wertsch��pfungskette hinweg. Damit konnte die Arbeitsgruppe ihr Ziel erreichen, eine wissenschaftlich fundierte und m��glichst ganzheitliche Betrachtung des Themas zu gew��hrleisten. Most current patterns of production and consumption follow a linear ���extract, produce, consume, dispose��� model. According to the Circular Gap Report 2020, the global economy is just 9% circular. This economic model is contributing to a massive transgression of ���planetary boundaries��� and the destabilisation of ecosystems and factors essential to human life such as the climate system and biodiversity. As a result, there is currently much discussion of a paradigm shift in the industrial value creation model, away from a resource-intensive system and towards a resource-productive, predominantly circular model. This shift offers significant opportunities for an industrialized, exporting nation like Germany ��� ultimately, it entails nothing less than a recasting of the ���Made in Germany��� model. The European Union and several of its member states have already developed strategic plans for the transition to a resource-efficient economic system based on circular economy principles. Non-European countries such as China, Japan and Canada are also following the same fundamental approach. However, Germany has yet to formulate a plan of its own. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland (CEID) is a multi-stakeholder initiative involving over fifty institutions from science, industry and civil society that aims to lay the foundations of a plan for Germany. In its interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral working groups, some 130 experts consider how to enable and implement circular economic models, exploring potential fields of application and discussing the conditions that could facilitate successful implementation. The Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland is developing targets for the transition, with a focus on the following themes: - Circular business models and digital technologies as drivers for innovation - New value networks for batteries and packaging - Framework conditions for a circular transformation and assessment of circularity���s economic potential Between October 2019 und December 2020, the Working Group ���Packaging��� of the Circular Economy Initiative Deutschland developed a joint target picture 2030 and recommendations for action for the establishment of a Circular Economy for packaging. With a cross-value chain approach, the Working Group highlighted incentives and benefits for the recycling of packaging materials across relevant stakeholders and thereby identified options for action along the entire value chain. With the report, the members support the initiation, implementation and long-term anchoring of the Circular Economy in Germany and beyond. The 20 members of the Working Group ���Packaging��� are experts from leading academic institutions, German businesses and civil society across the entire packaging value chain. This composition allowed the group to achieve its goal of addressing the topic as holistically as possible.

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    Authors: Zou, Yang;

    In polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC), hydrated perfluorosulfonate ionomers such as NAFION are generally used as membrane materials. The high proton conductivity required for the application in the fuel cells comes from the water which acts as a carrier for protons in the swollen polymer membrane. A main disadvantage of such hydrated materials is that the upper limit of their useful temperature range is 100°C at normal pressure. However, when reformates or methanol is used as a fuel in fuel cells, temperatures above 100°C are required. Therefore, the development of new polymer electrolyte membrane materials for the application at high temperature, e.g. in the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), is attracting considerable interest. It has already been reported that heterocyclic aromates, such as imidazole, pyrazole and benzimidazole, show proton and solvent transport properties similar to water at a given temperature related to the corresponding melting point. However, due to their relatively low vapor pressures, these low molecular weight components will volatilize progressively as increasing temperature, which leads to a decrease of conductivity. One approach to overcome this limitation is to fix the proton carrier on the polymer backbone. 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene has been selected as a carrier because of its well known proton sponge characteristics. Using this compound as carrier moiety in the side chain or main chain the different novel polymers were synthesized in this work. All synthesized polymers were characterized by different methods. Using proton sponge and functional polymers as base components, while p-toluene sulfonic acid and sulfonated polystyrene as acid components, both low molecular weight mixture and blends were prepared and inverstigated regarding their proton transfer, morphology and conductivity by FTIR, DSC and impedance spectroscopy. Im Bereich der Niedertemperatur-Brennstoffzellen kommt den protonenleitenden Membranmaterialien eine entscheidende Rolle zu. In kommerziellen Polymerelektrolyt-Brennstoffzellen (PEMC) werden gewöhnlich perfluorierte Sulfonationionomere wie z. B. Nafion als Membranmaterial eingesetzt. Ein Hauptnachteil dieser Materialien ist allerdings die begrenzte Temperaturstabilität der Membran. Oberhalb von 80°C verarmt die Membran an Wasser einhergehend mit dem Verlust an Protonenleitfähigkeit. Die Verwendung von z. B. Methanol anstelle von Wasserstoff als Brennstoff (DMFC) erfordert jedoch Temperaturen über 150°C. Die in der Literatur bekannten Ansätze Wasser als Protonencarrier zu ersetzen, basieren auf der Verwendung höhersiedender Heteroaromaten wie z.B. Imidazol, Pyrazol und Benzimidazol. Eine Verflüchtigung dieser Stoffe bei höherer Temperatur führt aber auch hier zur Verarmung an Ladungsträgereinheiten in der Membran. Ein Ansatz diese Limitierung zu umgehen, ist die Verwendung von festen Carriermembranen, bei denen die Carrierfunktion von funktionellen, am Polymer fixierten Strukturelementen übernommen wird. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Funktionspolymere mit 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)naphthalin- Struktureinheiten, die in der Literatur als "Protonenschwammverbindung" bekannt sind, sowohl in die Hauptkette als auch in die Seitenkette synthetisiert. Diese Funktionspolymere wurden mittels verschiedener Analytikmethoden charakterisiert. Die Mischungen des als Poylmerstrukturbaustein fungierenden 1,8-Bis(dimethylamino)-naphthalins mit p-Toluolsulfonsäure wie auch die Ionomerblends aus Funktionspolymer bzw. sulfonierten Polystyrol und niedermolekularen Komponenten wurden hergestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Protonentransfer, Morphologie und Leitfähigkeit mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie, differentieller Wärmeflußkalorimetrie und Impedanzspektroskopie untersucht.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2002
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18419/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2002
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    Authors: Oehmke, Sebastian;

