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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boyer, Anne-Lise;

    Dans le contexte de changement climatique qui voit se multiplier les épisodes de sécheresse et les territoires sujets à de forts stress hydriques, cette thèse s’intéresse à la manière de gérer le déséquilibre entre disponibilité de la ressource en eau et demande croissante à Phoenix et à Tucson, dans l’Ouest aride des États-Unis. S’appuyant sur un terrain qui fait jouer à l’extrême les problématiques socio-écologiques de la pénurie, ce travail de recherche propose de considérer les villes de Phoenix et de Tucson comme des laboratoires de l’adaptation urbaine au changement climatique pour explorer les différentes modalités d’adaptation à la rareté de la ressource en eau. Pour ce faire, la thèse mobilise les outils et concepts de l’urban political ecology afin d’observer les luttes de pouvoir entre les acteurs de la gestion de l’eau dans un contexte où le système de grandes infrastructures hydrauliques sous-tendant la croissance urbaine est de plus en plus remis en question. Ce travail de recherche met en œuvre des protocoles d’enquête quantitatifs et qualitatifs : analyse des discours à partir de corpus de textes extraits de la presse et de Twitter pour déconstruire le discours dominant sur l’eau ; entretiens semi-directifs avec les acteurs de l’eau (institutions et militants écologistes) et observation participante pour questionner les tensions entre discours et changements entrepris dans les pratiques urbaines à l’échelle locale pour économiser l’eau. La thèse montre d’une part que les stratégies d’adaptation sont mises en œuvre par les acteurs dominants dans le cadre de fixes socio-écologiques afin de maintenir la trajectoire de croissance de villes particulièrement attractives. D’autre part, elle souligne le rôle de l’action citoyenne pour proposer des alternatives et des bifurcations du métabolisme urbain fortement consommateur d’eau. Enfin, ce travail montre le rôle que jouent les alternatives environnementales pour réguler les stratégies de contrôle de la ressource et dépasser les paradigmes gestionnaires de la nature. In the context of climate change, as droughts intensify and as more areas are subject to high water stress, this dissertation focuses on how to manage the imbalance between water resource availability and growing demand in two metropolises of the arid West of the United States. Located in the Sonoran Desert and built on the model of the oasis city, Phoenix and Tucson take the socio-ecological stakes of water scarcity to the extreme. This study proposes to consider these two cities as laboratories for urban adaptation to climate change to explore competing modalities of adaptation to water scarcity. Using an urban political ecology framework, the goal is to observe and analyze the power struggles between stakeholders involved in water resource management in a context where the system of large hydraulic infrastructures underpinning urban growth is increasingly called into question. This mixed-methods survey brings together critical discourse analysis to deconstruct the dominant arguments and position-takings on water conservation, semi-structured interviews with water sector actors (institutions and environmental activists) and participant observation to question the tensions between discourses and changes in urban practices at the local level for adapting the urban metabolism to a world of less water. This thesis shows, on the one hand, that adaptation strategies are implemented by dominant actors within the framework of socio-ecological fixes in order to maintain the growth trajectory of particularly attractive cities. On the other hand, it highlights the role that citizen empowerment plays in the emergence of alternatives and shows that environmental alternatives play an important role in regulating resource control strategies and overcoming traditional resource-based management paradigms.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Paris Nanterrearrow_drop_down
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    HAL Paris Nanterre
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
    Data sources: HAL Paris Nanterre
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL Descartes
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
    Data sources: HAL Descartes
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-ENS-LYON
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
    Data sources: HAL-ENS-LYON
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-Lyon 3
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
    Conference object . 2022
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL-ENS-LYON
    Conference object . 2022
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL-Lyon 3
    Conference object . 2022
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Paris Nanterrearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL Paris Nanterre
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
      Data sources: HAL Paris Nanterre
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL Descartes
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-ENS-LYON
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-Lyon 3
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
      Data sources: HAL-Lyon 3
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
      Conference object . 2022
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL-ENS-LYON
      Conference object . 2022
      Data sources: HAL-ENS-LYON
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL-Lyon 3
      Conference object . 2022
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Testa, Etienne;

