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Forest soil acidification caused by acid deposition is a serious threat to the forest ecosystem. To investigate the liming effects of biomass ash (BA) and alkaline slag (AS) on the acidic topsoil and subsoil, a three-year field experiment under artificial Masson pine was conducted at Langxi, Anhui province in Southern China. The surface application of BA and AS significantly increased the soil pH, and thus decreased exchangeable acidity and active Al in the topsoil. Soil exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ in topsoil were significantly increased by the surface application of BA and AS, while an increase in soil exchangeable K+ was only observed in BA treatments. The soil acidity and active Al in subsoil were decreased by the surface application of AS. Compared with the control, soluble monomeric and exchangeable Al in the subsoil was decreased by 38.0% and 29.4% after 3 years of AS surface application. There was a minimal effect on soluble monomeric and exchangeable Al after the application of BA. The soil exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the subsoil increased respectively by 54% and 141% after surface application of 10 t ha-1 AS. The decrease of soil active Al and increase of base cations in subsoil were mainly attributed to the high migration capacity of base cations in AS. In conclusion, the effect of surface application of AS was superior to BA in ameliorating soil acidity and alleviating soil Al toxicity in the subsoil of this Ultisol.

Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pear orchard ecosystems in the North China Plain Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pear orchard ecosystems in the North China Plain

Bioenergy is considered a sustainable substitute to fossil-fuel resources and the development of a prudent combination of renewable and innovative conversion technologies are essential for the valorization and effective conversion of biowaste to value-added commodities. Here, a negative pressure-induced carbonization process was proposed for the valorization of lignin-enriched biowaste precursor to bio-oil and environmental materials (biochar) at various temperatures. The high heating values (HHV) of the as-prepared biochars from the lignin enriched precursor under negative pressure (low-medium vacuum) were within 25.9-31.5 MJ/kg, which matched satisfactorily to the commercial charcoal. Whereas, the bio-oils produced from the lignin enriched precursor under vacuum conditions was a blend of complex aromatic and straight-chain hydro-carbons, including aldehyde, ketone, phenol, and furans, exhibiting ability as potential heating-oil with HHV within 21.2-28.2 MJ/kg. Moreover, the biochars produced under vacuum environments at higher temperature showed greater stability (22.5-35.9%) than those produced under N2 atmosphere.

This repository contains the dataset linked to the following publication: Article title: Synergistic effects of warming and internal nutrient loading interfere with the long-term stability of lake restoration and induce sudden re-eutrophication Journal: Environmental Science & Technology DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07181 Abstract: Phosphorus (P) precipitation is among the most effective treatments to mitigate lake eutrophication. However, after a period of high effectiveness, studies have shown possible re-eutrophication and the return of harmful algal blooms. While such abrupt ecological changes were attributed to the internal P loading, the role of lake warming and its potential synergistic effects with internal loading, thus far, has been understudied. Here, in a eutrophic lake in central Germany, we quantified the driving mechanisms of the abrupt re-eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms in 2016 (30 years after the first P precipitation). A process-based lake ecosystem model (GOTM-WET) was established using a high-frequency monitoring dataset covering contrasting trophic states. Model analyses suggested that the internal P release accounted for 68% of the cyanobacterial biomass proliferation, while lake warming contributed to 32%, including direct effects via promoting growth (18%) and synergistic effects via intensifying internal P loading (14%). The model further showed that the synergy was attributed to prolonged lake hypolimnion warming and oxygen depletion. Our study unravels the substantial role of lake warming in promoting cyanobacterial blooms in re-eutrophicated lakes. The warming effects on cyanobacteria via promoting internal loading need more attention in lake management, particularly for urban lakes. SYNOPSIS: Warming synergistically promotes re-eutrophication with internal nutrient loading and exacerbates cyanobacterial blooms in urban lakes 30 years after phosphorus mitigation. Data description by Xiangzhen Kong (xzkong@niglas.ac.cn), 2023-02-20 ---Wet chemical analysis on water samples taken at five depths (0.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.0 and 9.0 m) from the deepest point in the lake (BA1) at biweekly intervals from 2018.5-2021.8. File name: BAB_BA1_TN_mgL.obs (total nitrogen concentration) BAB_BA1_NH4_mgL.obs (ammonium nitrogen concentration) BAB_BA1_NO3_mgL.obs (nitrate nitrogen concentration) BAB_BA1_TP_mgL.obs (total phosphorus concentration) BAB_BA1_SRP_mgL.obs (Soluble reactive phosphorus concentration) BAB_BA1_DP_mgL.obs (dissolved P concentration) BAB_BA1_DOC_mgL.obs (Dissolved organic carbon concentration) BAB_BA1_Si_mgL.obs (dissolved silicon concentration) BAB_BA1_Chla_HPLC_DIN_mgL.obs (Chl-a concentration) ---CTD probe profile data from the deepest point in the lake (BA1) from 2017.8 to 2021.8 at biweekly basis with approximately 0.1 m vertical resolution File name: t_prof_file_barleber_ctm644.obs (water temperature) oxy_prof_file_barleber_ctm644 (Dissolved oxygen) turb_prof_file_barleber_ctm644.obs (Turbidity) chla_prof_file_barleber_ctm644.obs (Chl-a concentration) ---BBE probe profile data from the deepest point in the lake (BA1) from 2017.8 to 2021.8 at biweekly basis with approximately 0.1 m vertical resolution File name: totalChla_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Chl-a concentration) bluegreen_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Blue-green algae Chl-a concentration) green_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Green algae Chl-a concentration) diatom_prof_file_barleber_FP2101.obs (Diatom Chl-a concentration)

