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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Banduch, Izabela;

    Since the establishment of the activited sludge process in everyday life, we are constantly in search of new solutions to optimize the biologic process of sewage purification in a sustinable and economic way. The application of ultrasonic sound, which is investigated in this thesis, manifests itself as a qualified technique. After the influence of ultrasound an optimal morphological modification in the flake structure is achieved and the microbial activity in the activated sludge is enhaced. Furthermore, we can observe a reduction of the excess biomass by pro-rata dissolution of the activated sludge. Seit der Etablierung des Belebtschlammverfahens im Alltag ist man auf der Suche nach neuen Lösungen um den biologischen Prozess der Abwasserreinigung nachhaltig und wirtschaftlich zu optimieren. Der in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Einsatz des Ultraschalls zeigte sich als geeignete Technik. Nach der Ultraschalleinwirkung werden optimale morphologische Veränderungen in der Flockenstruktur erreicht, infolge dessen wird die mikrobielle Aktivität im Belebtschlamm gesteigert. Darüber hinaus durch Auflösung eines Teils des Belebtschlammes wird eine Verringerung der überschüssigen Biomasse beobachtet.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TUHH Open Research -...arrow_drop_down
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    TUHH Open Research - Research Data TUHH
    Doctoral thesis . 2011
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TUHH Open Research -...arrow_drop_down
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      TUHH Open Research - Research Data TUHH
      Doctoral thesis . 2011
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    Authors: Schmutz, S.; Jungwirth, M.; Ratschan, C.; Siemens M. V.; +33 Authors

    Originally, the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) occurred in Bavaria and Austria in more than 250 rivers occupying more than 7,400 km of rivers. Nowadays, populations in »very good« and »good« status exist in only 0.7 % and 7.1 % of the original distribution. Therefore, the Danube salmon is classified as an endangered species. Due to ongoing stock declines the Danube salmon is running the risk to become a critically endangered species soon. The main reasons for the declines are river channelization and hydropower development. In addition, climate change may further contribute to stock declines in lowland river sections due to exceedance of water temperature limits of this cold-water species. Furthermore, Danube salmon and prey fish populations have lost their resilience to cope with re-established populations of fish predators (cormorant, goosander, fish otter) leading to ongoing population declines. Effective protection against further degradations such as new hydropower developments is required to safeguard the Danube salmon remaining populations. Furthermore, degraded rivers need to be restored and fish predators have to be managed to allow recovery of Danube salmon and prey fish populations. Due to the precarious situation conservation and restoration actions have to be implemented immediately.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ ZENODOarrow_drop_down
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    ZENODO
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    ZENODO
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    ZENODO
    Article . 2023
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      ZENODO
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    Authors: Schmitz, Tonia Annick;

    Marine Makroalgen besitzen vielversprechende Eigenschaften und Inhaltsstoffe für die Verwendung als Energieträger, Nahrungsmittel oder als Ausgangsstoff für Pharmazeutika. Dass die Quantität und Qualität der in natürlicher Umgebung wachsenden Makroalgen schwankt, reduziert jedoch deren Verwertbarkeit und erschwert die Erschließung hochpreisiger Marktsegmente. Zudem ist eine Ausweitung der Zucht in marinen und küstennahen Aquakulturen in Europa gegenwärtig wenig aussichtsreich, da vielversprechende Areale bereits zum Fischfang oder als Erholungs- bzw. Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird demzufolge ein geschlossenes Photobioreaktorsystem zur Makroalgenkultivierung entwickelt, welches eine umfassende Kontrolle der abiotischen Kultivierungsparameter und eine effektive Aufbereitung des Kulturmediums vorsieht, um eine standortunabhängige Algenproduktion zu ermöglichen. Zur Bilanzierung des Gesamtkonzeptes einer Kultivierung und Verwertung (stofflich oder energetisch) werden die spezifischen Wachstumsraten und Methanbildungspotentiale der Algenarten Ulva intestinalis, Fucus vesiculosus und Palmaria palmata in praktischen Versuchen ermittelt. Im Ergebnis wird für den gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstand der Kultivierungsanlage eine positive Bilanz für die stoffliche Verwertung der Algenart Ulva intestinalis und eine negative Bilanz für die energetische Verwertung aller untersuchten Algenarten erzielt. Wird ein Optimalszenario betrachtet, indem die Besatzdichten und Wachstumsraten der Algen in der Zucht erhöht werden, bleibt die Energiebilanz negativ. Allerdings summieren sich die finanzielle Einnahmen durch einen Verkauf der Algen als Produkt auf jährlich 460.869€ für Ulva intestinalis, 4.010€ für Fucus vesiculosus und 16.913€ für Palmaria palmata. Im Ergebnis ist insbesondere eine stoffliche Verwertung der gezüchteten Grünalge Ulva intestinalis anzustreben und die Produktivität der Zuchtanlage im Sinne des Optimalszenarios zu steigern. Marine macroalgae have renown properties as feedstock for fuel, food or pharmaceuticals. However, since the quantity and quality of naturally grown algae vary widely, their exploitability is reduced – especially for producers in high priced markets. Moreover, the expansion of marine or shore-based cultivation systems is unlikely in Europe, since promising sites either lie in fishing zones, recreational areas or natural reserves. The aim of this thesis was therefore to develop a closed photobioreactor system enabling full control of abiotic environmental parameters and an effective reconditioning of the cultivation medium in order to produce marine macroalgae at sites distant from shore. Using environmental management accounting methods, the potential output of macroalgae cultivation and valorization (product- or energy-based) is being assessed based on the specific growth rates and methane yields achievable with the species Ulva intestinalis, Fucus vesiculosus and Palmaria palmata. The balancing results for the status quo of the developed cultivation system show a positive outcome for a product-based valorization of the species Ulva intestinalis and a negative outcome for an energy-based valorization of all species investigated. Considering an optimum scenario providing an increase of growth rates and culture density, the balance of an energy-based valorization remains negative for all three species. However, the financial income by selling the cultivated macroalgae as a product sums up to a yearly amount of 460.869€ for Ulva intestinalis, 4.010€ for Fucus vesiculosus and 16.913€ for Palmaria palmata. Concluding, a product-based valorization seems promising – especially for the green algae Ulva intestinalis – when the productivity of the developed cultivation system is increased in accordance to the framework of the optimum scenario.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ https://dx.doi.org/1...arrow_drop_down
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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25643/ba...
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.25643/ba...
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    Authors: Moser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen;
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    Other ORP type . 2010
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      DLR publication server
      Other ORP type . 2010
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    Authors: Peppler-Lisbach, Cord; Könitz, Natali;

