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Disponible sous le lien suivant : http://www.cleup.it/landscape.html International audience The actual transition to non-carbon energies is changing our territories. Energy and the territory are in fact strictly linked, since production, transportation, consumption of energy happen in the space and heavily influence landscape transformation. Nevertheless on one side energy policies did not adopt any territorial approach in designing this transition, and on the other side landscape policies and planning rarely include energy dimension. There is then a need of bridging the gap between energy and the territory. This can be done developing research at the crossroads of landscapes and energies (Nadai and Van den Horst, 2010). This article presents some results of the international research “Ressources paysagères et ressources énergétiques dans les montagnes sud-européennes. Histoire, comparaison, expérimentation » (Landscape resources and energy resources on the south European mountains. History, comparison, experiments), that worked on the landscapes of hydropower, under a geo-historical point of view. Its main objective is to analyse the “landscapes of energy” and the social representations connected, today and in the past, with the development of energy infrastructure. The project focused on hydropower development from the end of the XIX century until nowadays, in four different European mountainous study areas. On this basis, the research tried to identify some tools for a “mediation paysagère”, a mediation by the means of landscape, that can help actors in conceiving together energy project and territorial project. Landscape seems able to bridge the gap between energy development and the territory. The question is how to make its role of interface emerge, activating its underlying character of intermediator. As the article shows, studying mountain landscape helps to reveal and to highlight the complex interrelations among hydropower development and the territory. Since landscape links people and the territory, it can be used as a tool to recognise territorial potential of energy development, giving back to energy its spatial and social dimension. In the energy field, the discourse on landscape is normally focused on the potentially negative impact of infrastructure associated with the exploitation of renewable energy. This exclusively “visual” landscape appears on one side as an obstacle to the development of new energies, on the other side something to be protected against them. Our research aims to contribute to the current debate, testing the landscape as a tool to ensure that the choices on energy become a strategic element of territorial concerted projects, able to take charge of the complex relationship between society / territory / environment. The research identifies and tests some methods to use the landscape as an instrument of intermediation, as a reference to be shared among the actors involved. This would happen making the geo- historical and socio-ecological complexity of landscape accessible to them. The landscape brings deep traces of the relationship between man and energy. This awareness allows us to read landscape through energy, showing how energy is inherent in the forms and transformations of the landscapes itself. To achieve this, it is necessary to question landscape as a witness, showing how the energy sector have influenced its transformations. Stakeholders must be able to access information and data included in the landscape-archive. To reading landscape through energy we need a new specific knowledge, a geo- historical research collecting materials useful to build what we called “scénarios paysagers de l’énergie” (landscape scenarios of energy). This is a tool, both discursive and visual, allowing to highlight the sequence of events at the crossroads between people and the territory, that leave their traces on the landscape. Landscape records somehow this sequence, its inflection points, its lulls. Like a backdrop (scenario in Italian) landscape modifies following the storyline (scénario en Français) and commenting it with its own language. Like a backdrop changes in the crucial moments of the comedy, so the landscape can change dramatically when it changes the relationship between resources and society. In the mountains the relationship between society, the visible forms of the territory and the exploitation of its energy potential appears particularly easy to read. For example the exploitation of solar energy has largely determined, anywhere, settlements, agriculture, pastoral and forest activity, etc. – in a word – the configuration of mountain landscapes itself. The slope, the altitude gap, is another typically mountainous energy factor: it allows for example to exploit running water, transforming kinetic in mechanical energy. This last case is the one exploited by hydropower energy. Hydropower appeared on the European mountains between the end of the XIX and the beginning of XX century. This was the last energy transition before the present one. Showing how hydroelectricity changed the mountain landscapes helps us to better understand what is at stake in the current energy transition. Observing the interaction between energy production and the generation and transformation of the landscape we can distinguish two levels. The first is direct, for example when hydropower infrastructures generates their “technological” landscape, sometimes very visible, even exhibited, sometime the hydropower landscape is completely invisible, hidden underground. But there is a second, indirect level of interaction: when a new energy system settles in, it is always accompanied by deep changes. Every change establishes important interactions between hydropower development and forests resources, agro-pastoral resources, tourism, the protection of nature and the use of water. The article presents some examples of these interactions in the research study areas, where the interface character of the landscape becomes explicit and active. Reading landscape through energy appears to be the way towards the building of a collective sensibility: not only to observe the elements of the territory and give them a value and a sense, but also a way to make shareable gaze emerge, to enter the game with a co-constructed representations, to build something that can be placed at the intersection of subjectivities. In this sense the “lecture énergétique du paysage” works with landscape as intermediator. It is at the base of what we call a process of “mediation”, whose characteristic is to build the territorial project on a shareable knowledge and negotiated the distribution of values and meanings.

