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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Albo Sánchez, Jonathan;

    La Captura y Almacenamiento de dióxido de Carbono (CAC), es una tecnología orientada a mitigar el impacto de los gases de efecto invernadero producidos en la quema de combustibles fósiles en procesos industriales y de generación de energía, donde la captura de dióxido de carbono (CO2) supone el cuello de botella del proceso, y por tanto donde deben centrarse los esfuerzos. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es la intensificación del proceso de absorción de CO2 convencional en dos etapas: i) Sustitución del equipamiento convencional (e.g. torres de absorción) por sistemas de membranas para una absorción no dispersiva que elimine el arrastre de gotas y, ii) Sustitución del absorbente de referencia (monoetanolamina, MEA) por líquidos iónicos, con presión de vapor despreciable, que permite eliminar las pérdidas de disolvente por volatilización. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se desarrolla un proceso con cero emisiones de disolvente mediante la integración de equipos de membranas y líquidos iónicos, como estrategia para la intensificación del proceso de captura de CO2 de post-combustión. Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), is a technology aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas impacts from fossil fuels combustion in industrial and energy-related processes where, carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is the bottleneck step where the efforts have to be applied. In this context, the aim of this work is to intensify the absorption process by two steps: i) Substitution of conventional equipment (e.g. scrubbers) for non-dispersive absoprtion membrane systems to avoid drops dragging and, ii) Substitution of the reference absorption solvent (monoethanolamine, MEA) for ionic liquids, with negligible vapour pressure, to avoid solvent losses due to volatilization of the solvent into gas stream. Thereby, in this PhD Thesis a zero solvent emission process trough the integration of membrane systems and ionic liquids is developed as a process intensification strategy for the recovery of CO2 from post-combustion streams.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Tesis Doctorals en X...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
    Doctoral thesis . 2012
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Tesis Doctorals en X...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
      Doctoral thesis . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Fernández-Tirado, Francisca; Parra-López, Carlos;

    El fomento de los biocarburantes ha constituido en los últimos años un tema de gran controversia y polémica a nivel académico, político y social, debido a las repercusiones ambientales, económicas y sociales que el uso y la producción de los mismos pueden desencadenar. Mientras la mayoría de los gobiernos están apostando por el fomento de los biocarburantes, principalmente para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y mejorar la seguridad en el abastecimiento de combustibles, numerosas voces están surgiendo en contra de los mismos, haciéndoles responsables de problemas tales como el aumento del precio de los alimentos. En la UE, la propuesta de Directiva relativa al fomento del uso de energía procedente de fuentes renovables, ha condicionado el fomento de los biocarburantes a la sostenibilidad de los mismos, con el objetivo de evitar graves repercusiones negativas. De esta forma los Estados miembros han de diseñar un sistema de apoyo para fomentar el uso de biocarburantes siempre que cumplan con una serie de criterios de sostenibilidad, previéndose un mayor soporte institucional a la producción y consumo de biocarburantes que aporten ventajas adicionales. En este trabajo se ha definido un modelo multicriterio para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la producción y consumo de los biocarburantes en España. Para definir el modelo se ha combinado una metodología de decisión multicriterio discreta, el proceso analítico jerárquico (AHP), con un sistema de indicadores, incluyendo una serie de criterios (ambientales, económicos y sociales) que una serie de expertos han considerado de relevancia en España para evaluar la sostenibilidad de los biocarburantes. AHP es una metodología que permite la resolución de problemas de toma de decisiones complejas, en las que existen múltiples criterios y actores implicados, en escenarios de gran incertidumbre y riesgo, como ocurre en el caso de los biocarburantes. El modelo aquí propuesto permite la evaluación de criterios y variables tanto en un contexto de ‘comparabilidad fuerte’ de valores (sistema de indicadores), como de ‘comparabilidad débil’ (AHP). Mientras los indicadores permiten una medición directa y exacta de las variables, cuando éstas existen o son posibles de calcular, la técnica AHP permite la comparación de variables inconmensurables, para las que no existe una unidad común de medida. El modelo permite establecer un orden de prioridades de naturaleza escalar del nivel de sostenibilidad de diferentes tipos de biocarburantes, que puede orientar a los decisores políticos para establecer un sistema de apoyo a los mismos, teniendo en cuenta tanto las ventajas como los inconvenientes económicos, ambientales y sociales que presentan unos biocarburantes con respecto a otros, tal y como señala la normativa europea. The promotion of biofuels is now a subject of great controversy in academic, political and social contexts, because of potential environmental, economic and social repercussions that biofuels might trigger, such as increasing food prices, or the loss of biodiversity. The European Directive on the promotion of renewable energy use (CE, 2009) has conditioned’the development of biofuels to their sustainability, in order to avoid negative impacts. Thus, Member States will have to design support systems to encourage the use of biofuels provided they meet certain criteria of sustainability, planning further institutional support for those biofuels which provide additional benefits. This work defines a multicriteria model to evaluate the sustainability of biofuels in Spain through a discrete multiple criteria decision methodology, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with a system of indicators. The proposed model allows the assessment of criteria and variables in a context of 'strong comparability' of values (by the system of indicators), as well as 'weak comparability' (through the AHP technique.) While the indicators provide an estimate of measurable variables, the technique of paired comparisons of AHP allows the comparison of incommensurable variables. Finally, with this model different types of biofuels can be prioritized according to the level of sustainability, which can guide policy makers to create a support system for biofuels. Área de Economía y Sociología Agrarias. Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera. IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil. Granada.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Caguana Pinguil, Segundo Miguel;

    Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Cooperació al Desenvolupament (Pla de 2015) (A distància). Codi: SRP531. Curs acadèmic: 2018-2019 Este trabajo situando en un contexto específico de la Sierra Andina del Ecuador ubicado a una altitud sobre los 2800 msnm, analiza las transformaciones del sistema producción de los pequeños productores frente a los actuales cambios que está provocando el cambio climático. Según las indagaciones realizadas en tres comunidades con asentamientos de población mayoritariamente indígenas, se pone de relieve que las metamorfosis de los sistemas de producción, no responden precisamente a los cambios en el patrón del clima sino a la interacción de varios factores como la fuerza de trabajo, la inestabilidad de precios y el aumento de la demanda de leche. En la micro región pese a los cambios en la temperatura media y precipitación, existe un proceso de adaptación basada en opciones tecnológicas como el sistema de riego que ha permitido reducir los riesgos del cambio climático porque el riego está garantizando la producción de los cultivos y pastos. En el último decenio la carencia de mano de obra y la creciente demanda de leche a nivel nacional ha cambiando los patrones de producción, con dedicación a la ganadería de pequeña escala porque en la percepción de los agricultores, el sistema de crianza es la menos dependiente de la mano de obra y poco forzoso para las mujeres. Los agricultores no han abandono en su totalidad las chacras sino continúan practicando en superficies pequeñas con implicaciones en la disminución de áreas de cultivos en relación al antaño, provocando impactos negativos en la soberanía alimentaria porque al reducir áreas de cosechas la oferta de producción local disminuye en el mercado. Aunque la soberanía alimentaria familiar también está en riesgo porque la población está volcando a consumir productos de bajo contenido nutricional. This work, focused in a specific area of the Andean Sierra of Ecuador located at an altitude of over 2,800 meters above sea level, analyzes the transformations of the production system of small producers facing the current threats caused by climate change. According to the inquiries made in three communities with mostly indigenous population settlements, it is emphasized that the metamorphoses of production systems do not respond precisely to changes in the weather pattern but to the interaction of several factors such as the work force, price instability and the increase in milk demand. In the micro region, despite the changes in the average temperature and precipitation, there is a process of adaptation based on technological options, such as the irrigation system, that has allowed reducing the risks of climate change because irrigation is guaranteeing the production of crops and pastures. In the last decade the lack of workforce and the growing demand for milk at the national level has changed production patterns, with dedication to small-scale livestock because, in the perception of farmers, the system of rearing is the least dependent of labor and not very difficult for women. Farmers have not left the farms in completely but continue practicing on small areas with a result of the reduction of crop areas in relation to the past, causing negative impacts on food sovereignty because by reducing crop areas the supply of local production decreases in the market. However, the family food sovereignty is also at risk because the population is turning to consume products with low nutritional content.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositori Instituci...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositori Instituci...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Guzmán Casado, Gloria; González de Molina, Manuel;

    This article analyses the functioning of agricultural systems based on organic energy in contrast with the present situation. To accomplish it, an example has been taken from the mid-18th and 19th centuries in the Southern Iberian Peninsula (Santa Fe), before the spread of chemical fertilizers. The analysis is centred on energy flows and looks at territorial changes occurred in the system at that time. In order to show the contrast, recent data (1997) has also been included in some 01 the tables. The structure, functioning and organization of both agrarian systems is different, showing distinct scales in both forms of production together with environmental Iimits where established. The conventional measuring instruments are designed in such a way that favour, given their plot focus, those farmers that manage to maximise the relation between soil, nutrition, and plant, subordinating the whole agricultural system to this aim and subsidizing it with energy and external nutrients.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositori Instituci...arrow_drop_down
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Repositori Instituci...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Forner Querol, Pascual; Piris Giménez, Laura; Vila Febrer, Victoria;

    Treball Final de Grau en Publicitat i Relacions Públiques. Codi: PU0932. Curs acadèmic: 2017/2018 Mario Benedetti dijo “cuando creíamos que teníamos todas las respuestas, de pronto cambiaron las preguntas”. Y es que la sociedad, la comunicación y en concreto, los consumidores han cambiado. Este hecho es algo que en Europa tienen muy claro. Mientras que otros países han sabido buscar nuevos porqués y adaptarse a los nuevos tiempos, España ha quedado estancada en las respuestas del pasado. En este sentido, las nuevas generaciones juegan un papel clave. Tenemos que aprender a escuchar a los más jóvenes. De aquí nace Begood, una empresa que viene a escuchar y surge como respuesta al panorama actual. Un panorama marcado por el auge de los intangibles, donde las clásicas estrategias de marketing resultan menos efectivas frente a los nuevos modelos basados en el consumidor y las emociones como factores principales de apelación. Ha sido así como aspectos como la cultura corporativa, la sostenibilidad o la comunicación interna han impulsado el crecimiento de grandes empresas; convirtiéndose así en valores fundamentales para el éxito de las organizaciones del siglo XXI. Esto ha sido posible gracias a los nuevos consumidores, quienes conscientes de su papel en la sociedad, han decidido tomar acción premiando o castigando a las empresas a través de sus actos. Frente a esto, solo nos queda una opción: ser buenos. Ser buenos en todos y cada uno de los aspectos que comprenden nuestras actividades empresariales. Desde el trato con el cliente, hasta el trato con el medioambiente y el trabajador. Por ello Begood se centra en el lugar en el que convergen estos tres factores: las oficinas de trabajo, el centro neurálgico de toda empresa. Y es que los lugares de trabajo no son sólo espacios, sino lugares capaces de motivar a los trabajadores y convertirlos en los mejores evangelizadores de la marca. Lugares inspiradores capaces de fortalecer la relación con los stakeholders y convertirla en publicity. Lugares capaces de construir y mantener una buena reputación de marca. En otras palabras, lugares para encontrar respuestas a las nuevas preguntas. Lugares que pueden marcar el camino hacia la sociedad del futuro. Mario Benedetti said, "when we thought we had all the answers, suddenly the questions changed". And definitely, society, communication and in particular, consumers have changed. There are big differences in Europe. While countries such as Germany and The Netherlands have been able to find new ways and adapt themselves to the changing times, Spain is still stagnated in the past. In this sense, the new generations play a key role. The main lesson is that society must learn to listen to the young people. This idea was what gave birth to Begood, a company that has been created as a response to the current situation, which in our opinion is not as favorable as it could be. The national panorama is characterized by the rise of intangibles, where nowadays traditional marketing strategies are less effective against new models based on the consumer and emotions as the main factors of appeal. In this way, aspects like the corporate culture, sustainability or the internal communication have led the growth of big companies; thus, becoming fundamental values for the success of organizations in the 21st century. This has been possible thanks to new consumers, who are aware of their important role in the society and have decided to reward or punish companies by their actions. Against this, we only have one option: to be good. Be good in each and every one of the aspects that comprise our business activities; from dealing with the client, to dealing with the environment and the worker. That is why Begood focuses on the space where these three factors converge: the work offices, the nerve center of every company. That workplaces are not just spaces, but places capable of motivating workers and turn them into the best promoters of the brand. Inspiring places able to strengthen the relationship with stakeholders and turn it into publicity. Places able to build and maintain a good brand reputation. In other words, places to find answers to new questions. Places that can lead the tomorrow’s society.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositori Instituci...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Dumitru Adina;