    Da fossile Quellen endlich sind, werden Chemikalien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen immer interessanter für die Forschung und Industrie. Zu den vielversprechenden Plattformchemikalien gehört das Stoffpaar 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein. Jedoch sind bisherige Ansätze für eine wirtschaftliche Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein im industriellen Maßstab nicht ausreichend. Deshalb wurde in dieser Arbeit geprüft, inwieweit sich Schlempe, ein glycerinhaltiges Nebenprodukt der Bioethanolherstellung, zur 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein Produktion nutzen lässt und inwieweit diese Produktion in den Bioethanolprozess im Sinne des Bioraffineriekonzeptes integriert werden kann, um bestehende Probleme zu lösen und Produktionskosten zu reduzieren. Dazu wurden ansatzweise und kontinuierliche Versuche im 5 ml bis 2 l Maßstab sowie Berechnungen in den Bereichen Biokatalysatorproduktion, Biotransformation, Aufreinigung und Kostenschätzung durchgeführt. Der Ganzzellbiokatalysator Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 ist nicht in der Lage die Hefezellen aus Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen für sein Wachstum zu nutzen, jedoch hat sich gezeigt, dass er nicht alle Nährstoffe im MRS Medium benötigt und Hefeextrakt als einzigste Quelle von Aminosäuren und Vitaminen für sein Wachstum und seine Enzymproduktion ausreichend ist. Die 3-HPA Produktion ist in Bioethanolproduktionsrückständen 68 % höher als in einer vergleichbaren Glycerinlösung bei gleichen Bedingungen und es wird weniger Biokatalysator benötigt. Eine Kombination aus Dehydratisierung und einfacher Destillation ist geeignet, um das 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd simultan in Acrolein umzuwandeln und aus der Biotransformationsbrühe bei 37°C abzutrennen, wodurch 105 ± 8 g/l Acrolein in Wasser mit hoher Reinheit gewonnen werden können. Die Kostenschätzung eines möglichen Prozesses hat gezeigt, dass die ermittelten Kosten des Acroleins in einer Größenordnung liegen, welche zeigt, dass der angedachte Prozess bei entsprechender Optimierung in naher Zukunft zu den Produktionskosten aus Rohölderivaten aufschließen kann. Zusammenfassend konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich eine Anlehnung an den Bioethanolprozess nutzen lässt, um die biotechnologische Produktion von 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyd/ Acrolein aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen zu verbessern. Since fossile rescources are of limited availability, chemicals from renewable resources become more interesting for scientists and the industry. Promising platform chemicals include 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and its anhydride acrolein. However, existing approaches are not sufficient for an economic production in industrial scale. Therefore, it was examined in this thesis how far stillage, a glycerol containing byproduct of the bioethanol production process, can be used for the 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein production and how far this production can be integrated into the bioethanol process according to the biorefinery concept to solve existing problems and to reduce production costs. Calculations as well as batchwise and continuous experiments were carried out in 5 ml to 2 l scale in the area of biocatalyst production, biotransformation, purification and cost estimation. The whole cell biocatalyst Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 53608 is not able to use the yeast cells from bioethanol production residues for its growth. However, it has been shown that it does not need all the nutrients in MRS medium and yeast extract is sufficient as the only source of amino acids and vitamins for its growth and enzyme production. The 3-HPA production in bioethanol production residues is 68 % higher than in a comparable aqueous glycerol solution under the same conditions and it requires less biocatalyst. A combination of dehydration and simple distillation is suitable to convert 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde into acrolein and separate it from the biotransformation broth at 37 ° C. 105 ± 8 g/l acrolein in aqueous solution were obtained in high purity. The cost estimation of a possible process has shown that the calculated cost for acrolein can likely catch up with production costs from crude oil in the near future with appropriate optimization. Hence it was shown that basing the process on stillage from the bioethanol process can improve the biotechnological production of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde/ acrolein from renewable resources.