International audience; Geographies of the night. This is the title of this special issue of the Bulletin of the Italian Geographical Society, which brings together twenty authors, geographers and non-geographers interested in this long neglected dimension. Following on from pioneering work at the end of the 20th century, these authors are pushing exploration further, contributing both to our knowledge of this “ephemeral and cyclical space-time” – of its “inhabitants” and their practices, of the emergence of a particular “geographical object” and a “geography of the night” – but also to the unfolding of a field of transdisciplinary research, that of “night studies,” and to the advancement of a international “night scene” bringing together a variety of actors and extending beyond the domain of academic research. Twenty international contributions allow us to enlarge this reflection to different countries (Canada, France, Italy, Madagascar, Marocco, Switzerland, etc.) on three continents (North America, Europe, Africa), with a predominance of countries from the global North. These contributions range in their concerns from representation to questions of mediation and governance, as well as critical urban exploration, tourism, mobility, youth, partying and clubbing, not to mention “mutation”. The night is subjected to the tools of geography, and geographers from here and elsewhere highlight the key issues which surround it, from perspectives concerned with economy, the environment, the social and the cultural.; Géographies de la nuit. C’est le titre de ce numéro spécial du Bulletin de la Société Géographique Italienne qui rassemble une vingtaine d’auteurs, géographes ou non, intéressés par cette dimension longtemps négligée. Après les travaux pionniers de la fin du 20ème siècle, ilspoursuivent plus avant l’exploration, participant à la fois à la connaissance de cet « espace-temps éphémère et cyclique », de ses « habitants » et de leurs pratiques, à l’émergence d’un « objet géographique » particulier et d’une « géographie de la nuit » mais aussi au déploiement d’un champ d’études transdisciplinaire les « études sur la nuit » (Night studies) et à l’affirmation d’une « scène nocturne » internationale qui associe désormaisde nombreux acteurs, bien au-delà du champ de la recherche universitaire. Une vingtaine de contributions internationales permettent d’élargir la réflexion à partir de différents pays (Canada, France, Italie, Madagascar, Maroc, Suisse…) sur trois continents (Amérique, Europe, Afrique) avecune prédominance des pays du nord. Les contributions vont des « représentations » aux questions de « médiation et gouvernance » en passant par des « explorations urbaines critiques », le « tourisme », les « mobilités », la « jeunesse », la « fête et le clubbing », mais aussi les « mutations ». La nuit est mise à l’épreuve de la géographie et des géographes d’ici et d’ailleurs, rendant lisibles des enjeux centraux en termes d’économie, d’environnement, de social et de culture.; Geografie della notte. È il titolo di questo numero monografico del Bollettino della Società Geografica Italiana che raccoglie una ventina di autori, geografi e non, interessati all’analisi di questa dimensione per lungo tempo dimenticata. Dopo i primi lavori della fine del XX secolo, gli articoli qui presentati proseguono nell’esplorazione, partecipando alla conoscenza di questo “spazio-tempo effimero e ciclico”, dei suoi “abitanti” e delle loro pratiche, all’emergere di un “oggetto geografico” particolare e di una “geografia della notte”, ma anche allo svilupparsi di un campo di studi transdisciplinare come i Night studies e all’affermarsi di una “scena notturna” internazionale che associa numerosi attori che vanno ben al di là della ricerca universitaria. Una ventina di contributi internazionali permettono di ampliare la riflessione a partire da diversi paesi (Canada, Francia, Italia, Madagascar, Marocco, Svizzera…) su tre continenti (America, Europa, Africa) con una predominanza dei paesi del nord. I contributi vanno dalle “rappresentazioni” alle questioni della “mediazione e della “governance” passando per “esplorazioni urbane critiche”, “turismo”, “mobilità”, “gioventù”, “feste e clubbing”, ma anche “mutazioni”. La notte è messa alla prova della geografia e dei geografi, rendendo leggibili questioni centrali in termini di economia, ambiente, società e cultura

International audience

National audience The growing demand for natural resourcesrecently draw a lot of attention and placed emphasis on the paradoxical coexistence of two factors required to sustainhuman development. On the one hand, the increase of the natural resources’ base available; on the other hand, thereduction of human pressure on the environment, that is functional for building up resilience. This problem has often beeninterpreted with a mere improvement of performance in order to achieve a priori established goals. This study proposes amethodological shift based on the estimate of the minimum amount of resources required to meet a set of basic needs (QES),in order to better identify a specific area of intervention and establish relevant targets. This is a modeling application at thehousehold scale which focuses on the energy needed for domestic use and for commuting. This work is part of the researchproject «Efficacité energetique» funded by the Labex Futurs Urbains (Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, Universitè de Paris-Est). Il crescente consumo di risorse naturali ha recentemente suscitato molta attenzione e posto l’accento sullaparadossale compresenza di due fattori necessari al sostentamento dello sviluppo umano: l’aumento di risorse naturalidisponibili e la riduzione della pressione antropica sull’ambiente, che è funzionale ad un aumento della resilienza. Taleproblema è stato spesso declinato con un mero miglioramento della performance per il raggiungimento di obiettivi stabiliti apriori. Questo studio propone invece un cambio di approccio che parte dalla ricerca della quantità minima di risorsenecessaria (QES) per soddisfare un insieme di bisogni, al fine di meglio individuare un settore di intervento specifico estabilire obiettivi pertinenti. Il modello adotta come unità di analisi il singolo nucleo familiare e prende in considerazioneesclusivamente il fabbisogno energetico domestico e per la mobilità professionale. Le osservazioni qui presentate fannoparte del progetto di ricerca «Efficacité energetique» finanziato dal Labex Futurs Urbains (Ecole des Ponts ParisTech,Université de Paris-Est).

Gli studi urbani hanno spesso la tentazione di considerare i problemi come autoevidenti. Quasi vi fosse un nesso diretto e immediato fra esperienza dell’individuo e discorso pubblico. La sociologia politica, e gli studi sui movimenti sociali in particolare, hanno messo profondamente in discussione questa convinzione implicita. Per quanto un fenomeno possa essere vissuto come problematico a livello individuale, o anche a livello collettivo (o, più precisamente, da parte di un collettivo) ciò non basta a suscitare una tematizzazione pubblica. A partire dalla disamina di diversi risultati empirici di ricerche effettuate su politiche locali, il capitolo mostra come la sostenibilità di una politica emerga nel momento in cui il suo disegno, e la sua implementazione, tenga insieme, alimentando reciprocamente diritti della persona e protagonismo del territorio. Trasferendo poteri agli individui (e non solo ai territori) e diritti al territorio (e non solo agli individui). Una pista di ricomposizione dello stato assai interessante da esplorare, non solo per le politiche sociali ovviamente (...).