    In Borstgrasrasen (Nardetalia) des Werra-Meißner-Gebietes (Nordhessen, Südniedersachsen) wurden 2012 nach 25 Jahren auf möglichst gleichen Untersuchungsflächen (quasi-Dauerflächen) Wiederholungsaufnahmen angefertigt, um den gegenwärtigen Zustand bzw. Veränderungen in diesem prioritären FFH-Lebensraumtyp zu erfassen. Es wurden insgesamt 61 Flächen untersucht. Neben der Artenzusammensetzung wurden auch Bodenparameter (pH, C/N-Verhältnis, Mächtigkeit der organi-schen Auflage) und die Nutzung erfasst. Bei der Wiederholungsaufnahme 2012 waren, abgesehen von einer Aufforstungsfläche, noch auf allen Flächen Arten der Borstgrasrasen vorhanden. Die Flächen wurden 2012 überwiegend genutzt oder gepflegt, während 1986/87 Brachflächen noch bei weitem dominierten. Eine Düngung der Flächen erfolgte nicht. Trotz dieser generell günstigen Nutzungssituation lässt sich ein genereller Trend zur Eutrophierung feststellen, der sich hinsichtlich Artenzahl und Deckung in einer Zunahme von Arten des Wirtschaftsgrünlandes (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) bei gleichzeitiger Abnahme der Borst-grasrasen-Kennarten äußert. Auch die Artenzahlen der übrigen Magerkeitszeiger nahmen im Mittel ab, während Verbrachungszeiger im Allgemeinen zunahmen. Eine Veränderung der Gesamtartenzahl war nicht festzustellen. Die mittleren Zeigerwerte spiegeln die Verschiebungen im Arteninventar durch erhöhte mittlere Reaktions- und Stickstoffzahlen wider. Strukturell hat in den vergangenen 25 Jahren vor allem eine generelle Zunahme der Moosschichtdeckung und eine Ausbreitung der Sträucher auf Brachflächen stattgefunden. Bei den Bodenparametern waren 2012 eine signifikante Erhöhung der pH-Werte, eine Einengung der C/N-Verhältnisse und eine Abnahme der Mächtigkeit der organischen Auflage (Of) feststellbar. Regressionsmodelle zeigen, dass dabei die Zunahme von Arten des Wirtschaftsgrünlandes direkt mit den ansteigenden pH-Werten zusammen hing, während die Veränderungen bei den Kennarten eher vom Ausgangs-C/N-Verhältnis, teilweise auch von der Entwicklung der organischen Auflage und der Nutzung abhängig waren. Die vorgefundenen Veränderungen werden vor dem Hintergrund möglicher Gefährdungsszenarien (Brache, Eutrophierung, Bodenversauerung, Klimawandel) diskutiert. Angesichts des unerwarteten Befundes einer Eutrophierung bei gleichzeitig nachlassender Bodenversauerung, wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass der seit den 1990er-Jahren erfolgte Rückgang der Schwefeldepositionen mit nachfolgender Erholung der Boden-pH-Werte und nachlassender Stressbelastung, z. B. durch Ammonium-Toxizität, die Veränderungen ausgelöst haben könnte. Außerdem deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine zumindest teilweise zu geringe Nutzungs- bzw. Pflegeintensität bzw. zu späte Nutzungstermine. Möglicherweise führt der erhöhte Eutrophierungsdruck hier auch zu verstärkten Anforderungen an das Management der Flächen. Eindeutige Indizien für klimabedingte Veränderungen im Arteninventar ließen sich nicht finden. Indirekte Effekte über eine erwärmungsbedingte Förderung der Mineralisationsraten oder ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang zwischen höheren Wintertemperaturen und der Zunahme der Moosdeckung lassen sich jedoch nicht ausschließen. The present study aimed at assessing the present state and changes of Nardus grassland in the Werra-Meissner region (Central Germany) since the 1980s by resurveying 61 quasi-permanent plots in 2012. We repeated vegetation relevés, measurements of soil parameters (pH, C/N ratio, thickness of organic Of layer) and recorded present management practices. In 2012, Nardus grassland species still occurred in all plots but one, which had been afforested with spruce trees. The bulk of plot sites were managed in 2012 as opposed to 1986/87, when most of the plots had been fallows. No site had been fertilized or manured. Despite these favorable man-agement conditions, we found a general eutrophication signal indicated by a shift in species composition. Abundance and richness of grassland (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) species increased, whereas Nardus grassland species declined both in number and abundance. Species richness of general low-nutrient indicators declined as well, whereas fallow indicators increased. Overall species richness did not change significantly. Increasing mean Ellenberg indicator values for soil reaction and nitrogen reflected these shifts in species composition. Vegetation structure changed with respect to a general increase in bryophyte cover and in shrub cover on fallow plots. Soil parameters showed a general increase in pH and a decrease in both C/N-ratio and Of thickness. Regression models reveal a direct relationship between increase of grassland species and increase of pH values. Nardus grassland species rather responded to initial C/N ratio and changes in Of thickness and management. The changes in species composition and soil parameters are discussed in the light of several sce-narios potentially threatening Nardus grasslands, i.e. fallow, eutrophication, soil acidification and climate change. Considering the unexpected result that eutrophication coincided with decreasing acidification, we hypothesize that a reduction of airborne acidification due to declining sulfur deposition rates since the 1990s is a major driver for species shifts in Nardus grasslands. Soil pH recovery possibly led to stress reduction (e.g. declining risk of ammonium toxicity for grassland species), thus triggering the observed changes. Moreover, the results indicate that management practices were not sufficient to suppress fallow indicators in Nardus grassland. Perhaps, eutrophication poses new challenges for the management of the remaining sites of this high priority habitat type of the EU Habitats Directive. To date, we found no evidence for changes in species composition directly related to climate change. However, indirect effects of global warming, e.g. on mineralization rates or on bryophyte cover, cannot be excluded.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14471/20...
    Article . 2017
    License: CC BY NC ND
    Data sources: Datacite
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14471/20...
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Schropp, Daniel;

    In unserer konsumorientierten Überflussgesellschaft fallen organische Reststoffe in beträchtlichen Mengen sowohl in privaten Haushalten als auch in der lebensmittel-erzeugenden Industrie an. Diese Reststoffe müssen wie andere Reststoffe auch entweder vermieden oder ökologisch möglichst sinnvoll verwertet werden. Die Zielsetzung einer ökologisch sinnvollen Verwertung der organischen Reststoffe sollte die Schließung der Nährstoffkreisläufe beinhalten, aber auch gleichzeitig nur geringe Emissionen an Treibhausgasen verursachen. Die Erzeugung von Biogas aus Reststoffen zur Erzeugung von Elektrizität und Wärme und eine anschließende Verwertung des Gärrestes als Dünger stellen dabei die ökologischste Möglichkeit dar. Bislang wird der Großteil an organischen Reststoffen kompostiert bzw. thermisch verwertet, da der Einsatz in der anaeroben Vergärung als problematisch angesehen wird. Dies liegt vor allem an der Tatsache, dass es sich bei organischen Reststoffen meist um proteinreiches Substrat handelt, welches dadurch große Mengen an Stickstoff enthält. Durch den Abbau der proteinreichen Substrate kann es zu einer Akkumulation von Ammoniak (NH3) kommen. NH3 wirkt als Zellgift und kann dadurch die Mikroorganismen im Fermenter schädigen. Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) stellt zusammen mit Wasserstoff (H2) einen für die Methanogenese entscheidenden Ausgangsstoffe dar. Die Dynamik der CO2-Partialdrücke (pCO2) im Fermenterinhalt ist daher entscheidend für den Biogasprozess. Um die Potentiale bei der Vergärung von organischen Reststoffen zu untersuchen, wurden insgesamt vier Gärversuche mit 11 Fermentern im Labormaßstab durchgeführt. Bei den Reststoffen handelte es sich um organisches Material, welches während des Betriebsprozesses in einer Großschlachterei anfällt. Für die Betrachtung des pCO2 im Fermenterinhalt wurden fünf Versuche mit Speiseresten als Substrat ausgewertet. Die eingesetzten Substrate wiesen in ihrer strukturellen Zusammensetzung teils deutliche Schwankungen auf. Die Versuche zeigten niedrige Methanerträge und einen geringen Abbau der organischen Substanz, die durch eine Schädigung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft durch NH3 hervorgerufen wurde. Die Messung der Ammonium (NH4+) Konzentrationen erfolgte bisher nur selten über den gesamten Prozessverlauf. Unsere Messungen zeigten hohe NH4+ Konzentrationen und deutliche Schwankungen, die vor allem in der Dynamik des Gesamtprozesses begründet sind. Die gemessenen Nährstoffgehalte weisen den Gärrest als einen sehr guten Dünger aus. Vor allem die Konzentrationen an Stickstoff (N), Phosphor (P) und Kalium (K) im Gärrest sind deutlich höher als in Schweine- oder Rindergülle. Zudem besitzt der Gärrest durch den großen Anteil an organischer Substanz eine humusbildende Wirkung. Die Messungen des pCO2 zeigten einen Überschuss an CO2 bei nicht optimalem Prozessverlauf auf. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass ausreichend CO2 für die Methanbildung vorhanden wäre, allerdings nicht optimal genutzt wird. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Monovergärung von Abfällen aus der lebensmittelproduzierenden Industrie grundsätzlich möglich ist. Allerdings muss bei der Vergärung hohen NH3-Konzentrationen entgegengewirkt werden. Die Analyse der Nährstoffgehalte der Gärreste ergab ein beträchtliches Potential für die Pflanzendüngung. Eine Nutzung der Gärreste als Pflanzendünger führt zu einem geschlossenen Nährstoffkreislauf, was letztlich klare ökologische Vorteile mit sich bringt. Die Ergebnisse aus der Analyse des pCO2 zeigen neue Möglichkeiten auf, um die Biogasqualität, beispielsweise durch Zugabe von H2, zu steigern. Eine Steigerung der Methanerträge ist dabei sowohl aus ökologischen als auch aus ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten wichtig, da dadurch eine höhere Energieausbeute erreicht werden könnte. In our consumption based affluent society, organic waste is mass produced in private households as well as in the food producing industries. These residual materials, as with other organic waste material either should be avoided or exploited in an ecologically worthwhile way. The aim of an ecological sound exploitation of organic waste should be the closing of nutrient cycles but also, at the same time, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The creation of biogas out of organic waste to produce electricity and heat combined with the use of the digestate as a fertilizer represents an ecological useful way to exploit organic waste material. To date, most of these organic residues is incinerated because the usage in anaerobic digestion is seen as problematic. This is due to the fact that organic waste materials are often rich in proteins and therefore rich in nitrogen. Through the degradation of protein-rich substrates there can occur an accumulation of ammonia (NH3). NH3 acts as a cellular toxine and can therefore destroy the microbial community in the digester. Carbon dioxide (CO2) together with hydrogen (H2) represents the main components for methanogenesis. The dynamics of the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in the liquid phase of the reactor is therefore an important component in the biogas process. To investigate the potentials of the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, four lab scale experiments with 11 reactors were carried out. The organic waste materials were obtained from a slaughterhouse. To observe the dynamics of the pCO2, we analyzed five reactors feed with food leftovers as the main substrate. The used substrates differed clearly in their structural composition. The experiments showed low methane yields and a low degradation of the organic matter. This was due to the damage of the microbial community caused by NH3. There are nearly no publications measuring the ammonium (NH4+) concentration over the whole digestion period. Our measurements showed high amounts of NH4+ and in addition, a fluctuation of the NH4+ concentration during the digestion process caused by the dynamics of the anaerobic digestion. The measurement of the nutrient content identified the digestate as a good fertilizer. In particular, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were considerably higher than in liquid manure from pigs or cattle. Additionally the digestate comprised high amounts of organic carbon, which can be used for humus production. The evaluation of the pCO2 in the reactor slurry showed an oversaturation in CO2 at a suboptimal process. This leads to the conclusion that there was surplus CO2 available for methanogenesis, which cannot be utilized. It becomes apparent that it is possible to use organic wastes from food producing industries for anaerobic digestion. However, it is necessary to counter the high NH3 concentrations for an optimal process performance. The nutrient analysis of the digestate demonstrated its high potential as a fertilizer. If the digestate is used as a fertilizer, it brings the ecological advantage of a closed nutrient cycle. The results of the pCO2 evaluation showed new possibilities to enhance biogas quality, e.g. in addition of H2. An increase in the methane yield to generate a higher energy amount is not only important in the viewpoint of ecology, it is also important in an economical way.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
      Doctoral thesis . 2017
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    Authors: Gottardo Morandi, Carlo;

