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In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, millions of students have been affected by the closure of educational institutions. This has forced a shift from face-to-face to distance education, facing numerous emergency educational measures, such as online assessment. This study aims to present a systematic review of the literature on the impact of assessment in higher education during the pandemic. The study has followed the methodology set out in the PRISMA statement, and includes 13 studies selected from a total of 51. The results indicate that faculty and students have faced numerous challenges in moving to virtual environments; on the faculty side the lack of training in online assessment techniques is the main problem, on the students’ side there is dishonesty and misconduct. However, it is concluded that continuous assessment, not focused on exams, but in a more qualitative way is the best way to assess at a distance.

AbstractBinge drinking (BD) is an especially pro‐oxidant pattern of alcohol consumption, particularly widespread in the adolescent population. In the kidneys, it affects the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to high blood pressure. BD exposure also disrupts folic acid (FA) homeostasis and its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to test a FA supplementation as an effective therapy against the oxidative, nitrosative, and apoptotic damage as well as the renal function alteration occurred after BD in adolescence. Four groups of adolescent rats were used: control, BD (exposed to intraperitoneal alcohol), control FA‐supplemented group and BD FA‐supplemented group. Dietary FA content in control groups was 2 ppm, and 8 ppm in supplemented groups. BD provoked an oxidative imbalance in the kidneys by dysregulating antioxidant enzymes and increasing the enzyme NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), which led to an increase in caspase‐9. BD also altered the renal nitrosative status affecting the expression of the three nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) isoforms, leading to a decrease in NO levels. Functionally, BD produced a hydric‐electrolytic imbalance, a low GFR and an increase in blood pressure. FA supplementation to BD adolescent rats improved the oxidative, nitrosative, and apoptotic balance, recovering the hydric‐electrolytic equilibrium and blood pressure. However, neither NO levels nor GFR were recovered, showing in this study for the first time that NO availability in the kidneys plays a crucial role in GFR regulation that the antioxidant effects of FA cannot repair.

Resumen: Introducción: Frente a los cambios que se producen en los ámbitos socioambiental, cultural y tecnológico, se propuso analizar el conocimiento de gestores académicos, profesorado y estudiantes del curso de Medicina de una institución de educación superior de la Región Sudeste de Brasil sobre sostenibilidad y su implicación en el área de la salud. Se realizó un estudio de caso, con enfoque metodológico de investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa. Métodos: El estudio incluyó el análisis del currículo del curso y los planes de clases, entrevistas a los gestores académicos y profesores y un cuestionario para los alumnos. Las categorías del estudio fueron: concepto de sostenibilidad, importancia para la salud, relaciones entre sostenibilidad y salud y sostenibilidad en el currículo. Resultados: Los participantes están próximos a un enfoque de sostenibilidad débil, siendo la percepción de los alumnos la más reduccionista; que las relaciones entre sostenibilidad y salud se establecen mediante las enfermedades y/o la calidad de vida y que el currículo atiende en escasa medida a la perspectiva de la sostenibilidad. Conclusión: Todos los participantes consideran importante incluir la sostenibilidad en el área de salud para mejorar la formación de los profesionales y están predispuestos a participar de actividades para su propia formación y desarrollo del enfoque. Esta sugerencia apunta para un proyecto futuro de ambientalización curricular para la sostenibilidad en el ámbito institucional, en el que se debe prestar especial atención a la formación del profesorado en relación con el desarrollo del enfoque en sus propias aulas.

Focused on Ecuatorian’s Economy this article analyzes for the 2000-2014 period. i) What have the drivers of CO2 emission in Ecuador been? ii) What are the determining factors to be focused on with regards to energy policy efforts and the mitigation of GHG emissions? And iii) Is the economy of Ecuador moving towards decoupling between economic growth and environmental stress? To respond to question i) a decomposition analysis of the change in CO2 emissions has been developed using the LMDI-I model. The decomposing factors or effects used include Carbon Intensity, Renewable Energy Sources penetration, Energy Intensity, Economic Structure, Economic Activity and Population. To answer question ii) a so-called Innovative Accounting Approach (IAA) has been implemented. Another innovative aspect of the methodology used has been to incorporate decoupling analysis between economic growth and environmental stress. This facilitates answering question iii). This is the first time that a comprehensive model is undertaken as described. FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación – Agencia Estatal de Investigación y Proyecto RTI2018-096725-B-100 Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) y Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad de la Junta de Andalucía US1260925

Migrant families who settle in host cultures may find themselves in situations of vulnerability which hinder the exercise of their parental responsibilities. While there are many support programs targeted at these families, they are n ot always sensitive to the acculturation process. This article compares beliefs about child-rearing and development in Spain and Peru, with the aim of enabling interventions to be adapted to the cultural characteristics of Peruvian families living in Spain. To this end, 43 Spanish and 39 Peruvian professionals and parents participated in a Delphi process, in which they ranked issues corresponding to four topics: child and adolescent needs, functions of the family context, functions of the school context, and the value of childhood and adolescence for society. The results revealed many similarities and some differences between the cultural parenting knowledge of Spanish and Peruvian families. The implications of these results for adapting parenting support programs to migrant Peruvian families are discussed. Specifically, the article concludes that Peruvian families require special support in two areas: establishing rules and limits for children and parental involvement in the school, both of which are key aspects for promoting parenting practices which are better adapted to the families’ new cultural context.

One of the main retrofitting strategies in warm climates is the reduction of the effects of solar radiation. Cooling loads, and in turn, cooling consumption, can be reduced through the implementation of reflective materials such as solar control films. However, these devices may also negatively affect daylight illuminance conditions and the electric consumption of artificial lighting systems. In a hospital building, it is crucial to meet daylighting requirements as well as indoor illuminance levels and visibility from the inside, as these have a significant impact on health outcomes. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the influence on natural illuminance conditions of a solar control film installed on the windows of a public hospital building in a Mediterranean climate. To this end, a hospital room, with and without solar film, was monitored for a whole year. A descriptive statistical analysis was conducted on the use of artificial lighting, illuminance levels and rolling shutter aperture levels, as well as an analysis of natural illuminance and electric consumption of the artificial lighting system. The addition of a solar control film to the external surface of the window, in combination with the user-controlled rolling shutter aperture levels, has reduced the electric consumption of the artificial lighting system by 12.2%. Likewise, the solar control film has increased the percentage of annual hours with natural illuminance levels by 100–300 lux.

The principal aim of this study was to investigate the oxidative effects of chronic ethanol consumption on the functions of the heart and the kidney and the possible modification of this effect by folic acid supplementation. Moreover, in order to find whether this oxidative profile affects cardiovascular function, parameters such as heart rate and glomerular filtration rate were also assessed.Four experimental groups of rats were used: control, ethanol-exposed, control supplemented with folic acid and ethanol-exposed plus folic acid. Ethanol-exposed rats were subjected to a chronic ethanol treatment (2 months), in which the level of alcohol reaches 30% v/v. Diet and ethanol solution were provided ad libitum, and folic acid supplementation was 8 vs. 2 ppm. Energy intake, creatinine clearance and heart rate were determined. Antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid and protein peroxidation of the kidney and the heart were measured by the spectrophotometric method.Ethanol increases heart size and catalase (CAT) activity and decreases lipid peroxidation in heart without changing heart rate. However, in the kidney, ethanol decreases CAT activity, increases lipid peroxidation and decreases glomerular filtration rate. Folic acid supplementation avoids these situations; it does not, however, improve glomerular function.Chronic ethanol consumption has many effects on the antioxidant enzymatic activity of the heart and the kidney, leading to increased renal lipid peroxidation prevented by folic acid supplementation.