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Freight transport has emerged as one of the most critical and dynamic aspects of the transport sector where change has become the norm. It is now the main element supporting global commodity and more generally supply chains. Yet the lack of seamlessness and inefficiencies in general as well as the rising costs and complexities of shipping and delivering goods are adding to profit pressures faced by manufacturers across the globe. Our paper first discusses the concept of seamlessness, and then examines some of the consequences of the lack of seamlessness in terms of freight transport inefficiencies. We then begin to examine the new developments in which intermodality, technology (e-commerce), and logistics are changing and will have the impact of heightening competitive advantage and reducing constraint points in production value chains and global production networks. Finally the intent is to show how research on this theme might be advanced in a trans-Atlantic framework.

This paper addresses the phenomenon of climate-induced displacement. I argue that there is scope for an account of asylum as compensation owed to those displaced by the impacts of climate change which needs only to appeal to minimal normative commitments about the requirements of global justice. I demonstrate the possibility of such an approach through an examination of the work of David Miller. Miller is taken as an exemplar of a broadly ‘international libertarian’ approach to global justice, and his work is a useful vehicle for this project because he has an established view about both responsibility for climate change and about the state’s right to exclude would-be immigrants. In the course of the argument, I set out the relevant aspects of Miller’s views, reconstruct an account of responsibility for the harms faced by climate migrants which is consistent with Miller’s views, and demonstrate why such an account yields an obligation to provide asylum as a form of compensation to ‘climate migrants.’

Purpose: This paper discusses the current state of research on tactical planning in tramp shipping problems. The constantly changing demands in operative tramp shipping make tactical or strategical, i.e. longer-term planning, in comparison to op-erative planning more complex. The purpose of this paper is to describe solutions to tactical planning difficulties in tramp shipping and to point out future research direc-tions. Methodology: For this paper, a systematic literature review of journal articles and book chapters of the last ten years is conducted. The findings of this search are ana-lyzed and reviewed. Thus, different planning problems and their solutions are iden-tified. Findings: Planning problems in tramp shipping are clearly distinct from planning problems in liner shipping as tramp shipping is subject to considerably more uncer-tainties. Due to the high degree of uncertainties in tramp shipping longer-term plan-ning is challenging. Consequently, the results of research on tactical planning prob-lems in liner shipping cannot be transferred directly to tramp shipping. Originality: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of strategic and tactical planning in tramp shipping as presented in the literature.

The ‘big bang’ decentralisation reforms Indonesia embarked upon in 2001 went along with a decentralisation of the forestry sector. Hopes were high that this would improve local development and contribute to more sustainable forest management. However, undesired outcomes of decentralisation have been counteracted by an immediate effort to recentralise forest governance. In this paper, we address the question what actual impact both de- and recentralisation of forest governance had on the livelihoods of local communities in East Kalimantan. Our findings are based on field studies conducted in two villages using ethnographic methods. We show that under decentralised forest governance, unclear functional competences and overlapping authorities of the central and local governments triggered a logging boom that increased inter- and intra-village conflicts, exacerbating inequality, and leading to further deforestation. On the other hand, the recentralisation of the forestry sector and the increased central state control of illegal logging deprived villagers of lucrative income sources without offering adequate alternatives, while ending therewith associated conflicts. Our case studies thus show that de- and recentralisation had both positive and negative effects on a local level. However, we argue that continual decentralisation eff orts would be more promising for the improvement of local communities in East Kalimantan. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, Vol 5 No 2 (2012): Environment