    Der Klimawandel erfordert den Ausbau urbaner blau-grüner Infrastrukturen, was jedoch mit einem erheblichen Mehrbedarf an Wasser einhergeht. Zentrale Abwasserinfrastrukturen genügen nicht den Ansprüchen der Ressourceneffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Daher ist ein neuer Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Kontext notwendig. Die getrennte Erfassung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser aus Duschen und Handwaschbecken bietet eine nahezu kontinuierliche, wenig verschmutzte Wasserressource zur Wiederverwendung. Naturnahe Verfahren wie Bodenfilter können zur Grauwasseraufbereitung eingesetzt werden; der hohe Flächenbedarf beschränkte jedoch bisher den Einsatz in dicht besiedelten Gebieten. In dieser Arbeit werden technologiebasierte und konzeptionelle Ansätze vorgestellt. Dabei wurden acht vertikal durchströmte Bodenfilter zur nutzungsorientierten Grauwasseraufbereitung im kleintechnischen und Pilotmaßstab untersucht und zusätzlich ein Excel-basiertes Instrument entwickelt, das die Auswirkungen der Grauwasserseparation auf konventionelle zentrale Kläranlagen bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen schwankende Zusammensetzungen und Mengen von Grauwasser. Aufgrund begrenzter Datenverfügbarkeit in der Fachliteratur wird empfohlen, die hier ermittelten 85-Perzentilwerte von 13 g CSB (chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf) pro Einwohner (E) und Tag sowie 55 L/(E·d) für die Bemessung von Anlagen zur Behandlung von gesiebtem, schwach belastetem Grauwasser heranzuziehen. Die ermittelten Stickstofffrachten und -konzentrationen waren aufgrund von Urinkontamination um 60 – 130 % höher als bisher angenommen, während die Phosphorkonzentrationen gesetzlich bedingt um ca. 60 % niedriger lagen. Alle Vertikalfilter wiesen im Ablauf meist < 2,0 mg/l abfiltrierbare Stoffe (AFS) bzw. < 10 mg/l CSB auf (also Eliminationen von überwiegend > 98 % AFS bzw. > 97 % CSB). Der aufgeständerte Rheinsandfilter zeigte bei < 12°C eine eingeschränkte Nitrifikation, während der Lavasandfilter bei > 5°C vollständig nitrifizierte. Die Vertikalfilter entfernten bis zu 50 – 70 % Stickstoff bei Drainageeinstau und Nitratrückführung. Der Lavasandfilter hielt Phosphor weitestgehend zurück. Die Reduktion von Escherichia coli, Enterokokken und Gesamtcoliformen betrug > 3 log-Stufen, während organische Spurenstoffe meist zu > 85 % entfernt wurden. Durch gezielte Anpassungen im Aufbau und Betrieb wurden für verschiedene Nutzungszwecke (Bewässerung, Versickerung und Toilettenspülung) geeignete Qualitäten erreicht. Der erforderliche Flächenbedarf für Bodenfilter zur Behandlung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser wurde zu 0,4 m2/E bestimmt (bezogen auf 85-Perzentilwerte). Dem liegen eine CSB-Flächenbelastung von 32 g/(m2·d) und eine hydraulische Flächenbelastung von 130 L/(m2·d) zugrunde. Die Anwendung von Lavasandfiltern in aufgeständerter Bauweise erwies sich als praxistauglich. Damit wird die Ausweitung des Bodenfilterverfahrens auf den urbanen Raum gefördert. Die Bilanzierungen zeigen, dass die Abtrennung von bis zu 17 % des an die Kläranlage angeschlossenen Grauwassers förderlich für den Kläranlagenbetrieb ist. Bei höheren Abtrennungsraten könnte jedoch eine Stickstoffrückgewinnung/-entfernung aus stickstoffreichen Schlammströmen erforderlich werden. Die Trennung bzw. dezentrale Aufbereitung von Grauwasser hat Vorteile wie Verdunstungskühlung und Wasserwiederverwendung und unterstützt zentral die Transition zu ressourcenorientierten Sanitärsystemen. Insgesamt können betrieblich und baulich angepasste Bodenfilter eine wichtige Rolle in dieser Umstellung spielen und einen deutlichen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Bereich leisten. Climate change requires the strengthening of urban blue-green infrastructure, which, however, is associated with a significant increase in water demand. Concurrently, centralized wastewater infrastructures are inadequate to meet the criteria for resource efficiency and sustainability, as mixed wastewater discharge persists. Therefore, a new approach to water management is imperative in urban contexts. Source-separation of light greywater, such as from showers and hand wash basins, provides a nearly permanent, low-polluted water resource for reuse. Nature-based solutions like constructed wetlands can be employed for greywater treatment; however, the substantial area requirements have so far limited their implementation in highly urbanized areas. This study presents technology-based and conceptual approaches, involving the investigation of eight vertical-flow constructed wetlands for on-demand greywater treatment at small and pilot scales. Additionally, an Excel-based tool was developed to assess the impact of greywater separation on the operation of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The findings reveal varying compositions and volumes of the investigated greywater. Due to limited data availability in existing literature, it is recommended to utilize the 85th percentiles derived from this study for the design of constructed wetlands treating light greywater, amounting to 13 g COD (chemical oxygen demand) per person (P) and day and 55 L/(P·d). Total nitrogen loads and concentrations were 60 – 130% higher than previously assumed due to urine contamination, while total phosphorus concentrations were about 60% lower due to legal regulations. In all wetland systems investigated, the effluent showed < 2.0 mg/L of total suspended solids and < 10 mg/L of COD, corresponding to eliminations mostly > 98% and > 97%, respectively. The elevated Rhine sand wetland showed limited nitrification at < 12°C, while the lava sand wetland showed complete nitrification at > 5°C. The investigated wetlands removed up to 50 – 70% of nitrogen by impounding the drainage layer and returning nitrate-rich effluent to the wetland surface. The lava sand wetland retained phosphorus extensively. Reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and total coliforms exceeded > 3 log levels, while organic micropollutants were predominantly removed by > 85%. Through adjustments in design and operation, suitable qualities were achieved for different reuses (irrigation, infiltration, and toilet flushing). The necessary surface area requirement for constructed wetlands treating light greywater was determined to be 0.4 m²/P (based on 85th percentile values). This value is derived from a COD surface load of 32 g/(m²·d) and a hydraulic surface load of 130 L/(m²·d). The deployment of elevated lava sand wetlands proved to be viable in practice. Overall, these findings promote the expansion of constructed wetlands to urbanized areas. Mass and volume flow balances indicate that the separation of up to 17% of the greywater connected to the WWTP benefits its operation. However, at higher separation rates, TN recovery/removal from nitrogen-rich sludge streams may be required. The separation/decentralized treatment of greywater offers manifold advantages such as evaporation cooling and water reuse, and significantly supports the transition towards resource-oriented sanitation systems. Adapted constructed wetlands can play an important role in this transformation process and can significantly contribute to a more sustainable water management in urban areas. Schriftenreihe Wasser Infrastruktur Ressourcen; 12