    Ce travail est consacré à l'étude des processus d'échange de charge et de perte d'énergie d'ions lourds très chargés ralentis, canalisés dans des cristaux minces de silicium. Les deux premiers chapitres présente le principe de la canalisation des ions lourds dans un cristal, l'ensemble des processus d'interaction ion-électrons et le principe de nos simulations d'échanges de charge et de trajectoires en conditions de canalisation.Les chapitres suivants décrivent deux expériences réalisées à l'accélérateur de GSI de Darmstadt dont les principaux résultats sont les suivants : la probabilité par atome cible de capture mécanique (MEC) des ions U91+ de 20 MeV/u en fonction du paramètre d'impact (à l'aide de nos simulations), l'observation de la forte polarisation du gaz d'électrons cible par l'intermédiaire de la capture radiative (REC) et le ralentissement d'ions Pb81+ de 13 à 8,5 MeV/u en conditions de canalisation, pour lesquelles la capture électronique est fortement réduite. This work is devoted to the study of charge exchange processes and of the energy loss of highly charged heavy ions channeled in thin silicon crystals. The two first chapters present the techniques of heavy ion channeling in a crystal, the ion-electron processes and the principle of our simulations (charge exchange and trajectory of channeled ions).The next chapters describe the two experiments performed at the GSI facility in Darmstadt, the main results of which are the followings : the probability per target atom of the mechanical capture (MEC) of 20 MeV/u U91+ ions as a function of the impact parameter (with the help of our simulations), the observation of the strong polarization of the target electron gas by the study of the radiative capture (REC) and the slowing down of Pb81+ ions from 13 to 8,5 MeV/u in channeling conditions for which electron capture is strongly reduced.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Halarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2005
    License: CC BY
    Data sources: Hal
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Halarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2005
      License: CC BY
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marcon, Michel; Massabie, Patrick; Blanchin, Jean Yves; Kergourlay, Frédéric; +6 Authors

    En conformité avec les conclusions du « Grenelle de l'environnement », il est demandé au secteur agricole de réduire l'impact environnemental des exploitations. La diminution des consommations d'énergie directes constitue l'une des réponses à cet objectif ; or, le concept de bâtiment d'élevage à énergie positive est une voie possible pour améliorer notablement le bilan énergétique des élevages.Ainsi, l'objectif de cette étude est triple : (i) proposer une définition commune d'un bâtiment à énergie positive pour les trois principales filières d'élevage, (ii) fournir les éléments techniques pour la réalisation de ce type de bâtiments, (iii) évaluer l'intérêt économique de ce concept.Après avoir défini le concept du BEBC 1 , trois guides techniques ont été publiés (un pour chaque filière). Ils présentent, sous la forme de fiches techniques l'ensemble des technologiques et des pratiques d'élevage, permettant de réduire les consommations d'énergie. De plus, ces guides proposent un descriptif des solutions de production d'énergie renouvelable.Enfin, chaque filière a réalisé une synthèse économique sur un bâtiment à énergie positive virtuel dans le but d'évaluer l'intérêt économique de ce concept. In accordance with the conclusions of the "Grenelle de l'environnement", agricultural sector is due to reduce environmental impact of farms. Direct energy consumption reduction is one answer to this objective. However, the concept of barn positive energy is a possible way to significantly improve the energy balance of the farms. Thus, the objective of this study was threefold: (i) to provide a common definition of a building positive energy for the three main sectors of farming, (ii) to provide the technical elements for the construction of this type of buildings, (iii) to evaluate the economic interest of this concept. After defining the concept of the BEBC, three technical guides were published (one for each sector). They presented, in the form of sheets all technologies and breeding practices, to reduce energy consumption. In addition, these guides provided a description of the production of renewable energy solutions. Finally, each sector produced an economic synthesis on a virtual building positive energy to assess the economic impact of this concept.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL INRAEarrow_drop_down
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    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2016
    License: CC BY NC ND
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      Article . 2016
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Marty, Frédéric;

    Le recours systématique aux procédures d'engagements dans le cadre du contentieux concurrentiel européen dans le domaine de l'énergie depuis 2007 semble se traduire par la négociation de mesures correctives réalisant au fil des décisions individuelles les objectifs qu'avait porté la Commission dans le cadre de la négociation du Troisième Paquet de directives énergétiques. Cet article s'interroge sur la possibilité de voir des mesures correctives aller au-delà de la cessation d'une pratique anticoncurrentielle donnée pour participer d'une logique de régulation de la concurrence. Les questions du contrôle de proportionnalité des engagements et de la marge de discrétion dont jouit la Commission conduisent à des interrogations sur les périmètres respectifs des règles de concurrence et de la régulation sectorielle d'une part et sur la définition même de la politique de concurrence, d'autre part. The systematic use of commitments in the European energy sector competition case-law seems to achieve, through individual decisions, the Commission's initial objectives of the Third Package negotiations. This article aims at analyzing to what extend antitrust remedies could go beyond the mere correction of abuses and could contribute to a regulation of competition. Judicial review, in terms of proportionality control, and the Commission's degrees of freedom in negotiated procedures question not only competition policy and sector-specific regulation respective scopes but also European competition policy theoretical foundations.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Hyper Article en Lig...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Pinot, Yoann;