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    TUHH Open Research - Research Data TUHH
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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      TUHH Open Research - Research Data TUHH
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    Authors: Stock, Tim Erwin;

    Im heutigen Zeitalter des Anthropozäns stehen die Industrie-, Schwellen- und Entwicklungsländer vor vielfältigen Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen, die durch globale Trends im Handlungsfeld umweltbezogener, gesellschaftlicher und wirtschaftlicher Dimension menschlichen Wirkens hervorgerufen werden. Dazu zählen die steigende sozio-ökonomische Ungleichheit, der Klimawandel, die zunehmende Umweltbelastung, Urbanisierung sowie der Anstieg der Cyberabhängigkeit. Diese Trends führen in den einzelnen Ländern zu unterschiedlichen, regional ausgeprägten Risiken, wie z. B. soziale Instabilität, Unterbeschäftigung, unfreiwillige Migration, Wasserkrisen, Naturkatastrophen, Ressourcenverknappung oder Cyberattacken. Zur langfristigen Bewältigung der globalen Nachhaltigkeitsherausforderungen haben die Mitgliedsländer der Vereinten Nationen die Agenda 2030 verabschiedet. Diese umfasst 17 unteilbare und sich selbst bedingende Ziele für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung, die als Vorgabe für eine Transformation der Volkswirtschaften von einer meist rein ökonomisch geprägten hin zu einer auf Nachhaltigkeit ausgerichteten Entwicklung dienen. Zur Umsetzung der Agenda 2030 sollen insbesondere globale, nationale, regionale und lokale Anspruchsgruppen maßgeblich beitragen, indem sie zielgerichtete Handlungen zur nachhaltigen Entwicklung planen, ausführen und steuern. Start-Ups können bottom-up dazu beitragen, nachhaltige Ideen durch die Entwicklung technischer Innovationen am Markt zu etablieren. Durch die marktwirtschaftliche Dynamik von Kooperation und Wettbewerb in globalen Wertschöpfungs- und Wissensnetzwerken können technische Innovationen somit langfristig die Transformation in Richtung einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung fördern. Start-Ups müssen daher befähigt werden, eigenständig nachhaltige Innovationen systematisch zu entwickeln. Es wird dazu eine Vorgehensweise erforscht, die die integrierte Entwicklung eines technischen Produktes und zugehörigen Geschäftsmodelles als relevante Teilsysteme einer Innovation ermöglicht. Die Vorgehensweise deckt die frühere und spätere Phase der Innovationsentwicklung ab. Sie ermöglicht die einfache Suche nachhaltiger Lösungen zur Entwicklung der Innovation. Dazu werden die Werte sowie Ziele und Prinzipien einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung in die Vorgehensweise eingebunden. Die Vorgehensweise orientiert sich dabei an den besonderen Bedürfnissen von Start-Ups zur Erschließung neuer Märkte sowie zur Realisierung von Wettbewerbsvorteilen auf bestehenden Märkten. Die Implementierung und Erprobung der Vorgehensweise erfolgt exemplarisch für unterschiedliche industrielle und universitäre Start-Ups. In today's age of the Anthropocene, newly and early industrialized countries are facing a variety of sustainability challenges caused by global trends in the environmental, social, and economic dimensions of human activities, such as a growing socio-economic inequality, climate change, increasing environmental degradation, urbanization, and an increasing cyber-dependency. These global trends are leading to different regional risks, e.g. social instability, underemployment, involuntary migration, water crises, natural catastrophes, resource depletion, or cyberattacks. For coping with the challenges in the long run, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Agenda 2030, which applies equally to all countries in the world. The Agenda 2030 includes 17 indivisible and self-sustaining goals. These so-called Sustainable Development Goals are intended to serve as the foundation for a transformation of the global economies towards a sustainable development. The implementation of the Agenda 2030 requires a significant contribution from global, national, regional, and local stakeholders by planning, running, and controlling activities related to a sustainable development. Bottom-up, startups can essentially contribute by expanding sustainable inventions to competitive, technological innovations. By means of the market dynamics of cooperation and competition in global value creation and knowledge networks, these sustainable innovations can foster a global sustainable development. Thus, startups must be enabled to systematically develop sustainable innovations independently. For this purpose, a procedure is being researched which enables the integrated development of a technical product and related business model as relevant subsystems of an innovation. The procedure covers the early and late phase of the innovation development. It allows the search for sustainable solutions during the development of the innovation in a simple manner. To this end, values, goals, and principles of a sustainable development are integrated. The procedure is oriented towards the special needs of startups for opening up new markets and realizing competitive advantages in existing markets. The implementation and testing of the procedure is exemplary carried out for different industrial and university startups.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2019
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    Authors: Schuster, Stefanie;