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.26204/kl...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.26204/kl...
      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Moser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen; Allal, Houda; +4 Authors
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    Authors: Nettmann, Edith;

    Die Produktion von Biogas aus landwirtschaftlichen Primärprodukten oder Reststoffen stellt einen we-sentlichen Beitrag zur Reduktion des CO2-Ausstoßes sowie zur Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen Landbewirtschaftung dar. Gegenwärtig stehen im Fokus der Forschung die Entwicklung und Optimierung von Biogasreaktoren und Betriebstechniken sowie die Optimierung der Substratbereitstellung. Über die Zusammensetzung der an der Biogasbildung beteiligten mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaften in landwirt-schaftlichen Biogasanlagen gibt es jedoch bis heute nur wenige Informationen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde die Struktur der methanogenen Biozönose in zehn landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen, welche auf Basis von Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen (NawaRo) betrieben wurden, unter-sucht. Hierzu wurde ein polyphasischer Ansatz mit verschiedenen kultivierungsunabhängigen, molekularen Verfahren gewählt. Primär wurde eine PCR-RFLP Analyse der Nukleotidsequenz der 16S rDNA sowie des mcrA Gens durchgeführt. Die Bestimmung der relativen Häufigkeit der Methan bil-denden Mikroorganismen in den Proben erfolgte mittels quantitativer real-time PCR (Q-PCR) auf Basis gruppenspezifischer Primer für das 16S rDNA Gen. Für ausgewählte Biogasreaktoren wurde ergänzend eine mikroskopische Quantifizierung mittels Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung (FISH) durchgeführt. Für die FISH wurden spezifische Sonden für die Domänen Bacteria (EUB338) und Archaea (ARCH915) so-wie für die Ordnungen Methanomicrobiales (MG1200), Methanobacteriales (MB311 und MB1174) und den Familien Methanosarcinaceae (Ms821) und Methanosaetaceae (Mx825) verwendet. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen zeigten, dass in neun der zehn untersuchten Biogasanlagen die hydroge-notrophen Methanogenen, repräsentiert durch Vertreter der Ordnungen Methanomicrobiales und Methanobacteriales, vorherrschend waren. In diesen Biogasreaktoren wurde die Gattung Methanoculleus (Ordnung Methanomicrobiales) als dominierende Gattung nachgewiesen. Nennenswerte Anteile an ace-toklastischen Methanbildnern, insbesondere der Gattung Methanosaeta, konnten für sechs der untersuchten zehn Anlagen nachgewiesen werden. Jedoch wurde nur in einer Biogasanlage diese Gattung als die dominierende Gruppe von Methanbildnern nachgewiesen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass in 90 % der untersuchten Biogasanlagen die hydrogenotrophe Methanogenese der vorrangige Stoff-wechselweg für die Methanproduktion ist. In dieser Studie konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen den jeweils zur Biogasgewinnung eingesetzten Substraten und der Struktur der Archaea-Biozönose beobachtet werden. Ebenso wenig scheinen unter-schiedliche Verweilzeiten der Substrate sowie die Raumbelastung der Reaktoren einen Einfluss auf die methanogenen Archaea zu haben. Jedoch ließ sich ein negativer Einfluss hoher Ammonium- bzw. Am-moniakkonzentrationen auf das Wachstum acetoklastischer Methanbildner, insbesondere Methanosaeta spp., in den untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen feststellen. Die aus dieser Studie gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dienen dem grundlegenden Verständnis der methanoge-nen Lebensgemeinschaft in landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen, und sollen somit zur weiteren Optimierung der Biogasgewinnung beitragen. Biogas production from agricultural main products or remnants provides a substantial contribution to the reduction of CO2 emissions but also to the development of a sustainable agriculture. Currently, the re-search focuses on development and optimization of biogas reactors and reactor performance as well as optimization of substrate eligibility. However, the knowledge of the structure and dynamics of microbial communities which are involved in the biogas production is still insufficient. Within this study, the structures of methanogenic biocoenosis in ten agricultural biogas plants which are operated on basis of renewable raw materials were analyzed. Therefore a polyphasic approach with differ-ent culture independent molecular genetic techniques was chosen. First, PCR-RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA and mcrA genes were conducted. For determination of the relative abundance of methane pro-ducing microorganisms in the samples a quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) on basis of 16S rDNA group-specific primers was applied. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out for direct quantification of methanogenic cells in reactor contents of six of the ten biogas plants. FISH was carried out with specific probes for the domains Bacteria (EUB338) and Archaea (ARCH915), the orders Metha-nomicrobiales (MG1200) and Methanobacteriales (MB311 and MB1174) and the families Methanosarcinaceae (Ms821) and Methanosaetaceae (Mx825). The results of the analyses showed, that in nine of the ten biogas plants the hydrogenotrophic methano-gens, represented by the orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales, were prevalent. The genus Methanoculleus (Methanomicrobiales) was the predominating genus in these biogas plants. Acetoclastic methanogens such as organisms of the genus Methanosaeta were found only in six of the ten analyzed biogas plants. However, in one biogas plant Methanosaeta was determined as the predominant methano-genic group. These results indicate that the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the major metabolic pathway for methane production in 90 % of the analyzed biogas plants. In this study, no correlation between used substrates for biogas production and the structure of Archaea biocoenosis could be observed. Also, the retention time of substrates and the organic loading rate of reac-tors seemed to have no obvious effect on the methanogenic Archaea. However, in the analyzed biogas plants a negative influence of high ammonium and ammonia concentrations, respectively, on the growth of acetoclastic methanogens in particular Methanosaeta spp. was determined. The results of this study serve the basic understanding of the methanogen community in agricultural bio-gas plants and are to contribute to further optimization of biogas production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
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    Authors: Marheineke, Torsten; Krewitt, Wolfram; Neubarth, Jürgen; Friedrich, Rainer; +1 Authors

    Energy and material flows caused by human activities have essential influence on human beings and the environment. These impacts should be taken into consideration in case of evaluating technologies with regard to a sustainable development. Therefore, it was goal of the project to quantify the impacts caused by different technologies of electricity and heat supply and to consider not only the process of energy transformation, but also the up- and downstream processes as fuel supply, waste disposal, the construction and dismantling of the power plant etc. The work carried out includes the development of methods for life cycle assessment, the compilation of a database, the develop-ment of an appropriate software tool for life cycle assessment and finally the assessments of various energy supply technologies itself. Besides the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and the extraction of raw materials, results are quantified for the cumulated energy demand as well as the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, impacts on human health and damages on materials and plants. Finally, the monetary evaluation is used to quantify damages costs for the impact categories human health, material and plant damages, and avoidance costs für the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems and the greenhause effect. Anthropogen umgesetzte Energie- und Stoffströme können mit wesentlichen Auswirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt verbunden sein. Um diese Auswirkungen bei der Beurteilung von Energieversorgungstechniken berücksichtigen zu können, werden in dem vorliegenden Bericht für verschiedene Techniken zur Strom- und Wärmebereitstellung die Stoff- und Energieströme über den gesamten Lebensweg quantifiziert und die aus ihnen resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Umwelt abgeschätzt. Berücksichtigte Wirkungskategorien sind der Treibhauseffekt, die Versauerung und Eutrophierung von Böden und Gewässern, Risiken für die menschliche Gesundheit, Ressourcenverzehr, Materialschäden und die Schädigung von Nutzpflanzen.