    Ti1-xAlxN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) is considered as a model system, where TiN (fcc) and AlN (hcp) do not mix over the whole composition range due to their low miscibility. However, the physical vapour deposition (PVD) allows achieving metastable phases of Ti1-xAlxN, where Al atoms are partially substituting for Ti in fcc lattice. Ti1-xAlxN coatings exhibit high hardness and oxidation resistance for the maximum Al substituted to Ti in fcc lattice (about x=0.6). The proportion of grain boundaries and the limit solubility play a major role on the mechanical properties and resistance to wear of the coatings. Several techniques are employed to investigate two sets of Ti1-xAlxN thin films deposited by magnetron reactive sputtering from two types of metallic targets onto Si (100). Lattice symmetry of crystallised domains and columnar growth structure of the films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (TEM, HRTEM). Several local probes such as X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), diffraction anomalous fine structure (DAFS) and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopies (EELS) which are very sensitive to the symmetry of the atomic sites either octahedral for fcc lattice or tetrahedral for hcp one are carried out. For Ti-rich films (x 0.7) have a domain growth well crystallized in the direction [002]h the hexagonal lattice. In addition, the cubic / hexagonal transition in Al contents higher is observed for films from sintered target. These films show better wear resistance than those deposited from target compartmentalized. Les films de nitrures métalliques nanostructurés sont généralement utilisés comme revêtements protecteurs. Ti1-xAlxN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) peut être considéré comme un système modèle, où TiN (cubique) et AIN (hexagonal) sont partiellement miscibles. L’élaboration par dépôt physique en phase vapeur donne au film une microstructure colonnaire complexe composée de phase métastable pouvant cohabiter avec des précipités localisés aux joints de grains. Une haute dureté et une grande résistance à l’oxydation sont observées pour un maximum d’atomes de Ti substitué par des atomes de Al en réseau cubique. Les conditions de dépôt et la composition jouent un rôle majeur sur la substitution des éléments métalliques (Ti ,Al). Nous avons préparé deux séries de films déposés par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron réactive à partir de cibles TiAl compartimentées et frittées. La micro- et nanostructure des films ont été analysées par Diffraction, Spectroscopie d’Absorption des rayons X et Microscopie Electronique à Transmission. L’usure des revêtements a été étudiée par microtribologie. Nous observons pour les films riches en Ti (x 0,7) présentent une croissance de domaines bien cristallisés suivant la direction [002]h du réseau hexagonal. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence l’apparition de la transition cubique / hexagonal à des teneurs en Al plus élevée pour les films issus de cible frittée. Ces films montrent une meilleure résistance à la fissuration et à l’usure que ceux déposés à partir de cible compartimentées.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Petit, Martin;