    This study is a part of the SMARTEES project and looks at the public perception of the 100% Sustainable Energy project in the island of El Hierro, Spain. 

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo...
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Sygma
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      ZENODO
      Dataset . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: ZENODO
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      https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo...
      Dataset . 2021
      License: CC BY
      Data sources: Sygma
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martí Noguera, Pau; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Escola d'Enginyeria;

    En una ciudad como Barcelona, en la que la densidad del tráfico es tan grande, es importante tener una buena gestión semafórica. Uno de los puntos más influyentes en la gestión, es la sincronización y duración de las fases de los semáforos. En el caso de poder gestionar remotamente dichos parámetros, se podría gestionar el tráfico de manera inteligente y sostenible, siendo más eficiente. Hoy en día, gracias a la tecnología, es posible interactuar con el equipamiento urbano de manera remota. El problema es que en el barrio de Sant Martí no se podía hacer porque no están bien estructurados los grupos semafóricos. Si además de este problema le incorporas el tráfico del tranvía, hace que sea más necesaria una restructuración. En este trabajo se propone comenzar por reorganizar los grupos de semáforos que afectan al tranvía, dado que es una pieza importante en la movilidad. El tranvía mueve una gran cantidad de la población y es importante que su trayecto sea fluido. Si consigo tener una buena organización, se puede actuar remotamente con los semáforos que regulan su trayecto, forzando unas fases de "verde" que ayuden a su fluidez. Los resultados de haber interferido con las fases de los semáforos del tranvía se traducen en un tráfico más fluido, unos tiempos de trayecto más cortos y más sostenibilidad In a city like Barcelona, where traffic density is so high, it is important to have good traffic light management. One of the most influential points in the management, is the synchronization and duration of the traffic light phases. If these parameters could be managed remotely, traffic could be managed in an intelligent and sustainable way, being more efficient. Today, thanks to technology, it is possible to interact with urban equipment remotely. The problem is that in the Sant Martí neighborhood this could not be done because the traffic light groups are not well structured. If you add to this problem the traffic of the tramway, it makes a restructuring even more necessary. In this work we propose to start by reorganizing the traffic light groups that affect the tramway, since it is an important part of mobility. The streetcar moves a large amount of the population and it is important that its route is fluid. If I manage to have a good organization, it is possible to act remotely with the traffic lights that regulate its path, forcing "green" phases that help its fluidity. The results of having interfered with the streetcar's traffic light phases translate into smoother traffic, shorter travel times and more sustainability

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Rodríguez-Contreras, Rafael;

    Introducción: El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los modelos sanitarios de diferentes países según nivel de desarrollo y estructura de gasto, para considerar si hay relación entre su equidad (universalidad e igualdad en el acceso, calidad y prestaciones) y eficiencia (relación entre los resultados sanitarios obtenidos en la población y los costes de los recursos movilizados para su implementación) con respecto a su financiación y gestión (pública/ privada).Tras ello se realizan una serie de propuestas para conseguir su sustentabilidad. Material y métodos: Se utilizan indicadores sanitarios, elaborados por el PNUD (Programa de la Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo) y la OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos). Se compara la posición de España con la de otros países según su clasificación por nivel de desarrollo, con los gastos sanitarios públicos y privados así como la razón entre ellos, los gastos sanitarios por habitante ajustados por paridad de poder adquisitivo, su proporción en relación al PIB, así como su capacidad de control del gasto en los últimos 10 años. Resultados: España en relación a países con mejor y mayor desarrollo social, a los que debemos acercarnos: a) destina menos recursos sanitarios por habitante que ellos, b) tiene una proporción de gasto privado frente al gasto público en salud, superior a la mayoría y c) ha frenado el crecimiento del gasto en los diez últimos años con más eficacia que ellos. Discusión: Se analizan dichos resultados, en relación a la equidad y eficiencia de los diversos modelos sanitarios, teniendo en cuenta tanto su posición según el Índice de Desarrollo Humano como su proporción de intervención privada y se concluye señalando cómo los modelos sanitarios públicos, sí se dan determinadas condiciones, suelen ser no sólo más equitativos sino también más eficientes que los privados. Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze health models of different countries according to the development and expenditure structure, to determine if there is a relationship between the equity (universality and equality in access, quality and performance) and efficiency (relationship between health outcomes and costs) with respect to financing and management (public / private). According to this results a number of proposals to ensure their sustainability are suggested. Material and methods: Health indicators are used, developed by the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) and the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). The position of Spain with other countries as classified by level of development is compared, with public and private health expenditures as well as the ratio between them, health expenditures per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity, their proportion in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as their ability to control spending in the past 10 years. Results: Spain, in relation to others countries with more and better social development, to which we should approach a) Spends less per capita health care resources, b) has an expensive ratio of private vs public health spending and c) has a slow spending growth in the past decade. Discussion: Analyze these results, in terms of equity and efficiency of the various models of health, taking into account its position according to the human development index and its greater or lesser proportion of private speech and concludes by pointing out how health models under certain conditions, are more equitable but also more efficient than the private ones.