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    Authors: Banduch, Izabela;

    Since the establishment of the activited sludge process in everyday life, we are constantly in search of new solutions to optimize the biologic process of sewage purification in a sustinable and economic way. The application of ultrasonic sound, which is investigated in this thesis, manifests itself as a qualified technique. After the influence of ultrasound an optimal morphological modification in the flake structure is achieved and the microbial activity in the activated sludge is enhaced. Furthermore, we can observe a reduction of the excess biomass by pro-rata dissolution of the activated sludge. Seit der Etablierung des Belebtschlammverfahens im Alltag ist man auf der Suche nach neuen Lösungen um den biologischen Prozess der Abwasserreinigung nachhaltig und wirtschaftlich zu optimieren. Der in dieser Arbeit untersuchte Einsatz des Ultraschalls zeigte sich als geeignete Technik. Nach der Ultraschalleinwirkung werden optimale morphologische Veränderungen in der Flockenstruktur erreicht, infolge dessen wird die mikrobielle Aktivität im Belebtschlamm gesteigert. Darüber hinaus durch Auflösung eines Teils des Belebtschlammes wird eine Verringerung der überschüssigen Biomasse beobachtet.

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    TUHH Open Research - Research Data TUHH
    Doctoral thesis . 2011
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ TUHH Open Research -...arrow_drop_down
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      TUHH Open Research - Research Data TUHH
      Doctoral thesis . 2011
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schmutz, S.; Jungwirth, M.; Ratschan, C.; Siemens M. V.; +33 Authors

    Originally, the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho) occurred in Bavaria and Austria in more than 250 rivers occupying more than 7,400 km of rivers. Nowadays, populations in »very good« and »good« status exist in only 0.7 % and 7.1 % of the original distribution. Therefore, the Danube salmon is classified as an endangered species. Due to ongoing stock declines the Danube salmon is running the risk to become a critically endangered species soon. The main reasons for the declines are river channelization and hydropower development. In addition, climate change may further contribute to stock declines in lowland river sections due to exceedance of water temperature limits of this cold-water species. Furthermore, Danube salmon and prey fish populations have lost their resilience to cope with re-established populations of fish predators (cormorant, goosander, fish otter) leading to ongoing population declines. Effective protection against further degradations such as new hydropower developments is required to safeguard the Danube salmon remaining populations. Furthermore, degraded rivers need to be restored and fish predators have to be managed to allow recovery of Danube salmon and prey fish populations. Due to the precarious situation conservation and restoration actions have to be implemented immediately.

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    ZENODO
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Schmitz, Tonia Annick;

    Marine Makroalgen besitzen vielversprechende Eigenschaften und Inhaltsstoffe für die Verwendung als Energieträger, Nahrungsmittel oder als Ausgangsstoff für Pharmazeutika. Dass die Quantität und Qualität der in natürlicher Umgebung wachsenden Makroalgen schwankt, reduziert jedoch deren Verwertbarkeit und erschwert die Erschließung hochpreisiger Marktsegmente. Zudem ist eine Ausweitung der Zucht in marinen und küstennahen Aquakulturen in Europa gegenwärtig wenig aussichtsreich, da vielversprechende Areale bereits zum Fischfang oder als Erholungs- bzw. Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird demzufolge ein geschlossenes Photobioreaktorsystem zur Makroalgenkultivierung entwickelt, welches eine umfassende Kontrolle der abiotischen Kultivierungsparameter und eine effektive Aufbereitung des Kulturmediums vorsieht, um eine standortunabhängige Algenproduktion zu ermöglichen. Zur Bilanzierung des Gesamtkonzeptes einer Kultivierung und Verwertung (stofflich oder energetisch) werden die spezifischen Wachstumsraten und Methanbildungspotentiale der Algenarten Ulva intestinalis, Fucus vesiculosus und Palmaria palmata in praktischen Versuchen ermittelt. Im Ergebnis wird für den gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstand der Kultivierungsanlage eine positive Bilanz für die stoffliche Verwertung der Algenart Ulva intestinalis und eine negative Bilanz für die energetische Verwertung aller untersuchten Algenarten erzielt. Wird ein Optimalszenario betrachtet, indem die Besatzdichten und Wachstumsraten der Algen in der Zucht erhöht werden, bleibt die Energiebilanz negativ. Allerdings summieren sich die finanzielle Einnahmen durch einen Verkauf der Algen als Produkt auf jährlich 460.869€ für Ulva intestinalis, 4.010€ für Fucus vesiculosus und 16.913€ für Palmaria palmata. Im Ergebnis ist insbesondere eine stoffliche Verwertung der gezüchteten Grünalge Ulva intestinalis anzustreben und die Produktivität der Zuchtanlage im Sinne des Optimalszenarios zu steigern. Marine macroalgae have renown properties as feedstock for fuel, food or pharmaceuticals. However, since the quantity and quality of naturally grown algae vary widely, their exploitability is reduced – especially for producers in high priced markets. Moreover, the expansion of marine or shore-based cultivation systems is unlikely in Europe, since promising sites either lie in fishing zones, recreational areas or natural reserves. The aim of this thesis was therefore to develop a closed photobioreactor system enabling full control of abiotic environmental parameters and an effective reconditioning of the cultivation medium in order to produce marine macroalgae at sites distant from shore. Using environmental management accounting methods, the potential output of macroalgae cultivation and valorization (product- or energy-based) is being assessed based on the specific growth rates and methane yields achievable with the species Ulva intestinalis, Fucus vesiculosus and Palmaria palmata. The balancing results for the status quo of the developed cultivation system show a positive outcome for a product-based valorization of the species Ulva intestinalis and a negative outcome for an energy-based valorization of all species investigated. Considering an optimum scenario providing an increase of growth rates and culture density, the balance of an energy-based valorization remains negative for all three species. However, the financial income by selling the cultivated macroalgae as a product sums up to a yearly amount of 460.869€ for Ulva intestinalis, 4.010€ for Fucus vesiculosus and 16.913€ for Palmaria palmata. Concluding, a product-based valorization seems promising – especially for the green algae Ulva intestinalis – when the productivity of the developed cultivation system is increased in accordance to the framework of the optimum scenario.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.25643/ba...
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    Authors: Moser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen;
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    Authors: Peppler-Lisbach, Cord; Könitz, Natali;