    L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser théoriquement et expérimentalement la condensation des espèces inorganiques dans une installation de gazéification de la biomasse. Lors de la gazéification de la biomasse, des espèces inorganiques sont volatilisées et se condensent lors du refroidissement du gaz de synthèse. Ces espèces sont problématiques pour le procédé et doivent être éliminées avant la synthèse des biocarburants. Une étude thermodynamique a précisé la nature et la répartition des espèces inorganiques qui sont volatilisées lors de la gazéification ainsi que des espèces qui se condensent lors du refroidissement. Un modèle de condensation des aérosols issus de la gazéification de la biomasse a ensuite été construit à partir d'une description mathématique des différents phénomènes mis en jeu (nucléation, croissance, agglomération et dépôts) Parallèlement un dispositif expérimental a été mis au point, construit et qualifié. Ce dispositif permet d'analyser la condensation d'une vapeur de KCl dans un écoulement pouvant comporter des particules de carbone se refroidissant à une vitesse de 1000 K/s. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont mis en évidence une nucléation du KCl lors d'un refroidissement à 1000 K/s, la condensation de KCl sur les particules de carbone ainsi que le dépôt de KCl et des particules sur les parois. La condensation de KCl provoque une augmentation du diamètre aérodynamique des particules de carbone. La présence de particules dans l'écoulement permet de diminuer les dépôts de KCl aux parois de 25% à 40%. La comparaison de calculs simulant les expériences avec les données expérimentales a permis de quantifier les différents phénomènes et de valider le modèle. Enfin, des solutions ont été proposées pour limiter les dépôts de KCl aux parois des échangeurs dans une installation industrielle de gazéification de la biomasse The aim of this work is to analyse theoretically and experimentally inorganic species conden- sation in a biomass gasification facility. During biomass gasification, some inorganic species are volatilised and then condense when the syngas cools down. These species can spoil the facility and thus have to be removed before the biodiesel synthesis. First, a thermodynamic study descri- bed the nature and distribution of inorganic species either volatilised during biomass gasification or condensed during cooling. Then an aerosol condensation model for biomass gasification has been developed using a mathematical description of the different phenomena involved (nuclea- tion, growth, agglomeration, deposition). Meanwhile, an experimental device (ANACONDA) has been built and qualified. This device was used to analyse KCl condensation on graphite particles as the gas cooled at 1000 K/s. Experimental results showed nucleation of new KCl particles du- ring the cooling, KCl condensation on graphite particles and deposition of KCl and particles on walls. KCl condensation causes an increase in graphite particle aerodynamic diameter. Graphite particles prevent wall deposit of KCl, which decreased from 40% to 25%. From the comparison of simulation and experimental results, the various phenomena could be quantified and the model validated. Finally, the model was used to propose solutions for limiting inorganic deposit on exchanger walls in a biomass-gasification industrial facility

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2011
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2011
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    Authors: Prykhodko, Yevhenii;

    Dans le cadre de matériaux plus favorables à l’environnement (énergie propre et récupération du CO2), le poly(éthylène-co-acétate de vinyle) (EVA) et l’alcool polyvinylique (PVA) ont été utilisés en tant que précurseurs pour l’élaboration de membranes échangeuses de protons et de membranes pour la séparation des gaz. L’hydrolyse de l’EVA a permis d’obtenir des copolymères aux propriétés de permsélectivité améliorées notamment vis-à-vis du CO2 et pour différentes proportions entre les groupes acétate de vinyle (VAc) et alcool vinylique (VOH). Par ailleurs l’acétylation de l’alcool polyvinylique a été bénéfique pour le développement de matériaux de base pour les conducteurs ioniques et les membranes de séparation gazeuse. Afin d’augmenter la température d’application (> 80°C) de la membrane échangeuse de protons, des liquides ioniques (LIs) protiques à base d’imidazolium ont été synthétisés. L’accent a été mis principalement sur l’optimisation de la structure chimique du système membranaire polymère/liquide ionique dans le but d’obtenir des membranes aux propriétés physicochimiques optimales pour une utilisation variée aussi bien pour la technologie de la pile à combustible que pour la séparation des gaz. Nous avons réussi à établir des relations structure-propriétés pour les LIs synthétisés et les polymères modifiés, en montrant que le changement de la chaîne latérale du cation ou de l’anion a une influence significative sur la stabilité thermique et la conductivité ionique de ces liquides ioniques, alors que la présence de certains groupes (i.e. -NO2, -SO3H, -OH, -OAc, Benzyl) dans la structure du copolymère induit des effets notables sur les propriétés thermiques, mécaniques et les propriétés de transport de la membrane. Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used as the precursors for the elaboration of the proton-exchange and gas separation membranes. It was found that the EVA hydrolysis allowed elaborating copolymers with tuned properties for the gas separation due to the different VAc/VOH group ratio. Whereas the PVA acetylation allowed the development of the proton-exchange and gas separation membrane depending on the chemical structure of the used aldehyde. In order to increase the fuel cell working temperature (> 80 °C), new fluorinated protic ionic liquids of the imidazolium nature were synthesized. The polymer/ionic liquid chemical structure was optimized in order to obtain a material to be used in the proton-exchange membrane fuel cell or gas separation technology. It is shown that the change of the cation side chain or anion nature has a significant influence on the ionic liquids thermal stability and ion conductivity, whereas an introduction of certain groups (i.e. -NO2, -SO3H, -OH, -OAc, Benzyl) in the copolymer structure has a defined effect on the membrane thermal, mechanical and transport properties.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Hadj-Saïd, Souad;