    Escherichia coli was metabolically engineered for the production of next generation biofuel 1-butanol. Therefore electrotransformation was performed with artificial plasmids harbouring the butanol-synthesis genes from Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii. So far, the functional expression of the genes was proven by demonstrating the synthesis of 1-butanol from glucose in different E. coli strains. To investigate the butanol production in acetogenic bacteria such as Clostridium ljungdahlii, the butanol-synthesis genes were cloned into the shuttle vector pIMP1. C. ljungdahlii is able to grow on synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, CO2 and H2. Synthesis gas can be easily produced and does not compete with the food industry such as conventional butanol fermentation which uses corn or sugar as substrate. Furthermore, genome sequence analysis of C. acetobutylicum revealed a gene (CAC3330) encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP152A2). The gene coding for CYP152A2 was amplified and expressed in E. coli. After overexpression and purification of P450 monooxygenase, it was demonstrated that this enzyme is able to catalyze the hydroxylation of fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The "ClosTron® Gene Knockout System" was used for the specific disruption of CAC3330, and in growth experiments, the consequences of the gene inactivation were determined.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2016
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
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    Authors: Marheineke, Torsten; Krewitt, Wolfram; Neubarth, Jürgen; Friedrich, Rainer; +1 Authors

    Energy and material flows caused by human activities have essential influence on human beings and the environment. These impacts should be taken into consideration in case of evaluating technologies with regard to a sustainable development. Therefore, it was goal of the project to quantify the impacts caused by different technologies of electricity and heat supply and to consider not only the process of energy transformation, but also the up- and downstream processes as fuel supply, waste disposal, the construction and dismantling of the power plant etc. The work carried out includes the development of methods for life cycle assessment, the compilation of a database, the develop-ment of an appropriate software tool for life cycle assessment and finally the assessments of various energy supply technologies itself. Besides the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and the extraction of raw materials, results are quantified for the cumulated energy demand as well as the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, impacts on human health and damages on materials and plants. Finally, the monetary evaluation is used to quantify damages costs for the impact categories human health, material and plant damages, and avoidance costs für the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems and the greenhause effect. Anthropogen umgesetzte Energie- und Stoffströme können mit wesentlichen Auswirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt verbunden sein. Um diese Auswirkungen bei der Beurteilung von Energieversorgungstechniken berücksichtigen zu können, werden in dem vorliegenden Bericht für verschiedene Techniken zur Strom- und Wärmebereitstellung die Stoff- und Energieströme über den gesamten Lebensweg quantifiziert und die aus ihnen resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Umwelt abgeschätzt. Berücksichtigte Wirkungskategorien sind der Treibhauseffekt, die Versauerung und Eutrophierung von Böden und Gewässern, Risiken für die menschliche Gesundheit, Ressourcenverzehr, Materialschäden und die Schädigung von Nutzpflanzen.

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    Authors: Hennings, Werner;

    Samoa so far has had an intact subsistence-production based on an economy and society in balance with the ecological system. Theoretically founded on the grounds of the entropy-law and methodologically implemented by a set of tested sustainability-indicators this paper maintains the thesis that the integration of the Samoan economy with recently high GDP-growth rates has led the system to an abrupt increase of entropy, driving back subsistence production, transforming land tenure to individualisation, threatening decentralisation and polluting the environment.

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    Other ORP type . 2008
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    Authors: Elmenhorst, Eva-Maria; Benderoth, S.; Vejvoda, M.; Wenzel, J.; +1 Authors
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