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This thesis examines how nutrients from organic household waste can be recycled in the municipality of Lejre for the benefit of organic agriculture. In the municipality of Lejre, they have started to sort out their food waste this year, and since the municipality has a vision of continuing being the ecological municipality, we found it interesting to investigate how the food waste could be utilized for the benefit of organic farming in the municipality while supporting the ecological profile.In order to respond to the thesis’ problem formulation, we have first examined the field, and this is formulated in a scientific background research, with focus on fx. organic farming, laws and regulations, the importance of nutrients ect. In addition, relevant actors have been interviewed in order to clarify their views and interests, that may affect the recycling of organic household waste. We have used this knowledge in setting up three scenarios, which are evaluated on the basis of five criteria, and we have identified the options and barriers that may exist for different solutions.The thesis concludes that the best scenario to recycle the nutrients from organic household waste, is the one where the municipality of Lejre chooses to construct a composting plant in the municipality. The composting plant can treat the organic household waste without prior treatment. Here, the biodegradable bags from which food waste is collected, can also be degraded in the process, which increases the likelihood that organic farmers will use the composted organic household waste. Because the composting plant is established by the municipality, they may influence the input, ensuring that no biomass is added that is not on the ecological positive list. The location of a plant in the municipality will further make it possible that only just organic farmers from the municipality will make an offer on the fertilizer due to the short transport distance.However, there are several reservations to consider, before this scenario may become a reality, including securing a stable and continuous input, a time perspective and different interests regarding renewable energy vs. nutrition supply. However, the thesis has helped form an assessment basis to work on possible solutions and has also helped in the actualisation of a broader discussion of the importance of recycling of nutrition in a global food system.

This thesis examines how nutrients from organic household waste can be recycled in the municipality of Lejre for the benefit of organic agriculture. In the municipality of Lejre, they have started to sort out their food waste this year, and since the municipality has a vision of continuing being the ecological municipality, we found it interesting to investigate how the food waste could be utilized for the benefit of organic farming in the municipality while supporting the ecological profile.In order to respond to the thesis’ problem formulation, we have first examined the field, and this is formulated in a scientific background research, with focus on fx. organic farming, laws and regulations, the importance of nutrients ect. In addition, relevant actors have been interviewed in order to clarify their views and interests, that may affect the recycling of organic household waste. We have used this knowledge in setting up three scenarios, which are evaluated on the basis of five criteria, and we have identified the options and barriers that may exist for different solutions.The thesis concludes that the best scenario to recycle the nutrients from organic household waste, is the one where the municipality of Lejre chooses to construct a composting plant in the municipality. The composting plant can treat the organic household waste without prior treatment. Here, the biodegradable bags from which food waste is collected, can also be degraded in the process, which increases the likelihood that organic farmers will use the composted organic household waste. Because the composting plant is established by the municipality, they may influence the input, ensuring that no biomass is added that is not on the ecological positive list. The location of a plant in the municipality will further make it possible that only just organic farmers from the municipality will make an offer on the fertilizer due to the short transport distance.However, there are several reservations to consider, before this scenario may become a reality, including securing a stable and continuous input, a time perspective and different interests regarding renewable energy vs. nutrition supply. However, the thesis has helped form an assessment basis to work on possible solutions and has also helped in the actualisation of a broader discussion of the importance of recycling of nutrition in a global food system.

A new test station for large wind turbines is planned for a currently forested area in Thy, Denmark. This report documents the numerical modeling and measurements that have been conducted in order to determine how much of the existing forest should be cleared. It is seen that with the current vegetation cover, the wind shear and turbulence intensity in the lower 100m are quite severe. Tree clearances out to several distances are investigated. It is found that a distance from the wind turbines to the forest edge of 1,5km is probably sufficient to give accepTabel flow conditions for the proposed test station. A new test station for large wind turbines is planned for a currently forested area in Thy, Denmark. This report documents the numerical modeling and measurements that have been conducted in order to determine how much of the existing forest should be cleared. It is seen that with the current vegetation cover, the wind shear and turbulence intensity in the lower 100m are quite severe. Tree clearances out to several distances are investigated. It is found that a distance from the wind turbines to the forest edge of 1,5km is probably sufficient to give acceptable flow conditions for the proposed test station.