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Cristóbal García, Jorge;

    De continuar con el ritmo de emisión de contaminantes alcanzado en los últimos años, y más concretamente de dióxido de carbono (CO2), las previsiones sobre su concentración en la atmósfera son dramáticas (por encima de 600 ppmv) con unas consecuencias irreversibles para el planeta. Para logar las reducciones de contaminantes que se acuerdan en las cumbres internacionales es necesario, entre otras medidas, la reducción de emisiones en la producción de electricidad a partir de combustibles fósiles, entre ellos el carbón. La presente Tesis Doctoral propone una metodología y una serie de herramientas de toma de decisión cuyo fin es evaluar y aumentar la sostenibilidad del proceso de generación de electricidad a partir del carbón. Esta metodología está basada en programación matemática para resolver problemas de optimización multi-objetivo. Además es aplicable a un amplio rango de procesos e industrias que se enfrenten a problemas de decisión similares If the pollutant emission level continues as usual in the late years, especially those of carbon dioxide (CO2), the atmosphere concentration projections are dramatic (above 600 ppmv) with irreversible consequences to the planet. In order to achieve the binding targets of reductions agreed in the international summit meetings, it is necessary the reduction of emissions from the electricity production from fossil-fueled power plants, especially coal-fired. The objective of this work is developing a methodology and providing tools that help in the decision making process in order to evaluate and enhance the sustainability of the electricity production process form coal. This methodology is based on mathematical programming that allows solving multi-objective optimization problems. Besides, it is applicable to a wide range of processes and industries that face similar decision problems.

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    Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Tesis Doctorals en X...arrow_drop_down
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      Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
      Doctoral thesis . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Morales Carballo, Luis;

    Durante el siglo XX ha tenido lugar un extraordinario proceso urbanizador en todo el planeta, sin precedentes en la historia de la Humanidad. El metabolismo de los sistemas urbanos es cada vez más exigente en materiales, suelo, agua y energía, y provoca graves impactos a escala global. El último ciclo expansivo inmobiliario, que ha sido especialmente intenso en España, ha promovido además un modelo de ciudad difusa con marcados rasgos de insostenibilidad, como son el elevado consumo de recursos (suelo, agua, energía, materiales), un modelo de movilidad basado en el uso masivo del coche, el deterioro del espacio público, la segregación social, etc. La movilidad motorizada, particularmente, constituye uno de los principales problemas de los sistemas urbanos. Es muy probable que en el futuro no haya energía suficiente como para que toda la demanda de movilidad pueda ser asumida por el transporte público, por lo que “movilidad sostenible” debe empezar a entenderse como “movilidad no motorizada”. Para ello debe recuperarse el modelo de ciudad compacta y la creación de cercanía. Se toma la ciudad de Sevilla como estudio particular de caso, donde en los últimos 3 años se está promoviendo de forma muy significativa la movilidad no motorizada (desplazamientos a pie y en bicicleta) en detrimento del coche. Concretamente, el auge de la bicicleta en Sevilla podemos calificarlo de espectacular, provocando un importante ahorro energético y un significativo cambio modal desde el coche. En la actual situación de cambio global, crisis sistémica y probable colapso energético en un futuro no muy lejano, la experiencia de Sevilla supone un ejercicio de resiliencia socioecológica, anticipando la incertidumbre y los riesgos futuros. Contribuye, además, a que la ciudad participe del debate sobre territorios inteligentes, inteligencia compartida, etc. During the 20th century an extraordinary urbanizing process, unprecedented in the history of Humanity, took place across the planet. The metabolism of urban systems constantly demands more materials, land, water and energy, which brings about serious impacts on a global scale. The last real estate cycle, which was especially intense in Spain, has promoted in addition a model of a diffused city with remarkable unsustainable characteristics, such as the elevated consumption of resources (land, water, energy, materials), a model of mobility based on massive car use, the deterioration of public space, social segregation, etc. Motorized mobility, particularly, constitutes one of the main problems of urban systems. It is very probable that in the future there will not be sufficient energy to satisfy the whole demand for mobility only through public transport, so “sustainable mobility” must begin to be understood by us as “non motorized mobility”. It must reclaim the model of a compact city and the creation of proximity. The city of Seville is taken as a particular case in study, where in the last 3 years non motorized mobility (displacements on foot and by bicycle) to the detriment of the car has been extensively promoted. The usefulness of the bicycle in Seville can be described by us as spectacular, bringing about an important power saving and significant modal change from the car. In the present situation of global change, systemic crisis and probable near future power collapse, the example of Seville demonstrates an exercise of socio-ecological resilience, anticipating the future uncertainty and risks. It contributes, in addition, to the city in the debate of intelligent space, shared knowledge, etc.