    In Borstgrasrasen (Nardetalia) des Werra-Meißner-Gebietes (Nordhessen, Südniedersachsen) wurden 2012 nach 25 Jahren auf möglichst gleichen Untersuchungsflächen (quasi-Dauerflächen) Wiederholungsaufnahmen angefertigt, um den gegenwärtigen Zustand bzw. Veränderungen in diesem prioritären FFH-Lebensraumtyp zu erfassen. Es wurden insgesamt 61 Flächen untersucht. Neben der Artenzusammensetzung wurden auch Bodenparameter (pH, C/N-Verhältnis, Mächtigkeit der organi-schen Auflage) und die Nutzung erfasst. Bei der Wiederholungsaufnahme 2012 waren, abgesehen von einer Aufforstungsfläche, noch auf allen Flächen Arten der Borstgrasrasen vorhanden. Die Flächen wurden 2012 überwiegend genutzt oder gepflegt, während 1986/87 Brachflächen noch bei weitem dominierten. Eine Düngung der Flächen erfolgte nicht. Trotz dieser generell günstigen Nutzungssituation lässt sich ein genereller Trend zur Eutrophierung feststellen, der sich hinsichtlich Artenzahl und Deckung in einer Zunahme von Arten des Wirtschaftsgrünlandes (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) bei gleichzeitiger Abnahme der Borst-grasrasen-Kennarten äußert. Auch die Artenzahlen der übrigen Magerkeitszeiger nahmen im Mittel ab, während Verbrachungszeiger im Allgemeinen zunahmen. Eine Veränderung der Gesamtartenzahl war nicht festzustellen. Die mittleren Zeigerwerte spiegeln die Verschiebungen im Arteninventar durch erhöhte mittlere Reaktions- und Stickstoffzahlen wider. Strukturell hat in den vergangenen 25 Jahren vor allem eine generelle Zunahme der Moosschichtdeckung und eine Ausbreitung der Sträucher auf Brachflächen stattgefunden. Bei den Bodenparametern waren 2012 eine signifikante Erhöhung der pH-Werte, eine Einengung der C/N-Verhältnisse und eine Abnahme der Mächtigkeit der organischen Auflage (Of) feststellbar. Regressionsmodelle zeigen, dass dabei die Zunahme von Arten des Wirtschaftsgrünlandes direkt mit den ansteigenden pH-Werten zusammen hing, während die Veränderungen bei den Kennarten eher vom Ausgangs-C/N-Verhältnis, teilweise auch von der Entwicklung der organischen Auflage und der Nutzung abhängig waren. Die vorgefundenen Veränderungen werden vor dem Hintergrund möglicher Gefährdungsszenarien (Brache, Eutrophierung, Bodenversauerung, Klimawandel) diskutiert. Angesichts des unerwarteten Befundes einer Eutrophierung bei gleichzeitig nachlassender Bodenversauerung, wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass der seit den 1990er-Jahren erfolgte Rückgang der Schwefeldepositionen mit nachfolgender Erholung der Boden-pH-Werte und nachlassender Stressbelastung, z. B. durch Ammonium-Toxizität, die Veränderungen ausgelöst haben könnte. Außerdem deuten die Ergebnisse auf eine zumindest teilweise zu geringe Nutzungs- bzw. Pflegeintensität bzw. zu späte Nutzungstermine. Möglicherweise führt der erhöhte Eutrophierungsdruck hier auch zu verstärkten Anforderungen an das Management der Flächen. Eindeutige Indizien für klimabedingte Veränderungen im Arteninventar ließen sich nicht finden. Indirekte Effekte über eine erwärmungsbedingte Förderung der Mineralisationsraten oder ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang zwischen höheren Wintertemperaturen und der Zunahme der Moosdeckung lassen sich jedoch nicht ausschließen. The present study aimed at assessing the present state and changes of Nardus grassland in the Werra-Meissner region (Central Germany) since the 1980s by resurveying 61 quasi-permanent plots in 2012. We repeated vegetation relevés, measurements of soil parameters (pH, C/N ratio, thickness of organic Of layer) and recorded present management practices. In 2012, Nardus grassland species still occurred in all plots but one, which had been afforested with spruce trees. The bulk of plot sites were managed in 2012 as opposed to 1986/87, when most of the plots had been fallows. No site had been fertilized or manured. Despite these favorable man-agement conditions, we found a general eutrophication signal indicated by a shift in species composition. Abundance and richness of grassland (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea) species increased, whereas Nardus grassland species declined both in number and abundance. Species richness of general low-nutrient indicators declined as well, whereas fallow indicators increased. Overall species richness did not change significantly. Increasing mean Ellenberg indicator values for soil reaction and nitrogen reflected these shifts in species composition. Vegetation structure changed with respect to a general increase in bryophyte cover and in shrub cover on fallow plots. Soil parameters showed a general increase in pH and a decrease in both C/N-ratio and Of thickness. Regression models reveal a direct relationship between increase of grassland species and increase of pH values. Nardus grassland species rather responded to initial C/N ratio and changes in Of thickness and management. The changes in species composition and soil parameters are discussed in the light of several sce-narios potentially threatening Nardus grasslands, i.e. fallow, eutrophication, soil acidification and climate change. Considering the unexpected result that eutrophication coincided with decreasing acidification, we hypothesize that a reduction of airborne acidification due to declining sulfur deposition rates since the 1990s is a major driver for species shifts in Nardus grasslands. Soil pH recovery possibly led to stress reduction (e.g. declining risk of ammonium toxicity for grassland species), thus triggering the observed changes. Moreover, the results indicate that management practices were not sufficient to suppress fallow indicators in Nardus grassland. Perhaps, eutrophication poses new challenges for the management of the remaining sites of this high priority habitat type of the EU Habitats Directive. To date, we found no evidence for changes in species composition directly related to climate change. However, indirect effects of global warming, e.g. on mineralization rates or on bryophyte cover, cannot be excluded.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14471/20...
    Article . 2017
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      https://dx.doi.org/10.14471/20...
      Article . 2017
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    Authors: Schropp, Daniel;

    In unserer konsumorientierten Überflussgesellschaft fallen organische Reststoffe in beträchtlichen Mengen sowohl in privaten Haushalten als auch in der lebensmittel-erzeugenden Industrie an. Diese Reststoffe müssen wie andere Reststoffe auch entweder vermieden oder ökologisch möglichst sinnvoll verwertet werden. Die Zielsetzung einer ökologisch sinnvollen Verwertung der organischen Reststoffe sollte die Schließung der Nährstoffkreisläufe beinhalten, aber auch gleichzeitig nur geringe Emissionen an Treibhausgasen verursachen. Die Erzeugung von Biogas aus Reststoffen zur Erzeugung von Elektrizität und Wärme und eine anschließende Verwertung des Gärrestes als Dünger stellen dabei die ökologischste Möglichkeit dar. Bislang wird der Großteil an organischen Reststoffen kompostiert bzw. thermisch verwertet, da der Einsatz in der anaeroben Vergärung als problematisch angesehen wird. Dies liegt vor allem an der Tatsache, dass es sich bei organischen Reststoffen meist um proteinreiches Substrat handelt, welches dadurch große Mengen an Stickstoff enthält. Durch den Abbau der proteinreichen Substrate kann es zu einer Akkumulation von Ammoniak (NH3) kommen. NH3 wirkt als Zellgift und kann dadurch die Mikroorganismen im Fermenter schädigen. Kohlenstoffdioxid (CO2) stellt zusammen mit Wasserstoff (H2) einen für die Methanogenese entscheidenden Ausgangsstoffe dar. Die Dynamik der CO2-Partialdrücke (pCO2) im Fermenterinhalt ist daher entscheidend für den Biogasprozess. Um die Potentiale bei der Vergärung von organischen Reststoffen zu untersuchen, wurden insgesamt vier Gärversuche mit 11 Fermentern im Labormaßstab durchgeführt. Bei den Reststoffen handelte es sich um organisches Material, welches während des Betriebsprozesses in einer Großschlachterei anfällt. Für die Betrachtung des pCO2 im Fermenterinhalt wurden fünf Versuche mit Speiseresten als Substrat ausgewertet. Die eingesetzten Substrate wiesen in ihrer strukturellen Zusammensetzung teils deutliche Schwankungen auf. Die Versuche zeigten niedrige Methanerträge und einen geringen Abbau der organischen Substanz, die durch eine Schädigung der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft durch NH3 hervorgerufen wurde. Die Messung der Ammonium (NH4+) Konzentrationen erfolgte bisher nur selten über den gesamten Prozessverlauf. Unsere Messungen zeigten hohe NH4+ Konzentrationen und deutliche Schwankungen, die vor allem in der Dynamik des Gesamtprozesses begründet sind. Die gemessenen Nährstoffgehalte weisen den Gärrest als einen sehr guten Dünger aus. Vor allem die Konzentrationen an Stickstoff (N), Phosphor (P) und Kalium (K) im Gärrest sind deutlich höher als in Schweine- oder Rindergülle. Zudem besitzt der Gärrest durch den großen Anteil an organischer Substanz eine humusbildende Wirkung. Die Messungen des pCO2 zeigten einen Überschuss an CO2 bei nicht optimalem Prozessverlauf auf. Dies lässt darauf schließen, dass ausreichend CO2 für die Methanbildung vorhanden wäre, allerdings nicht optimal genutzt wird. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Monovergärung von Abfällen aus der lebensmittelproduzierenden Industrie grundsätzlich möglich ist. Allerdings muss bei der Vergärung hohen NH3-Konzentrationen entgegengewirkt werden. Die Analyse der Nährstoffgehalte der Gärreste ergab ein beträchtliches Potential für die Pflanzendüngung. Eine Nutzung der Gärreste als Pflanzendünger führt zu einem geschlossenen Nährstoffkreislauf, was letztlich klare ökologische Vorteile mit sich bringt. Die Ergebnisse aus der Analyse des pCO2 zeigen neue Möglichkeiten auf, um die Biogasqualität, beispielsweise durch Zugabe von H2, zu steigern. Eine Steigerung der Methanerträge ist dabei sowohl aus ökologischen als auch aus ökonomischen Gesichtspunkten wichtig, da dadurch eine höhere Energieausbeute erreicht werden könnte. In our consumption based affluent society, organic waste is mass produced in private households as well as in the food producing industries. These residual materials, as with other organic waste material either should be avoided or exploited in an ecologically worthwhile way. The aim of an ecological sound exploitation of organic waste should be the closing of nutrient cycles but also, at the same time, the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The creation of biogas out of organic waste to produce electricity and heat combined with the use of the digestate as a fertilizer represents an ecological useful way to exploit organic waste material. To date, most of these organic residues is incinerated because the usage in anaerobic digestion is seen as problematic. This is due to the fact that organic waste materials are often rich in proteins and therefore rich in nitrogen. Through the degradation of protein-rich substrates there can occur an accumulation of ammonia (NH3). NH3 acts as a cellular toxine and can therefore destroy the microbial community in the digester. Carbon dioxide (CO2) together with hydrogen (H2) represents the main components for methanogenesis. The dynamics of the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in the liquid phase of the reactor is therefore an important component in the biogas process. To investigate the potentials of the anaerobic digestion of organic wastes, four lab scale experiments with 11 reactors were carried out. The organic waste materials were obtained from a slaughterhouse. To observe the dynamics of the pCO2, we analyzed five reactors feed with food leftovers as the main substrate. The used substrates differed clearly in their structural composition. The experiments showed low methane yields and a low degradation of the organic matter. This was due to the damage of the microbial community caused by NH3. There are nearly no publications measuring the ammonium (NH4+) concentration over the whole digestion period. Our measurements showed high amounts of NH4+ and in addition, a fluctuation of the NH4+ concentration during the digestion process caused by the dynamics of the anaerobic digestion. The measurement of the nutrient content identified the digestate as a good fertilizer. In particular, the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were considerably higher than in liquid manure from pigs or cattle. Additionally the digestate comprised high amounts of organic carbon, which can be used for humus production. The evaluation of the pCO2 in the reactor slurry showed an oversaturation in CO2 at a suboptimal process. This leads to the conclusion that there was surplus CO2 available for methanogenesis, which cannot be utilized. It becomes apparent that it is possible to use organic wastes from food producing industries for anaerobic digestion. However, it is necessary to counter the high NH3 concentrations for an optimal process performance. The nutrient analysis of the digestate demonstrated its high potential as a fertilizer. If the digestate is used as a fertilizer, it brings the ecological advantage of a closed nutrient cycle. The results of the pCO2 evaluation showed new possibilities to enhance biogas quality, e.g. in addition of H2. An increase in the methane yield to generate a higher energy amount is not only important in the viewpoint of ecology, it is also important in an economical way.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.18725/op...
    Doctoral thesis . 2017
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      Doctoral thesis . 2017
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    Authors: Gottardo Morandi, Carlo;