A new test station for large wind turbines is planned for a currently forested area in Thy, Denmark. This report documents the numerical modeling and measurements that have been conducted in order to determine how much of the existing forest should be cleared. It is seen that with the current vegetation cover, the wind shear and turbulence intensity in the lower 100m are quite severe. Tree clearances out to several distances are investigated. It is found that a distance from the wind turbines to the forest edge of 1,5km is probably sufficient to give accepTabel flow conditions for the proposed test station. A new test station for large wind turbines is planned for a currently forested area in Thy, Denmark. This report documents the numerical modeling and measurements that have been conducted in order to determine how much of the existing forest should be cleared. It is seen that with the current vegetation cover, the wind shear and turbulence intensity in the lower 100m are quite severe. Tree clearances out to several distances are investigated. It is found that a distance from the wind turbines to the forest edge of 1,5km is probably sufficient to give acceptable flow conditions for the proposed test station.

Dette projekt undersøger hvilken effekt bionedbrydning har på kildesorteret organisk dagrenovation i affaldshåndteringen i Lejre Kommune og for økonomien på et biogasanlæg, og hvordan håndteringen af kildesorteret organisk dagrenovation kan understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse og Ecosystem Services.For at måle bionedbrydning af KOD blev der designet en standardiseret KOD-biomasse som blev lagret i henholdsvis 0, 4, 7, 11 og 14 dage. Efterfølgende blev forskellen på 0-dagslagret KOD og de andre lagringstider sammenlignet for at måle forskellen i biometanpotentialet. Forskellen var således et mål for tab af kulstof fra bionedbrydningen. Tabet fra bionedbrydningen anvendes til at opstille en model for bionedbrydning af KOD for Lejre Kommune. Beregningerne fra KOD-biomassens biometanpotentiale sættes overfor et biogasanlægs dækningsbidrag, for at undersøge konsekvenserne af bionedbrydning i KOD for økonomien på et biogasanlæg. Dette ses ligeledes i relation til fremtidige tilskud og priser på energimarkedet. Projektet konkluderer at Lejre Kommune har et samlet drivhusgasudslip fra bionedbrydning ved håndtering af KOD på 91 tons CO2e i sommerhalvåret ud fra en samlet mængde KOD på 789 tons, hvilket svarer til 10563 DKK udregnet fra den samfundsøkonomiske pris på CO2e. I Lejre Kommune kommer størstedelen af KOD fra enfamlieshusstande (97,1 %), hvoraf disse udgør 88 tons CO2e af den samlet drivhusgasudledning i kommunen. Affaldsbeholdere fra etageboliger generelt er bedre at tømme hyppigere, da de udelukkende indeholder KOD og dermed ikke er en affaldsbeholder delt med en anden fraktion (restaffald). Dette betyder at mere KOD bliver fjernet per tømning og dermed mere potentielt klimagasudledning mitigeret. En 180 liter et-rums affaldsbeholder kan potentielt udlede 2,4 kg CO2e og en todelt affaldsbeholder 0,9 kg CO2e ved et gennemsnit på 5 dages lagring, hvor en tømning koster 9,3 DKK for begge affaldsbeholdertyper.KOD har i referenceprøven (0 dages lagring) et dækningsbidrag på 226,73 DKK/tons i 2018 for et biogasanlæg. Hertil sænkes dækningsbidraget med 51,14 DKK/tons for hvert tiende procentpoint dækningsbidraget falder. Anvendelsen af KOD som biomasse til biogasanlæg understøtter en række Ecosystem Services, da KOD genanvendes dels til biogasproduktion og til recirkulering af næringsstoffer. Jo højere en bionedbrydning KOD har været genstand for, inden det indgår som biomasse på et biogasanlæg, jo lavere en effekt har servicens produktion af energi. Lejre Kommunes fokus i relation til KOD ligger generelt på missorteringer og genanvendelsesprocenter, som grundlæggende bygger på politiske