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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Albo Sánchez, Jonathan;

    La Captura y Almacenamiento de dióxido de Carbono (CAC), es una tecnología orientada a mitigar el impacto de los gases de efecto invernadero producidos en la quema de combustibles fósiles en procesos industriales y de generación de energía, donde la captura de dióxido de carbono (CO2) supone el cuello de botella del proceso, y por tanto donde deben centrarse los esfuerzos. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es la intensificación del proceso de absorción de CO2 convencional en dos etapas: i) Sustitución del equipamiento convencional (e.g. torres de absorción) por sistemas de membranas para una absorción no dispersiva que elimine el arrastre de gotas y, ii) Sustitución del absorbente de referencia (monoetanolamina, MEA) por líquidos iónicos, con presión de vapor despreciable, que permite eliminar las pérdidas de disolvente por volatilización. En la presente Tesis Doctoral se desarrolla un proceso con cero emisiones de disolvente mediante la integración de equipos de membranas y líquidos iónicos, como estrategia para la intensificación del proceso de captura de CO2 de post-combustión. Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), is a technology aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas impacts from fossil fuels combustion in industrial and energy-related processes where, carbon dioxide (CO2) capture is the bottleneck step where the efforts have to be applied. In this context, the aim of this work is to intensify the absorption process by two steps: i) Substitution of conventional equipment (e.g. scrubbers) for non-dispersive absoprtion membrane systems to avoid drops dragging and, ii) Substitution of the reference absorption solvent (monoethanolamine, MEA) for ionic liquids, with negligible vapour pressure, to avoid solvent losses due to volatilization of the solvent into gas stream. Thereby, in this PhD Thesis a zero solvent emission process trough the integration of membrane systems and ionic liquids is developed as a process intensification strategy for the recovery of CO2 from post-combustion streams.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Tesis Doctorals en X...arrow_drop_down
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    Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
    Doctoral thesis . 2012
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Tesis Doctorals en X...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
      Doctoral thesis . 2012
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Fernández-Tirado, Francisca; Parra-López, Carlos;

    El fomento de los biocarburantes ha constituido en los últimos años un tema de gran controversia y polémica a nivel académico, político y social, debido a las repercusiones ambientales, económicas y sociales que el uso y la producción de los mismos pueden desencadenar. Mientras la mayoría de los gobiernos están apostando por el fomento de los biocarburantes, principalmente para reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y mejorar la seguridad en el abastecimiento de combustibles, numerosas voces están surgiendo en contra de los mismos, haciéndoles responsables de problemas tales como el aumento del precio de los alimentos. En la UE, la propuesta de Directiva relativa al fomento del uso de energía procedente de fuentes renovables, ha condicionado el fomento de los biocarburantes a la sostenibilidad de los mismos, con el objetivo de evitar graves repercusiones negativas. De esta forma los Estados miembros han de diseñar un sistema de apoyo para fomentar el uso de biocarburantes siempre que cumplan con una serie de criterios de sostenibilidad, previéndose un mayor soporte institucional a la producción y consumo de biocarburantes que aporten ventajas adicionales. En este trabajo se ha definido un modelo multicriterio para evaluar la sostenibilidad de la producción y consumo de los biocarburantes en España. Para definir el modelo se ha combinado una metodología de decisión multicriterio discreta, el proceso analítico jerárquico (AHP), con un sistema de indicadores, incluyendo una serie de criterios (ambientales, económicos y sociales) que una serie de expertos han considerado de relevancia en España para evaluar la sostenibilidad de los biocarburantes. AHP es una metodología que permite la resolución de problemas de toma de decisiones complejas, en las que existen múltiples criterios y actores implicados, en escenarios de gran incertidumbre y riesgo, como ocurre en el caso de los biocarburantes. El modelo aquí propuesto permite la evaluación de criterios y variables tanto en un contexto de ‘comparabilidad fuerte’ de valores (sistema de indicadores), como de ‘comparabilidad débil’ (AHP). Mientras los indicadores permiten una medición directa y exacta de las variables, cuando éstas existen o son posibles de calcular, la técnica AHP permite la comparación de variables inconmensurables, para las que no existe una unidad común de medida. El modelo permite establecer un orden de prioridades de naturaleza escalar del nivel de sostenibilidad de diferentes tipos de biocarburantes, que puede orientar a los decisores políticos para establecer un sistema de apoyo a los mismos, teniendo en cuenta tanto las ventajas como los inconvenientes económicos, ambientales y sociales que presentan unos biocarburantes con respecto a otros, tal y como señala la normativa europea. The promotion of biofuels is now a subject of great controversy in academic, political and social contexts, because of potential environmental, economic and social repercussions that biofuels might trigger, such as increasing food prices, or the loss of biodiversity. The European Directive on the promotion of renewable energy use (CE, 2009) has conditioned’the development of biofuels to their sustainability, in order to avoid negative impacts. Thus, Member States will have to design support systems to encourage the use of biofuels provided they meet certain criteria of sustainability, planning further institutional support for those biofuels which provide additional benefits. This work defines a multicriteria model to evaluate the sustainability of biofuels in Spain through a discrete multiple criteria decision methodology, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with a system of indicators. The proposed model allows the assessment of criteria and variables in a context of 'strong comparability' of values (by the system of indicators), as well as 'weak comparability' (through the AHP technique.) While the indicators provide an estimate of measurable variables, the technique of paired comparisons of AHP allows the comparison of incommensurable variables. Finally, with this model different types of biofuels can be prioritized according to the level of sustainability, which can guide policy makers to create a support system for biofuels. Área de Economía y Sociología Agrarias. Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera. IFAPA Centro Camino de Purchil. Granada.

