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Photovoltaic (PV) is one of the fastest growing electricity generation technologies in the world. Average annual growth rates of global PV-installations have reached around 45% for the last 15 years, which triggered a fast and ongoing reduction of production cost in PV industry. The presented work aims at consolidating historical price and cost information, deriving refined learning curves for PV modules and systems, and analysing the main factors of learning. For c-Si modules a valid learning rate of 17% is found based on a meta-analysis of various studies. In early years, even a learning rate of 30% is observed. As an example for thin-film PV, CdTe module cost reduce by 16% as the cumulated production output doubles. Interestingly, efficiency improvements contribute only in second order to the overall cost reduction for both technologies, emphasising the relevance of production excellence and economies of scale. On PV system level, a cost reduction of 14% per doubling of cumulated installed capacity is derived. Finally, a sensitivity analysis reveals that learning rate variations are only of minor influence on the overall global PV market potential. 26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 4697-4702

This paper presents a research work carried out under the umbrella of the CASCADE project, which is a European FP7 research project which is developing facility-specific measurement-based energy action plans for the airport energy managers that are underpinned by Fault Detection Diagnosis (FDD). The paper first describes the context of the project then it focuses on Building Management Systems describing the current status of the technology and presenting an outlook on their future development. Then a Strengths Weakness Opportunity and Treads (SWOT) framework is defined with the aim of verifying the suitability of an installed BMS system to incorporate Fault Detection and Diagnosis (FDD) tools

In order to develop the technology of carbon dioxide at so-called supercritical state (sCO2) further, quick and reliable design tools for the different system components, e.g. centrifugal compressors, are required. In this study, a computer program is developed to predict the performance of centrifugal compressors with sCO2 as working fluid. This computer program is based on mean-line analysis, calculates the fluid parameters at selected sections of the meridional plane and plots the performance maps. So-called enthalpy loss coefficients are utilized to describe the difference between the isentropic and the polytropic process. In addition to previous studies, the presented model intends to predict the performance of sCO2 centrifugal compressor with a shrouded impeller and a vaneless diffuser. For this purpose, corresponding loss coefficients are incorporated. Subsequently, the predicted results of this work are compared and validated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental results from the EU-project sCO2-HeRo. The prediction of the computer program fits within 5% deviation to the CFD results, and about 4% to the experimental results regarding to pressure ratio. Conference Proceedings of the European sCO2 Conference4th European sCO2 Conference for Energy Systems: March 23-24, 2021, Online Conference, p. 68

4th Banff Meeting on Structural Dynamics, Banff, Alberta, Canada, 15 Feb 2015 - 18 Feb 2015 ; (2015).

The Industry 4.0 Asset Administration Shell provides a standardized mechanism for collaboration between digital systems in the factory. Digital data within factories is typically stored in databases, we explore the requirements of providing an AAS as an interface to the data contained within the aforementioned databases. Based on these requirements, we describe and discuss a proof-of-concept implementation where an AAS is used to publish data stored in a relational database.

{"references": ["H. C. Ong, T. M. I. Mahlia, H. H. Masjuki, \"A review on energy\nscenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia,\" Renewable and\nSustainable Energy Reviews, 1st issue, vol. 15, pp. 639-647, 2011.", "M. Bennet, and M. Newborough, \"Auditing energy use in cities,\"\nEnergy Policy, 2nd issue, vol. 29, pp. 125-134, 2001.", "L. P. Lombard, J. Ortiz, and C. Pout, \"A review on buildings energy\nconsumption information,\" Energy and Buildings, 3rd issue, vol. 40, pp.\n394-398, 2008.", "L. Jayamaha, \"Energy-efficient building systems,\" McGraw-Hill, 2007.", "J. E. Piper, \"Operations and maintenance manual for energy\nmanagement.- 1999. Quoted in W. Chung, Y. V. Hui, \"A study of\nenergy efficiency of private office buildings in Hong Kong,\" energy and\nBuildings, 6th issue, vol. 41, pp. 696-701, 2009.", "W. Y. Fung, W. T. Hung, S.W. Pang, and Y. L. Lee, \"Impact of urban\ntemperature on energy consumption,\" Energy, 14th issue, vol. 31, pp.\n2623-2367, 2006.", "S. A. Chan, \"Designing low energy buildings using Energy 10,\" 2004.", "C. Beggs, \"Energy management, supply and conservation,\" Elsevier,\n2nd ed., 2009.", "Gard Analytics, \"Types of energy audits,\" 2007.\n[10] S. Firth, K. Lomas, A. Wright, and R. Wall, \"Identifying trends in the\nuse of domestic appliances from household electricity consumption\nmeasurements,\" Energy and Buildings, 5th issue, vol. 40, pp. 926-936,\n2008."]} The increase in energy demand has raised concerns over adverse impacts on the environment from energy generation. It is important to understand the status of energy consumption for institutions such as Curtin Sarawak to ensure the sustainability of energy usage, and also to reduce its costs. In this study, a preliminary audit framework was developed and was conducted around the Malaysian campus to obtain information such as the number and specifications of electrical appliances, built-up area and ambient temperature to understand the relationship of these factors with energy consumption. It was found that the number and types of electrical appliances, population and activities in the campus impacted the energy consumption of Curtin Sarawak directly. However, the built-up area and ambient temperature showed no clear correlation with energy consumption. An investigation of the diurnal and seasonal energy consumption of the campus was also carried out. From the data, recommendations were made to improve the energy efficiency of the campus.

Among the species cultivated for industrial vegetable oil production, castor could be a good crop for future investments due to the good resistance to pests, tolerance to drought, and suitability for marginal lands cultivation. The paper presents results of the environmental impact assessment and economic feasibility of the production of castor oil from two different castor hybrids comparing four by-products management scenarios and two harvesting systems. Castor hybrid C-856 harvested manually and that involved only the soil incorporation of press cake obtained by the oil extraction resulted as the most sustainable. The hybrid C-1030 resulted as more profitable than C-856 when harvested with the combine harvester. The ratio between gross margin and GWP emissions was applied to calculate the economic performance (gross margin) per unit of environmental burden. Findings showed that Sc1B scenario in case of C-856 cultivar hybrid had a better ratio between economic performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emitted into the atmosphere (€3.75 per kg CO2eq). Proceedings of the 29th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 26-29 April 2021, Online, pp. 1184-1188

For more than five decades, photovoltaic technology has seen continuous improvements, as costs have been consistently lowered, processes have been simplified and temperatures lowered. While significant improvements have been made at the cell level, limitations remain at the module level or at the interface between the cell and the module, which is known as the cell metallization-interconnection. Meyer Burger develops the Smart Wire Connection Technology (SWCT) required to close this gap and get the highest possible benefit out of highefficiency solar cell performance. SWCT technology implies a change of paradigm. It requires the combination of lamination and interconnection into a single lamination step. Moreover, the module's silver paste consumption can be significantly reduced (< 2.4g/60 cells module) and even eliminated when Cu plating is used. There are also fewer electrical and optical losses thanks to the shorter length of the fingers and better light in-coupling than standard ribbon technologies. 28th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 495-499