    Der Klimawandel erfordert den Ausbau urbaner blau-grüner Infrastrukturen, was jedoch mit einem erheblichen Mehrbedarf an Wasser einhergeht. Zentrale Abwasserinfrastrukturen genügen nicht den Ansprüchen der Ressourceneffizienz und Nachhaltigkeit. Daher ist ein neuer Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Kontext notwendig. Die getrennte Erfassung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser aus Duschen und Handwaschbecken bietet eine nahezu kontinuierliche, wenig verschmutzte Wasserressource zur Wiederverwendung. Naturnahe Verfahren wie Bodenfilter können zur Grauwasseraufbereitung eingesetzt werden; der hohe Flächenbedarf beschränkte jedoch bisher den Einsatz in dicht besiedelten Gebieten. In dieser Arbeit werden technologiebasierte und konzeptionelle Ansätze vorgestellt. Dabei wurden acht vertikal durchströmte Bodenfilter zur nutzungsorientierten Grauwasseraufbereitung im kleintechnischen und Pilotmaßstab untersucht und zusätzlich ein Excel-basiertes Instrument entwickelt, das die Auswirkungen der Grauwasserseparation auf konventionelle zentrale Kläranlagen bewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen schwankende Zusammensetzungen und Mengen von Grauwasser. Aufgrund begrenzter Datenverfügbarkeit in der Fachliteratur wird empfohlen, die hier ermittelten 85-Perzentilwerte von 13 g CSB (chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf) pro Einwohner (E) und Tag sowie 55 L/(E·d) für die Bemessung von Anlagen zur Behandlung von gesiebtem, schwach belastetem Grauwasser heranzuziehen. Die ermittelten Stickstofffrachten und -konzentrationen waren aufgrund von Urinkontamination um 60 – 130 % höher als bisher angenommen, während die Phosphorkonzentrationen gesetzlich bedingt um ca. 60 % niedriger lagen. Alle Vertikalfilter wiesen im Ablauf meist < 2,0 mg/l abfiltrierbare Stoffe (AFS) bzw. < 10 mg/l CSB auf (also Eliminationen von überwiegend > 98 % AFS bzw. > 97 % CSB). Der aufgeständerte Rheinsandfilter zeigte bei < 12°C eine eingeschränkte Nitrifikation, während der Lavasandfilter bei > 5°C vollständig nitrifizierte. Die Vertikalfilter entfernten bis zu 50 – 70 % Stickstoff bei Drainageeinstau und Nitratrückführung. Der Lavasandfilter hielt Phosphor weitestgehend zurück. Die Reduktion von Escherichia coli, Enterokokken und Gesamtcoliformen betrug > 3 log-Stufen, während organische Spurenstoffe meist zu > 85 % entfernt wurden. Durch gezielte Anpassungen im Aufbau und Betrieb wurden für verschiedene Nutzungszwecke (Bewässerung, Versickerung und Toilettenspülung) geeignete Qualitäten erreicht. Der erforderliche Flächenbedarf für Bodenfilter zur Behandlung von schwach belastetem Grauwasser wurde zu 0,4 m2/E bestimmt (bezogen auf 85-Perzentilwerte). Dem liegen eine CSB-Flächenbelastung von 32 g/(m2·d) und eine hydraulische Flächenbelastung von 130 L/(m2·d) zugrunde. Die Anwendung von Lavasandfiltern in aufgeständerter Bauweise erwies sich als praxistauglich. Damit wird die Ausweitung des Bodenfilterverfahrens auf den urbanen Raum gefördert. Die Bilanzierungen zeigen, dass die Abtrennung von bis zu 17 % des an die Kläranlage angeschlossenen Grauwassers förderlich für den Kläranlagenbetrieb ist. Bei höheren Abtrennungsraten könnte jedoch eine Stickstoffrückgewinnung/-entfernung aus stickstoffreichen Schlammströmen erforderlich werden. Die Trennung bzw. dezentrale Aufbereitung von Grauwasser hat Vorteile wie Verdunstungskühlung und Wasserwiederverwendung und unterstützt zentral die Transition zu ressourcenorientierten Sanitärsystemen. Insgesamt können betrieblich und baulich angepasste Bodenfilter eine wichtige Rolle in dieser Umstellung spielen und einen deutlichen Beitrag zum nachhaltigen Umgang mit Wasser im städtischen Bereich leisten. Climate change requires the strengthening of urban blue-green infrastructure, which, however, is associated with a significant increase in water demand. Concurrently, centralized wastewater infrastructures are inadequate to meet the criteria for resource efficiency and sustainability, as mixed wastewater discharge persists. Therefore, a new approach to water management is imperative in urban contexts. Source-separation of light greywater, such as from showers and hand wash basins, provides a nearly permanent, low-polluted water resource for reuse. Nature-based solutions like constructed wetlands can be employed for greywater treatment; however, the substantial area requirements have so far limited their implementation in highly urbanized areas. This study presents technology-based and conceptual approaches, involving the investigation of eight vertical-flow constructed wetlands for on-demand greywater treatment at small and pilot scales. Additionally, an Excel-based tool was developed to assess the impact of greywater separation on the operation of conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The findings reveal varying compositions and volumes of the investigated greywater. Due to limited data availability in existing literature, it is recommended to utilize the 85th percentiles derived from this study for the design of constructed wetlands treating light greywater, amounting to 13 g COD (chemical oxygen demand) per person (P) and day and 55 L/(P·d). Total nitrogen loads and concentrations were 60 – 130% higher than previously assumed due to urine contamination, while total phosphorus concentrations were about 60% lower due to legal regulations. In all wetland systems investigated, the effluent showed < 2.0 mg/L of total suspended solids and < 10 mg/L of COD, corresponding to eliminations mostly > 98% and > 97%, respectively. The elevated Rhine sand wetland showed limited nitrification at < 12°C, while the lava sand wetland showed complete nitrification at > 5°C. The investigated wetlands removed up to 50 – 70% of nitrogen by impounding the drainage layer and returning nitrate-rich effluent to the wetland surface. The lava sand wetland retained phosphorus extensively. Reduction of Escherichia coli, Enterococci, and total coliforms exceeded > 3 log levels, while organic micropollutants were predominantly removed by > 85%. Through adjustments in design and operation, suitable qualities were achieved for different reuses (irrigation, infiltration, and toilet flushing). The necessary surface area requirement for constructed wetlands treating light greywater was determined to be 0.4 m²/P (based on 85th percentile values). This value is derived from a COD surface load of 32 g/(m²·d) and a hydraulic surface load of 130 L/(m²·d). The deployment of elevated lava sand wetlands proved to be viable in practice. Overall, these findings promote the expansion of constructed wetlands to urbanized areas. Mass and volume flow balances indicate that the separation of up to 17% of the greywater connected to the WWTP benefits its operation. However, at higher separation rates, TN recovery/removal from nitrogen-rich sludge streams may be required. The separation/decentralized treatment of greywater offers manifold advantages such as evaporation cooling and water reuse, and significantly supports the transition towards resource-oriented sanitation systems. Adapted constructed wetlands can play an important role in this transformation process and can significantly contribute to a more sustainable water management in urban areas. Schriftenreihe Wasser Infrastruktur Ressourcen; 12