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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Caguana Pinguil, Segundo Miguel;

    Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Cooperació al Desenvolupament (Pla de 2015) (A distància). Codi: SRP531. Curs acadèmic: 2018-2019 Este trabajo situando en un contexto específico de la Sierra Andina del Ecuador ubicado a una altitud sobre los 2800 msnm, analiza las transformaciones del sistema producción de los pequeños productores frente a los actuales cambios que está provocando el cambio climático. Según las indagaciones realizadas en tres comunidades con asentamientos de población mayoritariamente indígenas, se pone de relieve que las metamorfosis de los sistemas de producción, no responden precisamente a los cambios en el patrón del clima sino a la interacción de varios factores como la fuerza de trabajo, la inestabilidad de precios y el aumento de la demanda de leche. En la micro región pese a los cambios en la temperatura media y precipitación, existe un proceso de adaptación basada en opciones tecnológicas como el sistema de riego que ha permitido reducir los riesgos del cambio climático porque el riego está garantizando la producción de los cultivos y pastos. En el último decenio la carencia de mano de obra y la creciente demanda de leche a nivel nacional ha cambiando los patrones de producción, con dedicación a la ganadería de pequeña escala porque en la percepción de los agricultores, el sistema de crianza es la menos dependiente de la mano de obra y poco forzoso para las mujeres. Los agricultores no han abandono en su totalidad las chacras sino continúan practicando en superficies pequeñas con implicaciones en la disminución de áreas de cultivos en relación al antaño, provocando impactos negativos en la soberanía alimentaria porque al reducir áreas de cosechas la oferta de producción local disminuye en el mercado. Aunque la soberanía alimentaria familiar también está en riesgo porque la población está volcando a consumir productos de bajo contenido nutricional. This work, focused in a specific area of the Andean Sierra of Ecuador located at an altitude of over 2,800 meters above sea level, analyzes the transformations of the production system of small producers facing the current threats caused by climate change. According to the inquiries made in three communities with mostly indigenous population settlements, it is emphasized that the metamorphoses of production systems do not respond precisely to changes in the weather pattern but to the interaction of several factors such as the work force, price instability and the increase in milk demand. In the micro region, despite the changes in the average temperature and precipitation, there is a process of adaptation based on technological options, such as the irrigation system, that has allowed reducing the risks of climate change because irrigation is guaranteeing the production of crops and pastures. In the last decade the lack of workforce and the growing demand for milk at the national level has changed production patterns, with dedication to small-scale livestock because, in the perception of farmers, the system of rearing is the least dependent of labor and not very difficult for women. Farmers have not left the farms in completely but continue practicing on small areas with a result of the reduction of crop areas in relation to the past, causing negative impacts on food sovereignty because by reducing crop areas the supply of local production decreases in the market. However, the family food sovereignty is also at risk because the population is turning to consume products with low nutritional content.

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    Authors: Guzmán Casado, Gloria; González de Molina, Manuel;

    This article analyses the functioning of agricultural systems based on organic energy in contrast with the present situation. To accomplish it, an example has been taken from the mid-18th and 19th centuries in the Southern Iberian Peninsula (Santa Fe), before the spread of chemical fertilizers. The analysis is centred on energy flows and looks at territorial changes occurred in the system at that time. In order to show the contrast, recent data (1997) has also been included in some 01 the tables. The structure, functioning and organization of both agrarian systems is different, showing distinct scales in both forms of production together with environmental Iimits where established. The conventional measuring instruments are designed in such a way that favour, given their plot focus, those farmers that manage to maximise the relation between soil, nutrition, and plant, subordinating the whole agricultural system to this aim and subsidizing it with energy and external nutrients.

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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Forner Querol, Pascual; Piris Giménez, Laura; Vila Febrer, Victoria;

    Treball Final de Grau en Publicitat i Relacions Públiques. Codi: PU0932. Curs acadèmic: 2017/2018 Mario Benedetti dijo “cuando creíamos que teníamos todas las respuestas, de pronto cambiaron las preguntas”. Y es que la sociedad, la comunicación y en concreto, los consumidores han cambiado. Este hecho es algo que en Europa tienen muy claro. Mientras que otros países han sabido buscar nuevos porqués y adaptarse a los nuevos tiempos, España ha quedado estancada en las respuestas del pasado. En este sentido, las nuevas generaciones juegan un papel clave. Tenemos que aprender a escuchar a los más jóvenes. De aquí nace Begood, una empresa que viene a escuchar y surge como respuesta al panorama actual. Un panorama marcado por el auge de los intangibles, donde las clásicas estrategias de marketing resultan menos efectivas frente a los nuevos modelos basados en el consumidor y las emociones como factores principales de apelación. Ha sido así como aspectos como la cultura corporativa, la sostenibilidad o la comunicación interna han impulsado el crecimiento de grandes empresas; convirtiéndose así en valores fundamentales para el éxito de las organizaciones del siglo XXI. Esto ha sido posible gracias a los nuevos consumidores, quienes conscientes de su papel en la sociedad, han decidido tomar acción premiando o castigando a las empresas a través de sus actos. Frente a esto, solo nos queda una opción: ser buenos. Ser buenos en todos y cada uno de los aspectos que comprenden nuestras actividades empresariales. Desde el trato con el cliente, hasta el trato con el medioambiente y el trabajador. Por ello Begood se centra en el lugar en el que convergen estos tres factores: las oficinas de trabajo, el centro neurálgico de toda empresa. Y es que los lugares de trabajo no son sólo espacios, sino lugares capaces de motivar a los trabajadores y convertirlos en los mejores evangelizadores de la marca. Lugares inspiradores capaces de fortalecer la relación con los stakeholders y convertirla en publicity. Lugares capaces de construir y mantener una buena reputación de marca. En otras palabras, lugares para encontrar respuestas a las nuevas preguntas. Lugares que pueden marcar el camino hacia la sociedad del futuro. Mario Benedetti said, "when we thought we had all the answers, suddenly the questions changed". And definitely, society, communication and in particular, consumers have changed. There are big differences in Europe. While countries such as Germany and The Netherlands have been able to find new ways and adapt themselves to the changing times, Spain is still stagnated in the past. In this sense, the new generations play a key role. The main lesson is that society must learn to listen to the young people. This idea was what gave birth to Begood, a company that has been created as a response to the current situation, which in our opinion is not as favorable as it could be. The national panorama is characterized by the rise of intangibles, where nowadays traditional marketing strategies are less effective against new models based on the consumer and emotions as the main factors of appeal. In this way, aspects like the corporate culture, sustainability or the internal communication have led the growth of big companies; thus, becoming fundamental values for the success of organizations in the 21st century. This has been possible thanks to new consumers, who are aware of their important role in the society and have decided to reward or punish companies by their actions. Against this, we only have one option: to be good. Be good in each and every one of the aspects that comprise our business activities; from dealing with the client, to dealing with the environment and the worker. That is why Begood focuses on the space where these three factors converge: the work offices, the nerve center of every company. That workplaces are not just spaces, but places capable of motivating workers and turn them into the best promoters of the brand. Inspiring places able to strengthen the relationship with stakeholders and turn it into publicity. Places able to build and maintain a good brand reputation. In other words, places to find answers to new questions. Places that can lead the tomorrow’s society.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositori Instituci...arrow_drop_down
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    Authors: Dumitru Adina;