Project: GCOS Earth Heat Inventory - A study under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory (EHI), and presents an updated international assessment of ocean warming estimates, and new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period from 1960 to present. Summary: The file “GCOS_EHI_1960-2020_Earth_Heat_Inventory_Ocean_Heat_Content_data.nc” contains a consistent long-term Earth system heat inventory over the period 1960-2020. Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top-of-atmosphere which is driving global warming. Understanding the heat gain of the Earth system from this accumulated heat – and particularly how much and where the heat is distributed in the Earth system - is fundamental to understanding how this affects warming oceans, atmosphere and land, rising temperatures and sea level, and loss of grounded and floating ice, which are fundamental concerns for society. This dataset is based on a study under the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) concerted international effort to update the Earth heat inventory published in von Schuckmann et al. (2020), and presents an updated international assessment of ocean warming estimates, and new and updated estimates of heat gain in the atmosphere, cryosphere and land over the period 1960-2020. The dataset also contains estimates for global ocean heat content over 1960-2020 for different depth layers, i.e., 0-300m, 0-700m, 700-2000m, 0-2000m, 2000-bottom, which are described in von Schuckmann et al. (2022). This version includes an update of heat storage of global ocean heat content, where one additional product (Li et al., 2022) had been included to the initial estimate. The Earth heat inventory had been updated accordingly, considering also the update for continental heat content (Cuesta-Valero et al., 2023).

In the development of a Risk Monitor probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) model from the basic PSA model of a nuclear power plant, the modeling of common-cause failure (CCF) is very important. At present, some approximate modeling methods are widely used, but there lacks criterion of modeling accuracy and error analysis. In this paper, aiming at ensuring the accuracy of risk assessment and minimizing the Risk Monitor PSA models size, we present three basic issues of CCF model resulted from the changes of a nuclear power plant configuration, put forward corresponding modeling methods, and derive accuracy criteria of CCF modeling based on minimum cut sets and risk indicators according to the requirements of risk monitoring. Finally, a nuclear power plant Risk Monitor PSA model is taken as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling method and accuracy criteria, and the application scope of the idea of this paper is also discussed.

