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AbstractThe future European energy supply system will have a high share of renewable energy sources (RES) to meet the greenhouse gas emission policy of the European Commission. Such a system is characterized by the need for a strongly interconnected energy transport grid as well as a high demand of energy storage capacities to compensate the time fluctuating characteristic of most RE generation technologies. With the RE generators at the location of high harvest potential, the appropriate dimension of storage and transmission system between different regions, a cost efficient system can be achieved. To find the preferred target system, the optimization tool GENESYS (Genetic Optimization of a European Energy System) was developed. The example calculations under the assumption of 100% self-supply, show a need of about 2,500 GW RES in total, a storage capacity of about 240,000 GWh, corresponding to 6% of the annual energy demand, and a HVDC transmission grid of 375,000 GWkm. The combined cost for generation, storage and transmission excluding distribution, was estimated to be 6.87 ct/kWh.

Due to climate change and current efforts to reduce emissions in the construction sector, this study evaluates and discusses the results of a comparative cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), with a main focus on Global Warming Potential for functionally equivalent carbon-reinforced concrete (CRC) and steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) façade panels for the first time. The novelty of this study is the focus on construction waste and, in particular, the worst-case application of non-recycled construction waste. The use of CRC requires a lower concrete thickness than SRC because the carbon fiber reinforcement does not corrode, in contrast to steel reinforcement. Façade panels of the same geometrical dimensions and structural performance were defined as functional units (FU). Assuming an End-of-Life (EoL) scenario of 50% landfill and 50% recycling, the Global Warming Potential (GWP, given in CO2 equivalent (CO2e)) of the CRC façade (411–496 kg CO2e) is shown to perform better than or equal to the SRC façade (492 kg CO2e). Changing the assumption of CRC to a worst-case scenario, going fully to landfill and not being recycled (single life cycle), turns the GWP results in favor of the SRC façade. Assuming a 50-year service life for the SRC façade panel and relativizing the emissions to the years, the more durable CRC façade performs much better. Finally, depending on the system boundary, the assumed EoL and lifetime, CRC can represent a lower-emission alternative to a functionally equivalent component made of SRC. The most important and “novel” result in this study, which also leads to future research opportunities, is that delicate adjustments (especially concerning EoL scenarios and expected service life) can lead to completely different recommendations for decision-makers. Only by combining the knowledge of LCA experts, structural engineers, and builders optimal decisions can be made regarding sustainable materials and building components.

Biotechnology can greatly improve the efficiency of forest tree breeding for the production of biomass, energy, and materials. However, EU regulations impede the market introduction of genetically modified (GM) trees so their socioeconomic and environmental benefits are not realized. European policy makers should concentrate on a science-based regulatory process.

Abstract This study simulated the effect of time on bioenergy production from dairy manure and associated variation in energy demand and GHG emission in Ohio and Hawaii. Increasing the residence-time (RT) decreases the bioenergy-production in a nonlinear-fashion, for both the states (Ohio and Hawaii). Using the main scenario in Hawaii, the highest bioenergy production for 30 days RT was 11.2 × 104 GJ. Life-cycle-assessment of produced bioenergy showed that energy requirement and GHG emission of the produced-bioenergy (GJ) varied from 0.65 to 0.67 and 28–35 kg CO2/GJ bioenergy respectively. Year-round bioenergy production through main scenario was more advantageous with respect to bioenergy production and GHG emission. Decreasing nitrogen concentration for algal biomass production increased the bioenergy production significantly with a reduced energy demand and marginally increased GHG emission. Hence, the LCA model predicted that running a biorefinery for short residence time, and using diluted waste, could provide bioenergy with reduced energy requirement and GHG-emission.

AbstractWorld-wide coal reserves can supply the global demand for primary energy for several centuries. However, low thickness and structural complexity may constrain the economic exploitation of many coal deposits. Taking into account these circumstances, underground coal gasification (UCG) can offer an economical and sustainable approach for coal exploitation and subsequent feedstock generation from the syngas. The UCG process produces a high-calorific synthesis gas mainly consisting of methane, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which can be used for electricity generation or feedstock production at the surface. Considering the latter, the Urea process can be applied to establish the nitrogen based fertilizer carbamide (CH4N2O). The required feedstock for carbamide production in the Urea process can be supplied by UCG syngas. The aim of the present study was the development of an integrated carbon utilisation concept based on the coupled UCG-Urea process. A significant amount of carbon dioxide from the UCG synthesis gas is required for carbamide production in the Urea process, while the excessive carbon dioxide can be re-injected into the cavities resulting in the coal seams and surrounding strata after the gasification process. Thus, a new approach for utilisation of carbon dioxide resulting from coal combustion was developed to provide a coupled technology also comprising geological storage of excessive carbon dioxide. A theoretical feasibility study considering UCG-Urea process economics and potentials of UCG and carbon dioxide storage in the gasified strata was conducted for a selected study area in northern Bangladesh revealing the high competitiveness of the combined technology on the international feedstock markets.

Renewable & sustainable energy reviews 159, 112163 (2022). doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.112163 special issue: "MODEX: energy system model comparisons through harmonized applications / Edited by Hans-Christian Gils, Christoph Weber, Dominik Möst, Jochen Linßen" Published by Elsevier Science, Amsterdam [u.a.]

In this study, we explore synergetic effects between biomass and CO2 utilization to reduce both GHG emissions and renewable resource use.

9th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, IRES 2015 / Edited by Peter Droege 9th International Renewable Energy Storage Conference, IRES 2015, Düsseldorf, Germany, 9 Mar 2015 - 11 Mar 2015; Engergy procedia, 73, 145-153 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.662