    This study is a part of the SMARTEES project and looks at the public perception of the 100% Sustainable Energy project in the island of El Hierro, Spain. 

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    ZENODO
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: ZENODO
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    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo...
    Dataset . 2021
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Sygma
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      License: CC BY
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      https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo...
      Dataset . 2021
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    Authors: Martí Noguera, Pau; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Escola d'Enginyeria;

    En una ciudad como Barcelona, en la que la densidad del tráfico es tan grande, es importante tener una buena gestión semafórica. Uno de los puntos más influyentes en la gestión, es la sincronización y duración de las fases de los semáforos. En el caso de poder gestionar remotamente dichos parámetros, se podría gestionar el tráfico de manera inteligente y sostenible, siendo más eficiente. Hoy en día, gracias a la tecnología, es posible interactuar con el equipamiento urbano de manera remota. El problema es que en el barrio de Sant Martí no se podía hacer porque no están bien estructurados los grupos semafóricos. Si además de este problema le incorporas el tráfico del tranvía, hace que sea más necesaria una restructuración. En este trabajo se propone comenzar por reorganizar los grupos de semáforos que afectan al tranvía, dado que es una pieza importante en la movilidad. El tranvía mueve una gran cantidad de la población y es importante que su trayecto sea fluido. Si consigo tener una buena organización, se puede actuar remotamente con los semáforos que regulan su trayecto, forzando unas fases de "verde" que ayuden a su fluidez. Los resultados de haber interferido con las fases de los semáforos del tranvía se traducen en un tráfico más fluido, unos tiempos de trayecto más cortos y más sostenibilidad In a city like Barcelona, where traffic density is so high, it is important to have good traffic light management. One of the most influential points in the management, is the synchronization and duration of the traffic light phases. If these parameters could be managed remotely, traffic could be managed in an intelligent and sustainable way, being more efficient. Today, thanks to technology, it is possible to interact with urban equipment remotely. The problem is that in the Sant Martí neighborhood this could not be done because the traffic light groups are not well structured. If you add to this problem the traffic of the tramway, it makes a restructuring even more necessary. In this work we propose to start by reorganizing the traffic light groups that affect the tramway, since it is an important part of mobility. The streetcar moves a large amount of the population and it is important that its route is fluid. If I manage to have a good organization, it is possible to act remotely with the traffic lights that regulate its path, forcing "green" phases that help its fluidity. The results of having interfered with the streetcar's traffic light phases translate into smoother traffic, shorter travel times and more sustainability

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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Diposit Digital de D...arrow_drop_down
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Rodríguez-Contreras, Rafael;

    Introducción: El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar los modelos sanitarios de diferentes países según nivel de desarrollo y estructura de gasto, para considerar si hay relación entre su equidad (universalidad e igualdad en el acceso, calidad y prestaciones) y eficiencia (relación entre los resultados sanitarios obtenidos en la población y los costes de los recursos movilizados para su implementación) con respecto a su financiación y gestión (pública/ privada).Tras ello se realizan una serie de propuestas para conseguir su sustentabilidad. Material y métodos: Se utilizan indicadores sanitarios, elaborados por el PNUD (Programa de la Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo) y la OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos). Se compara la posición de España con la de otros países según su clasificación por nivel de desarrollo, con los gastos sanitarios públicos y privados así como la razón entre ellos, los gastos sanitarios por habitante ajustados por paridad de poder adquisitivo, su proporción en relación al PIB, así como su capacidad de control del gasto en los últimos 10 años. Resultados: España en relación a países con mejor y mayor desarrollo social, a los que debemos acercarnos: a) destina menos recursos sanitarios por habitante que ellos, b) tiene una proporción de gasto privado frente al gasto público en salud, superior a la mayoría y c) ha frenado el crecimiento del gasto en los diez últimos años con más eficacia que ellos. Discusión: Se analizan dichos resultados, en relación a la equidad y eficiencia de los diversos modelos sanitarios, teniendo en cuenta tanto su posición según el Índice de Desarrollo Humano como su proporción de intervención privada y se concluye señalando cómo los modelos sanitarios públicos, sí se dan determinadas condiciones, suelen ser no sólo más equitativos sino también más eficientes que los privados. Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze health models of different countries according to the development and expenditure structure, to determine if there is a relationship between the equity (universality and equality in access, quality and performance) and efficiency (relationship between health outcomes and costs) with respect to financing and management (public / private). According to this results a number of proposals to ensure their sustainability are suggested. Material and methods: Health indicators are used, developed by the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) and the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). The position of Spain with other countries as classified by level of development is compared, with public and private health expenditures as well as the ratio between them, health expenditures per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity, their proportion in relation to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), as well as their ability to control spending in the past 10 years. Results: Spain, in relation to others countries with more and better social development, to which we should approach a) Spends less per capita health care resources, b) has an expensive ratio of private vs public health spending and c) has a slow spending growth in the past decade. Discussion: Analyze these results, in terms of equity and efficiency of the various models of health, taking into account its position according to the human development index and its greater or lesser proportion of private speech and concludes by pointing out how health models under certain conditions, are more equitable but also more efficient than the private ones.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Cristóbal García, Jorge;