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.26204/kl...
    Doctoral thesis . 2023
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      Doctoral thesis . 2023
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    Authors: Moser, Massimo; Trieb, Franz; Kern, Jürgen; Allal, Houda; +4 Authors
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    Authors: Nettmann, Edith;

    Die Produktion von Biogas aus landwirtschaftlichen Primärprodukten oder Reststoffen stellt einen we-sentlichen Beitrag zur Reduktion des CO2-Ausstoßes sowie zur Entwicklung einer nachhaltigen Landbewirtschaftung dar. Gegenwärtig stehen im Fokus der Forschung die Entwicklung und Optimierung von Biogasreaktoren und Betriebstechniken sowie die Optimierung der Substratbereitstellung. Über die Zusammensetzung der an der Biogasbildung beteiligten mikrobiellen Lebensgemeinschaften in landwirt-schaftlichen Biogasanlagen gibt es jedoch bis heute nur wenige Informationen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde die Struktur der methanogenen Biozönose in zehn landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen, welche auf Basis von Nachwachsenden Rohstoffen (NawaRo) betrieben wurden, unter-sucht. Hierzu wurde ein polyphasischer Ansatz mit verschiedenen kultivierungsunabhängigen, molekularen Verfahren gewählt. Primär wurde eine PCR-RFLP Analyse der Nukleotidsequenz der 16S rDNA sowie des mcrA Gens durchgeführt. Die Bestimmung der relativen Häufigkeit der Methan bil-denden Mikroorganismen in den Proben erfolgte mittels quantitativer real-time PCR (Q-PCR) auf Basis gruppenspezifischer Primer für das 16S rDNA Gen. Für ausgewählte Biogasreaktoren wurde ergänzend eine mikroskopische Quantifizierung mittels Fluoreszenz in situ Hybridisierung (FISH) durchgeführt. Für die FISH wurden spezifische Sonden für die Domänen Bacteria (EUB338) und Archaea (ARCH915) so-wie für die Ordnungen Methanomicrobiales (MG1200), Methanobacteriales (MB311 und MB1174) und den Familien Methanosarcinaceae (Ms821) und Methanosaetaceae (Mx825) verwendet. Die Ergebnisse der Analysen zeigten, dass in neun der zehn untersuchten Biogasanlagen die hydroge-notrophen Methanogenen, repräsentiert durch Vertreter der Ordnungen Methanomicrobiales und Methanobacteriales, vorherrschend waren. In diesen Biogasreaktoren wurde die Gattung Methanoculleus (Ordnung Methanomicrobiales) als dominierende Gattung nachgewiesen. Nennenswerte Anteile an ace-toklastischen Methanbildnern, insbesondere der Gattung Methanosaeta, konnten für sechs der untersuchten zehn Anlagen nachgewiesen werden. Jedoch wurde nur in einer Biogasanlage diese Gattung als die dominierende Gruppe von Methanbildnern nachgewiesen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass in 90 % der untersuchten Biogasanlagen die hydrogenotrophe Methanogenese der vorrangige Stoff-wechselweg für die Methanproduktion ist. In dieser Studie konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen den jeweils zur Biogasgewinnung eingesetzten Substraten und der Struktur der Archaea-Biozönose beobachtet werden. Ebenso wenig scheinen unter-schiedliche Verweilzeiten der Substrate sowie die Raumbelastung der Reaktoren einen Einfluss auf die methanogenen Archaea zu haben. Jedoch ließ sich ein negativer Einfluss hoher Ammonium- bzw. Am-moniakkonzentrationen auf das Wachstum acetoklastischer Methanbildner, insbesondere Methanosaeta spp., in den untersuchten landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen feststellen. Die aus dieser Studie gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dienen dem grundlegenden Verständnis der methanoge-nen Lebensgemeinschaft in landwirtschaftlichen Biogasanlagen, und sollen somit zur weiteren Optimierung der Biogasgewinnung beitragen. Biogas production from agricultural main products or remnants provides a substantial contribution to the reduction of CO2 emissions but also to the development of a sustainable agriculture. Currently, the re-search focuses on development and optimization of biogas reactors and reactor performance as well as optimization of substrate eligibility. However, the knowledge of the structure and dynamics of microbial communities which are involved in the biogas production is still insufficient. Within this study, the structures of methanogenic biocoenosis in ten agricultural biogas plants which are operated on basis of renewable raw materials were analyzed. Therefore a polyphasic approach with differ-ent culture independent molecular genetic techniques was chosen. First, PCR-RFLP analyses of 16S rDNA and mcrA genes were conducted. For determination of the relative abundance of methane pro-ducing microorganisms in the samples a quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR) on basis of 16S rDNA group-specific primers was applied. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was carried out for direct quantification of methanogenic cells in reactor contents of six of the ten biogas plants. FISH was carried out with specific probes for the domains Bacteria (EUB338) and Archaea (ARCH915), the orders Metha-nomicrobiales (MG1200) and Methanobacteriales (MB311 and MB1174) and the families Methanosarcinaceae (Ms821) and Methanosaetaceae (Mx825). The results of the analyses showed, that in nine of the ten biogas plants the hydrogenotrophic methano-gens, represented by the orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanobacteriales, were prevalent. The genus Methanoculleus (Methanomicrobiales) was the predominating genus in these biogas plants. Acetoclastic methanogens such as organisms of the genus Methanosaeta were found only in six of the ten analyzed biogas plants. However, in one biogas plant Methanosaeta was determined as the predominant methano-genic group. These results indicate that the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the major metabolic pathway for methane production in 90 % of the analyzed biogas plants. In this study, no correlation between used substrates for biogas production and the structure of Archaea biocoenosis could be observed. Also, the retention time of substrates and the organic loading rate of reac-tors seemed to have no obvious effect on the methanogenic Archaea. However, in the analyzed biogas plants a negative influence of high ammonium and ammonia concentrations, respectively, on the growth of acetoclastic methanogens in particular Methanosaeta spp. was determined. The results of this study serve the basic understanding of the methanogen community in agricultural bio-gas plants and are to contribute to further optimization of biogas production.

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    https://dx.doi.org/10.14279/de...
    Doctoral thesis . 2010
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    Authors: Marheineke, Torsten; Krewitt, Wolfram; Neubarth, Jürgen; Friedrich, Rainer; +1 Authors

    Energy and material flows caused by human activities have essential influence on human beings and the environment. These impacts should be taken into consideration in case of evaluating technologies with regard to a sustainable development. Therefore, it was goal of the project to quantify the impacts caused by different technologies of electricity and heat supply and to consider not only the process of energy transformation, but also the up- and downstream processes as fuel supply, waste disposal, the construction and dismantling of the power plant etc. The work carried out includes the development of methods for life cycle assessment, the compilation of a database, the develop-ment of an appropriate software tool for life cycle assessment and finally the assessments of various energy supply technologies itself. Besides the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and the extraction of raw materials, results are quantified for the cumulated energy demand as well as the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems, impacts on human health and damages on materials and plants. Finally, the monetary evaluation is used to quantify damages costs for the impact categories human health, material and plant damages, and avoidance costs für the impact categories acidification and eutrophication of ecosystems and the greenhause effect. Anthropogen umgesetzte Energie- und Stoffströme können mit wesentlichen Auswirkungen für Mensch und Umwelt verbunden sein. Um diese Auswirkungen bei der Beurteilung von Energieversorgungstechniken berücksichtigen zu können, werden in dem vorliegenden Bericht für verschiedene Techniken zur Strom- und Wärmebereitstellung die Stoff- und Energieströme über den gesamten Lebensweg quantifiziert und die aus ihnen resultierenden Auswirkungen auf Mensch und Umwelt abgeschätzt. Berücksichtigte Wirkungskategorien sind der Treibhauseffekt, die Versauerung und Eutrophierung von Böden und Gewässern, Risiken für die menschliche Gesundheit, Ressourcenverzehr, Materialschäden und die Schädigung von Nutzpflanzen.

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