Le coût énergétique élevé du traitement thermochimique des déchets de biomasse en produits de valeur a nécessité l'utilisation de réacteurs alternatifs alimentés par des biocarburants, tels que les réacteurs à courant ascendant à allumage par le haut (TLUD). La pertinence du réacteur auto-régulateur chauffé en autoclave TLUD comme alternative au four à moufle conventionnel a été explorée dans la carbonisation des os de vache dans cette étude. Les traitements à haute température de l'os de vache (TCB) ont été effectués dans l'option de four à moufle conventionnel (TCB 1) et le réacteur chauffé en autoclave TLUD (TCB 2). À titre de comparaison, l'os de vache a été traité à une température plus élevée (500 oC) pendant 120 min en utilisant une méthode conventionnelle, désignée TCB 1, tandis que le même a été traité dans un réacteur auto-régulateur chauffé en autoclave alimenté par la combustion de biomasse avec une température de pointe de 462,7 oC et un temps de combustion de 90 min. Les propriétés des échantillons TCB 1 et TCB 2 ont été étudiées en utilisant SEM, XRD, BET, BJH, XRF-EDS et DFT. Dans l'analyse finale, les résultats de TCB 1 et TCB 2 ont été trouvés comparables sur le plan compétitif dans leurs propriétés physiochimiques et la présence de minéraux et d'éléments supplémentaires. La présente étude révèle une voie de récupération des matériaux économique et efficace pour la préparation d'adsorbants et de précurseurs de composés et d'éléments. El alto coste energético del procesamiento termoquímico de residuos de biomasa en productos valiosos ha hecho necesario el uso de reactores alimentados por biocombustibles alternativos como el reactor calentado en retorta de corriente ascendente con iluminación superior (TLUD). En este estudio se exploró la idoneidad del reactor autorregulador calentado en retorta TLUD como alternativa al horno de mufla convencional en la carbonización de hueso de vaca. Los tratamientos a alta temperatura de hueso de vaca (TCB) se llevaron a cabo en la opción de horno de mufla convencional (TCB 1) y reactor calentado en retorta TLUD (TCB 2). A modo de comparación, el hueso de vaca se trató a una temperatura más alta (500 ºC) durante 120 min utilizando un método convencional, designado TCB 1, mientras que el mismo se trató en un reactor calentado en retorta autorregulado alimentado por la combustión de biomasa con una temperatura máxima de 462,7 ºC y un tiempo de combustión de 90 min. Las propiedades de las muestras TCB 1 y TCB 2 se estudiaron utilizando SEM, XRD, BET, BJH, XRF-EDS y DFT. En el análisis final, los resultados de TCB 1 y TCB 2 se encontraron competitivamente comparables en sus propiedades fisicoquímicas y la presencia de minerales y elementos adicionales. El presente estudio revela una vía de recuperación de material económica y eficaz para la preparación de adsorbentes y precursores de compuestos y elementos. The high energy cost of thermochemical processing of biomass wastes into valuable products has necessitated the usage of alternative biofuel powered reactor like top lit updraft (TLUD) retort heated reactor. The suitability of TLUD retort heated, self regulating reactor as alternative to the conventional muffle furnace was explored in cow bone carbonization in this study. High-temperature treatments of cow bone (TCB) were carried out in conventional muffle furnace option (TCB 1) and TLUD retort heated reactor (TCB 2). For comparison, cow bone was treated at higher temperature (500oC) for 120 min using a conventional method, designated TCB 1, while the same was treated in a self regulating retort heated reactor powered by combusting biomass with peaked temperature of 462.7oC and the combustion time of 90 min. The properties of the samples TCB 1 and TCB 2 were studied using SEM, XRD, BET, BJH, XRF-EDS, and DFT. In the final analysis, results of TCB 1 and TCB 2 were found competitively comparable in their physiochemical properties and the presence of additional minerals and elements. The present study reveals an economical and effective material recovery route for the preparation of adsorbents and precursors of compounds and elements. استلزمت تكلفة الطاقة العالية للمعالجة الكيميائية الحرارية لنفايات الكتلة الحيوية إلى منتجات قيمة استخدام مفاعل بديل يعمل بالوقود الحيوي مثل مفاعل التيار الصاعد المضاء (TLUD). تم استكشاف مدى ملاءمة مفاعل TLUD المسخن ذاتي التنظيم كبديل لفرن الغطاس التقليدي في كربنة عظام البقر في هذه الدراسة. تم إجراء علاجات ذات درجة حرارة عالية لعظم البقر (TCB) في خيار فرن الغطاس التقليدي (TCB 1) ومفاعل TLUD المعوج الساخن (TCB 2). للمقارنة، تمت معالجة عظم البقر عند درجة حرارة أعلى (500 درجة مئوية) لمدة 120 دقيقة باستخدام طريقة تقليدية، تسمى TCB 1، بينما تمت معالجتها في مفاعل ساخن معوج ذاتي التنظيم مدعوم بحرق الكتلة الحيوية بدرجة حرارة قصوى تبلغ 462.7 درجة مئوية ووقت الاحتراق 90 دقيقة. تمت دراسة خصائص العينات TCB 1 و TCB 2 باستخدام SEM و XRD و BET و BJH و XRF - EDS و DFT. في التحليل النهائي، تم العثور على نتائج TCB 1 و TCB 2 قابلة للمقارنة بشكل تنافسي في خصائصها الفيزيائية الكيميائية ووجود معادن وعناصر إضافية. تكشف هذه الدراسة عن طريق اقتصادي وفعال لاستعادة المواد لإعداد المواد الماصة وسلائف المركبات والعناصر.

Abstract Cu2BaSn(S,Se)4 (CBTSSe) solar cells are emerging photovoltaic devices due to their high theoretical efficiencies of ~31%, environment-friendly and earth-abundant composition, low density of non-recombination defects, and so on. However, the record efficiency of CBTSSe solar cell is only 5.2%, showing the importance of studying their performance via numerical analysis to further enhance their practical efficiencies. In this paper, the effect of absorber and buffer layers on performances of Cu2BaSnS4 (CBTS) solar cells are firstly systematically studied via the SCAPS-1D software to provide a platform for the study of the effect of MoS2 interlayer on the performances of CBTS solar cells. The highest PCE of CBTS solar cell with a 30 nm CdS buffer layer is 11.87%. The PCE of CBTS solar cell with a 0.8 μm CBTS absorb layer is 12.51%, indicating that the CBTS solar cell is a potential low-cost solar cell due to its large optical absorption coefficient (α > 104 cm−1). The efficiency of CBTS solar cell is improved to 16.47% when the carrier concentration of CBTS is 1016 cm−3. The relationship between the performance of solar cell and the band gap, thickness, donor concentration, acceptor concentration of MoS2 interlayer is systematically investigated on the basis of the optimized efficiency. It is found that MoS2 interlayer plays an important role in the performance of CBTS solar cell. The p-type MoS2 has a beneficial effect on the efficiency improvement while the n-type MoS2 has a negative effect on the efficiency enhancement. The highest PCE of CBTS solar cell is as high as 18.28% when the thickness and the acceptor concentration of MoS2 are 4 nm and 1019 cm−3, respectively. Our simulation result provides a promising research direction to further improve the actual efficiency of the CBTS solar cell.