    This thesis focuses on the energy management of Hybrid Electric Vehicle. In this type of vehicle, energy optimization is a major challenge. It consists of calculating optimal commands that minimize the vehicle’s energy consumption under a finite number of constraints. The optimization issue could be solved using a digital method or an analytical method. This choice depends on the nature of energy models that monitor the optimization criteria: analytical or maps of experimental measurements. However, this method presents numerous disadvantages. Its calculation is extremely time-consuming for instance. Therefore, the works presented in this thesis were directed in order to develop an analytical solution where the calculation is lesstime consuming. The architecture of the vehicle is complex. In fact, the vehicle contains two electrical machines, a thermal engine and a step-up. These components have all a straight impact on the vehicle’s energy consumption so several optimization variables were defining. Consequently, working on an analytical solution was a natural choice. The proposed analytical methodology consists of three steps: convex modeling, the command analytical calculation as well as the analytical command validation on a vehicle simulator. This methodology was applied to three possible configurations of the studied vehicle: parallel, biparallel and in serial. Finally, the step-up addition to the energy management as well as the study of itsimpact on the vehicle’s energy consumption are presented in the last chapter. The simulation results show that the analytical method reduces considerably the computing time and has an extremely low suboptimality. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion d'énergie d'un Véhicule Hybride Électrique. Pour ce type de véhicule, l'optimisation énergétique est un enjeu majeur. Cela consiste à calculer les commandes optimales minimisant la consommation énergétique du véhicule sous un nombre fini de contraintes. Deux types de méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour résoudre ce problème d'optimisation. La première méthode et la plus utilisée, la méthode numérique, utilisant des modèles cartographiques basés sur des données. Elle présente deux inconvénients majeurs: temps de calcul et mémoire importants. La deuxième méthode, appelée analytique, qui permet de remédier à ces deux problèmes, a été utilisée dans cette thèse. Plus l'architecture du véhicule devient complexe (plusieurs machines électriques, moteur thermique, élévateur de tension), plus l'intérêt de cette approche sera important. La méthodologie analytique, proposée dans cette thèse, est composée principalement de trois étapes : la modélisation convexe, le calcul analytique des commandes et la validation des commandes analytiques sur un simulateur de véhicule. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée sur les trois configurations possibles du véhicule étudié : parallèle, bi-parallèle et série. Finalement, l'ajout de l'élévateur de tension dans la gestion d'énergie ainsi que l'étude de son impact sur la consommation énergétique du véhicule sont présentés dans le dernier chapitre. Les résultats obtenus en simulation montrent que la méthode analytique a permis de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul tout en ayant une sous-optimalité très faible.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Ouro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou;

    Le changement climatique est devenu aujourd’hui le fléau environnemental qui préoccupe etmobilise le plus la communauté internationale. L’aboutissement de cette mobilisation générale reste sansdoute la mise en place du régime international de lutte contre le changement climatique dont la Conventioncadredes Nations Unies sur le changement climatique et le Protocole de Kyoto constituent les basesjuridiques. Ce régime innove en ce qu’il fixe des engagements quantifiés de réduction des émissions de gaz àeffet de serre pour les États pollueurs, mais aussi en ce qu’il instaure des mécanismes dits de « flexibilité »dont la mise en oeuvre est assortie d’un contrôle original basé sur un Comité dit de « l’observance ». Mais, endépit de toute cette production normative, il est regrettable de constater aujourd’hui que le régimeinternational du climat est un véritable échec. En effet, si la mobilisation des États ne fait aucun doute, enrevanche, les mêmes États qui ont volontairement accepté de s’engager refusent délibérément d’honorer leursengagements pour des raisons essentiellement politiques, économiques et stratégiques. Ce travail ambitionnedonc de lever le voile sur les causes de cet échec en dressant un bilan mitigé de la première périoded’engagement de Kyoto qui a pris fin en 2012, et propose des perspectives pour un régime juridique duclimat post-Kyoto efficient et efficace, en mesure d’être à la hauteur des enjeux. Climate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
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    Authors: A. Bonnet; M. Devienne; V. De Broucker; V. Duquennoy-Martinot; +1 Authors

    Surgical site infections are a challenge for public health. One of the keystones of prevention is the skin preparation of the patient. Alcoholic antiseptics are presented as the best solution. But the adverse effects attributed to them must not be overshadowed by the exclusive benefit of their microbiological performance. The authors report four cases of severe burn having occurred in the operating room after skin antisepsis performed with an alcoholic antiseptic. The mechanisms of these accidents and preventive measures are reviewed. It concerns the restriction of ignition factors during use and the strict conformity to drying time. These potentially dramatic complications can and should be avoided. Probably underestimated, burns due to ignition of alcoholic antiseptics should appear more clearly in the evaluation of the risk-benefit balance.