målsætninger og EU's affaldsdirektiv. Der er en kløft i produktionskæden mellem det kommunale affaldshåndteringssystem og biogasanlægs anvendelse af biomasser fra affaldshåndteringssystemet. Dette ses i særdeleshed i skævvridningen i renovationsprisen for KOD i sammenligning med KODs egentlige værdi. Der skal derfor skabes reguleringer eller andre tiltag der binder biogasanlæg og kommunal affaldshåndtering af KOD bedre sammen. Således kan det sikres at Lejre Kommune i mindre grad anser KOD som et affaldsprodukt uden værdi, og mere som en ressource, der kan understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse og styrke Ecosystem Services. This thesis examines the effect of biodegradation on organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in the waste management in Lejre municipality and for the economy of a biogas plant and how the handling of the OFMSW can support circular use of resources and Ecosystem Services. To measure the biodegradation of the OFMSW a standardized OFMSW-sample was designed and stored for 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days. The difference in biomethanepotential between the 0-day stored OFMSW-sample (reference) and other storage times was compared. The difference was an expression for the loss of carbon due to biodegradation. The loss from the biodegradation was used in a developed model for biodegradation of the OFMSW for Lejre Municipality. The calculated biomethanepotential from the OFMSW-samples is used in relation to a biogas plants contribution margin to investigate the consequences of biodegradation of the OFMSW for the economy of a biogas plant. This is seen in relation to future subsidies and prices of the Danish energy market.The thesis concludes that Lejre Municipality has a total greenhouse gas emission in relation to biodegradation of the OFMSW of 91 tons CO2-e during the summer. This is based on a total amount of OFMSW (789 tonnes), which corresponds to 10563 DKK calculated from the socioeconomic price of CO2-e. Most of the OFMSW in Lejre Municipality comes from single-family households (97.1%) where it is measured to 88 tonnes CO2e of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the municipality. Waste containers from storey apartments are generally better to empty more frequently as the waste containers only contain OFMSW and therefore not shared with other fraction (residual waste). This means that more OFMSW is removed each time the container is emptied, and thus more greenhouse gas emissions is mitigated. A 180-liter one-room waste container can potentially discharge 2,4 kg of CO2-e and a two-part waste container can discharge 0,9 kg of CO2-e, at an average of 5 days of storage where the costs of emptying the container is 9,3 DKK for both types of waste containers.In the reference sample (0 days of storage) the OFMSW has a contribution margin of 226.73 DKK/tonne in 2018 for a biogas plant. The contribution margin is lowered with 51,14 DKK/tons for each ten-percentage point loss due to biodegradation of OFMSW. The use of the OFMSW as a biomass for biogas plants supports several Ecosystem Services since OFMSW is used for biogas production and recycling of nutrients. The focus of Lejre Municipality in relation to OFMSW is generally on mis-sorted materials and percentage of recycled material, which are based on political objectives and the EU Waste Frame Directive.There is a gap in the production chain between the municipal waste management system and the biogas plants use of biomass from the waste management system. This is especially seen in the cost for disposal (495 DKK/tonne) for the OFMSW in comparison to the actual value of the OFMSW (176 DKK/tonne OFMSW 10 % biodegradated). Therefore, there must be created regulations or other measures that connects the biogas plants and the municipal waste management of the OFMSW.