    De continuar con el ritmo de emisión de contaminantes alcanzado en los últimos años, y más concretamente de dióxido de carbono (CO2), las previsiones sobre su concentración en la atmósfera son dramáticas (por encima de 600 ppmv) con unas consecuencias irreversibles para el planeta. Para logar las reducciones de contaminantes que se acuerdan en las cumbres internacionales es necesario, entre otras medidas, la reducción de emisiones en la producción de electricidad a partir de combustibles fósiles, entre ellos el carbón. La presente Tesis Doctoral propone una metodología y una serie de herramientas de toma de decisión cuyo fin es evaluar y aumentar la sostenibilidad del proceso de generación de electricidad a partir del carbón. Esta metodología está basada en programación matemática para resolver problemas de optimización multi-objetivo. Además es aplicable a un amplio rango de procesos e industrias que se enfrenten a problemas de decisión similares If the pollutant emission level continues as usual in the late years, especially those of carbon dioxide (CO2), the atmosphere concentration projections are dramatic (above 600 ppmv) with irreversible consequences to the planet. In order to achieve the binding targets of reductions agreed in the international summit meetings, it is necessary the reduction of emissions from the electricity production from fossil-fueled power plants, especially coal-fired. The objective of this work is developing a methodology and providing tools that help in the decision making process in order to evaluate and enhance the sustainability of the electricity production process form coal. This methodology is based on mathematical programming that allows solving multi-objective optimization problems. Besides, it is applicable to a wide range of processes and industries that face similar decision problems.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Tesis Doctorals en X...arrow_drop_down
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    Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
    Doctoral thesis . 2013
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Tesis Doctorals en X...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa
      Doctoral thesis . 2013
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Morales Carballo, Luis;

    Durante el siglo XX ha tenido lugar un extraordinario proceso urbanizador en todo el planeta, sin precedentes en la historia de la Humanidad. El metabolismo de los sistemas urbanos es cada vez más exigente en materiales, suelo, agua y energía, y provoca graves impactos a escala global. El último ciclo expansivo inmobiliario, que ha sido especialmente intenso en España, ha promovido además un modelo de ciudad difusa con marcados rasgos de insostenibilidad, como son el elevado consumo de recursos (suelo, agua, energía, materiales), un modelo de movilidad basado en el uso masivo del coche, el deterioro del espacio público, la segregación social, etc. La movilidad motorizada, particularmente, constituye uno de los principales problemas de los sistemas urbanos. Es muy probable que en el futuro no haya energía suficiente como para que toda la demanda de movilidad pueda ser asumida por el transporte público, por lo que “movilidad sostenible” debe empezar a entenderse como “movilidad no motorizada”. Para ello debe recuperarse el modelo de ciudad compacta y la creación de cercanía. Se toma la ciudad de Sevilla como estudio particular de caso, donde en los últimos 3 años se está promoviendo de forma muy significativa la movilidad no motorizada (desplazamientos a pie y en bicicleta) en detrimento del coche. Concretamente, el auge de la bicicleta en Sevilla podemos calificarlo de espectacular, provocando un importante ahorro energético y un significativo cambio modal desde el coche. En la actual situación de cambio global, crisis sistémica y probable colapso energético en un futuro no muy lejano, la experiencia de Sevilla supone un ejercicio de resiliencia socioecológica, anticipando la incertidumbre y los riesgos futuros. Contribuye, además, a que la ciudad participe del debate sobre territorios inteligentes, inteligencia compartida, etc. During the 20th century an extraordinary urbanizing process, unprecedented in the history of Humanity, took place across the planet. The metabolism of urban systems constantly demands more materials, land, water and energy, which brings about serious impacts on a global scale. The last real estate cycle, which was especially intense in Spain, has promoted in addition a model of a diffused city with remarkable unsustainable characteristics, such as the elevated consumption of resources (land, water, energy, materials), a model of mobility based on massive car use, the deterioration of public space, social segregation, etc. Motorized mobility, particularly, constitutes one of the main problems of urban systems. It is very probable that in the future there will not be sufficient energy to satisfy the whole demand for mobility only through public transport, so “sustainable mobility” must begin to be understood by us as “non motorized mobility”. It must reclaim the model of a compact city and the creation of proximity. The city of Seville is taken as a particular case in study, where in the last 3 years non motorized mobility (displacements on foot and by bicycle) to the detriment of the car has been extensively promoted. The usefulness of the bicycle in Seville can be described by us as spectacular, bringing about an important power saving and significant modal change from the car. In the present situation of global change, systemic crisis and probable near future power collapse, the example of Seville demonstrates an exercise of socio-ecological resilience, anticipating the future uncertainty and risks. It contributes, in addition, to the city in the debate of intelligent space, shared knowledge, etc.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Repositorio Instituc...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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