More than a decade after the Dayton Peace Accords, the question remains whether peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) will sustain. Assuming that the economic prosperity plays a crucial role for a successful peacebuilding process, this Working Paper addresses the potential and the risks of economic development, focusing on three particular aspects: corruption, informal labor and the brain drain phenomenon. Rob Scheid shows that corruption is an endemic problem concerning governance, civil society, and the economy in BiH. He outlines examples of the various forms corruption takes and discusses steps taken to combat this issue, arguing that corruption’s detraction from economic development prolongs the peacebuilding process. Julika Bake deals with the phenomenon of illicit labor, which is seen as one of the major obstacles to economic prosperity in BiH. She argues that besides macroeconomic recovery and labor policy, the links between local political elites and informal employers have to be taken into account to successfully create formal employment. Simon Runkel addresses the difficult labor situation of young people and the resulting emigration, particularly of the well educated. In his opinion, reforms in the fields of education as well as private investment are necessary to facilitate the return of emigrants and to benefit from the positive long-term effect of the so-called brain drain phenomenon. All three sections of this Working Paper hold that the peacebuilding process would benefit to a great extent from the strengthening of formal economic relations, the weakening of links between the economic and political spheres, especially on a local level, as well as from the creation of job opportunities. Although economic prosperity and sustainable development often seem beneficial they do not appear to be a primary concern in peacebuilding. This paper shows that economic aspects are crucial to the question of whether peace will stay and last in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Selecting a logistics location is vital for logistics providers, food retailing and other trading companies since the selection poses an essential factor for economic success. Decisions on logistics locations currently mainly take into account economic factors. Environmental aspects play only a subordinate role, which impedes transparent and sustainable decisions. The result is an impeded dialog between the involved stake-holders within the location decision process, which leads to a dismissive position of municipalities and landowners. Besides logistics location may negatively affect eco systems in terms of sealing the surface, wrecking of biodiversity, or CO2 and noise emissions generated by traffic. The increasing importance of sustainability demands for informed decisions when selecting a future logistics location. Sustainability considers environmental aspects, which should be equally integrated in the process of logistics location search. This paper presents an innovative approach for supporting logistics companies when selecting new logistics locations. Basis for the innovative approach are the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Strategic Environmental Assessment tool (SEA). The presented approach extends the AHP method with content and methods out of the SEA tool for considering more environmental aspects in the logistics location selection process. The paper presents the essential steps for developing the innovative approach considering more environmental aspects which leads to more transparent and objective location decisions.

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of the asymmetric allocation of power on the digitalisation strategy in port logistics. To reach this pur-pose this paper combines the term of asymmetric power to the concept of bargaining power, supply chain leadership theory, and the trends of digitalisation in port logis-tics. Methodology: A systematic literature review on the asymmetric allocation of power is used to synthesize the current state of the art in this field of research, by selecting journals in supply chain management, logistics and operation research. This review establishes a theoretical framework while combining the concept of digitalisation in port logistics and the research about the allocation of power. Findings: While this paper provides an overview of the research of marketing chan-nels, bargaining power, supply chain leadership theory, and information asymmetry in SCM, it also develops a definition for the asymmetric of power. Linked to the clas-sification of relations within a port, conclusions are drawn about the influence of power on digitization in that port. Originality: During the last decades the importance of ports has transformed from traditional regional gateways to key-factors in the supply chain and logistics activi-ties. While the influence of globalisation and digitalisation increases, digitalisation becomes one of the central strategic terms for port logistics. Based on these trends the strategic decisions within the port are getting penetratively influenced by the relationships within the supply chain.

Rammed earth is a technique for constructing sustainable buildings, with a low energy demand encompassing the whole life cycle of buildings. Soil from the excavation can be compressed on-site to build a fa��ade. Due to its hygroscopic and thermal properties, rammed earth fa��ades stabilise indoor comfort, which potentially supports the minimisation of use of mechanical systems. In order to reduce the energy demand for the entire life cycle of buildings, the embodied energy must be taken into account. Databases, such as the German ��kobaudat, provide data for a life cycle assessment (LCA). For rammed earth, aggregated data at product stages A1-A3 are provided, but transport, which is included in stages A2 and A4, and construction processes at stage A5 are barely documented. Thus, the energy demand for transport, production, and construction of two rammed earth fa��ades was measured. The results are documented in this paper, which provides a more thorough understanding of the entire building process and helps to expand the database. One can conclude that transportation has the largest impact on the embodied energy of rammed earth fa��ades, so it���s essential to use local material. Furthermore, the results illustrate the implication of transport on a life cycle assessment, as well as for other constructions. Journal of Facade Design and Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 1 (2019): Special Issue Powerskin 2019