Dette projekt undersøger hvilken effekt bionedbrydning har på kildesorteret organisk dagrenovation i affaldshåndteringen i Lejre Kommune og for økonomien på et biogasanlæg, og hvordan håndteringen af kildesorteret organisk dagrenovation kan understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse og Ecosystem Services.For at måle bionedbrydning af KOD blev der designet en standardiseret KOD-biomasse som blev lagret i henholdsvis 0, 4, 7, 11 og 14 dage. Efterfølgende blev forskellen på 0-dagslagret KOD og de andre lagringstider sammenlignet for at måle forskellen i biometanpotentialet. Forskellen var således et mål for tab af kulstof fra bionedbrydningen. Tabet fra bionedbrydningen anvendes til at opstille en model for bionedbrydning af KOD for Lejre Kommune. Beregningerne fra KOD-biomassens biometanpotentiale sættes overfor et biogasanlægs dækningsbidrag, for at undersøge konsekvenserne af bionedbrydning i KOD for økonomien på et biogasanlæg. Dette ses ligeledes i relation til fremtidige tilskud og priser på energimarkedet. Projektet konkluderer at Lejre Kommune har et samlet drivhusgasudslip fra bionedbrydning ved håndtering af KOD på 91 tons CO2e i sommerhalvåret ud fra en samlet mængde KOD på 789 tons, hvilket svarer til 10563 DKK udregnet fra den samfundsøkonomiske pris på CO2e. I Lejre Kommune kommer størstedelen af KOD fra enfamlieshusstande (97,1 %), hvoraf disse udgør 88 tons CO2e af den samlet drivhusgasudledning i kommunen. Affaldsbeholdere fra etageboliger generelt er bedre at tømme hyppigere, da de udelukkende indeholder KOD og dermed ikke er en affaldsbeholder delt med en anden fraktion (restaffald). Dette betyder at mere KOD bliver fjernet per tømning og dermed mere potentielt klimagasudledning mitigeret. En 180 liter et-rums affaldsbeholder kan potentielt udlede 2,4 kg CO2e og en todelt affaldsbeholder 0,9 kg CO2e ved et gennemsnit på 5 dages lagring, hvor en tømning koster 9,3 DKK for begge affaldsbeholdertyper.KOD har i referenceprøven (0 dages lagring) et dækningsbidrag på 226,73 DKK/tons i 2018 for et biogasanlæg. Hertil sænkes dækningsbidraget med 51,14 DKK/tons for hvert tiende procentpoint dækningsbidraget falder. Anvendelsen af KOD som biomasse til biogasanlæg understøtter en række Ecosystem Services, da KOD genanvendes dels til biogasproduktion og til recirkulering af næringsstoffer. Jo højere en bionedbrydning KOD har været genstand for, inden det indgår som biomasse på et biogasanlæg, jo lavere en effekt har servicens produktion af energi. Lejre Kommunes fokus i relation til KOD ligger generelt på missorteringer og genanvendelsesprocenter, som grundlæggende bygger på politiske målsætninger og EU's affaldsdirektiv. Der er en kløft i produktionskæden mellem det kommunale affaldshåndteringssystem og biogasanlægs anvendelse af biomasser fra affaldshåndteringssystemet. Dette ses i særdeleshed i skævvridningen i renovationsprisen for KOD i sammenligning med KODs egentlige værdi. Der skal derfor skabes reguleringer eller andre tiltag der binder biogasanlæg og kommunal affaldshåndtering af KOD bedre sammen. Således kan det sikres at Lejre Kommune i mindre grad anser KOD som et affaldsprodukt uden værdi, og mere som en ressource, der kan understøtte cirkulær ressourceanvendelse og styrke Ecosystem Services. This thesis examines the effect of biodegradation on organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) in the waste management in Lejre municipality and for the economy of a biogas plant and how the handling of the OFMSW can support circular use of resources and Ecosystem Services. To measure the biodegradation of the OFMSW a standardized OFMSW-sample was designed and stored for 0, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days. The difference in biomethanepotential between the 0-day stored OFMSW-sample (reference) and other storage times was compared. The difference was an expression for the loss of carbon due to biodegradation. The loss from the biodegradation was used in a developed model for biodegradation of the OFMSW for Lejre Municipality. The calculated biomethanepotential from the OFMSW-samples is used in relation to a biogas plants contribution margin to investigate the consequences of biodegradation of the OFMSW for the economy of a biogas plant. This is seen in relation to future subsidies and prices of the Danish energy market.The thesis concludes that Lejre Municipality has a total greenhouse gas emission in relation to biodegradation of the OFMSW of 91 tons CO2-e during the summer. This is based on a total amount of OFMSW (789 tonnes), which corresponds to 10563 DKK calculated from the socioeconomic price of CO2-e. Most of the OFMSW in Lejre Municipality comes from single-family households (97.1%) where it is measured to 88 tonnes CO2e of the total greenhouse gas emissions in the municipality. Waste containers from storey apartments are generally better to empty more frequently as the waste containers only contain OFMSW and therefore not shared with other fraction (residual waste). This means that more OFMSW is removed each time the container is emptied, and thus more greenhouse gas emissions is mitigated. A 180-liter one-room waste container can potentially discharge 2,4 kg of CO2-e and a two-part waste container can discharge 0,9 kg of CO2-e, at an average of 5 days of storage where the costs of emptying the container is 9,3 DKK for both types of waste containers.In the reference sample (0 days of storage) the OFMSW has a contribution margin of 226.73 DKK/tonne in 2018 for a biogas plant. The contribution margin is lowered with 51,14 DKK/tons for each ten-percentage point loss due to biodegradation of OFMSW. The use of the OFMSW as a biomass for biogas plants supports several Ecosystem Services since OFMSW is used for biogas production and recycling of nutrients. The focus of Lejre Municipality in relation to OFMSW is generally on mis-sorted materials and percentage of recycled material, which are based on political objectives and the EU Waste Frame Directive.There is a gap in the production chain between the municipal waste management system and the biogas plants use of biomass from the waste management system. This is especially seen in the cost for disposal (495 DKK/tonne) for the OFMSW in comparison to the actual value of the OFMSW (176 DKK/tonne OFMSW 10 % biodegradated). Therefore, there must be created regulations or other measures that connects the biogas plants and the municipal waste management of the OFMSW.

“Multifunctional land consolidation” (in Danish: “multifunktionel jordfordeling”) is a regulatory approach to land use that encourages efforts to combat climate change and increase biodiversityin combination with other societal interests such as rural development, opportunities for recreation, and economic development for farmers. Since 2019, the Danish Agricultural Agency has run apilot subsidy scheme granting municipalities the funds to cover land consolidation charges through voluntary agreements with landowners. Using theories of governance and multifunctionality, thisproject analyses the opportunities of the pilot scheme to contribute to the mitigation of climate change and improvements of biodiversity. It is argued that the municipalities running projects mustdevelop new competencies as facilitators, which in turn reflects an emerging supervisory mode of governance. However, while voluntary participation is essential, the scheme does not require projects to be fully co-created by landowners and residents, and the funding structure of the scheme also undermines this effort. We argue that a greater focus on co-creation and more funding within the scheme could lead to greater levels of landowner support, which in turn could generate larger-scale changes in support of sustainable land use.

“Multifunctional land consolidation” (in Danish: “multifunktionel jordfordeling”) is a regulatory approach to land use that encourages efforts to combat climate change and increase biodiversityin combination with other societal interests such as rural development, opportunities for recreation, and economic development for farmers. Since 2019, the Danish Agricultural Agency has run apilot subsidy scheme granting municipalities the funds to cover land consolidation charges through voluntary agreements with landowners. Using theories of governance and multifunctionality, thisproject analyses the opportunities of the pilot scheme to contribute to the mitigation of climate change and improvements of biodiversity. It is argued that the municipalities running projects mustdevelop new competencies as facilitators, which in turn reflects an emerging supervisory mode of governance. However, while voluntary participation is essential, the scheme does not require projects to be fully co-created by landowners and residents, and the funding structure of the scheme also undermines this effort. We argue that a greater focus on co-creation and more funding within the scheme could lead to greater levels of landowner support, which in turn could generate larger-scale changes in support of sustainable land use.