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    Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esthétique
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Annales de Chirurgie...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esthétique
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Boyer, Anne-Lise;

    Dans le contexte de changement climatique qui voit se multiplier les épisodes de sécheresse et les territoires sujets à de forts stress hydriques, cette thèse s’intéresse à la manière de gérer le déséquilibre entre disponibilité de la ressource en eau et demande croissante à Phoenix et à Tucson, dans l’Ouest aride des États-Unis. S’appuyant sur un terrain qui fait jouer à l’extrême les problématiques socio-écologiques de la pénurie, ce travail de recherche propose de considérer les villes de Phoenix et de Tucson comme des laboratoires de l’adaptation urbaine au changement climatique pour explorer les différentes modalités d’adaptation à la rareté de la ressource en eau. Pour ce faire, la thèse mobilise les outils et concepts de l’urban political ecology afin d’observer les luttes de pouvoir entre les acteurs de la gestion de l’eau dans un contexte où le système de grandes infrastructures hydrauliques sous-tendant la croissance urbaine est de plus en plus remis en question. Ce travail de recherche met en œuvre des protocoles d’enquête quantitatifs et qualitatifs : analyse des discours à partir de corpus de textes extraits de la presse et de Twitter pour déconstruire le discours dominant sur l’eau ; entretiens semi-directifs avec les acteurs de l’eau (institutions et militants écologistes) et observation participante pour questionner les tensions entre discours et changements entrepris dans les pratiques urbaines à l’échelle locale pour économiser l’eau. La thèse montre d’une part que les stratégies d’adaptation sont mises en œuvre par les acteurs dominants dans le cadre de fixes socio-écologiques afin de maintenir la trajectoire de croissance de villes particulièrement attractives. D’autre part, elle souligne le rôle de l’action citoyenne pour proposer des alternatives et des bifurcations du métabolisme urbain fortement consommateur d’eau. Enfin, ce travail montre le rôle que jouent les alternatives environnementales pour réguler les stratégies de contrôle de la ressource et dépasser les paradigmes gestionnaires de la nature. In the context of climate change, as droughts intensify and as more areas are subject to high water stress, this dissertation focuses on how to manage the imbalance between water resource availability and growing demand in two metropolises of the arid West of the United States. Located in the Sonoran Desert and built on the model of the oasis city, Phoenix and Tucson take the socio-ecological stakes of water scarcity to the extreme. This study proposes to consider these two cities as laboratories for urban adaptation to climate change to explore competing modalities of adaptation to water scarcity. Using an urban political ecology framework, the goal is to observe and analyze the power struggles between stakeholders involved in water resource management in a context where the system of large hydraulic infrastructures underpinning urban growth is increasingly called into question. This mixed-methods survey brings together critical discourse analysis to deconstruct the dominant arguments and position-takings on water conservation, semi-structured interviews with water sector actors (institutions and environmental activists) and participant observation to question the tensions between discourses and changes in urban practices at the local level for adapting the urban metabolism to a world of less water. This thesis shows, on the one hand, that adaptation strategies are implemented by dominant actors within the framework of socio-ecological fixes in order to maintain the growth trajectory of particularly attractive cities. On the other hand, it highlights the role that citizen empowerment plays in the emergence of alternatives and shows that environmental alternatives play an important role in regulating resource control strategies and overcoming traditional resource-based management paradigms.

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    HAL Paris Nanterre
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL Descartes
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-ENS-LYON
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    HAL-Lyon 3
    Doctoral thesis . 2020
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    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
    Conference object . 2022
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL-ENS-LYON
    Conference object . 2022
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    HAL-Lyon 3
    Conference object . 2022
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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL Paris Nanterrearrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL Paris Nanterre
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL Descartes
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-ENS-LYON
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      HAL-Lyon 3
      Doctoral thesis . 2020
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL Lumiere Lyon 2
      Conference object . 2022
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      Conference object . 2022
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      HAL-Lyon 3
      Conference object . 2022
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Testa, Etienne;

    Ce travail est consacré à l'étude des processus d'échange de charge et de perte d'énergie d'ions lourds très chargés ralentis, canalisés dans des cristaux minces de silicium. Les deux premiers chapitres présente le principe de la canalisation des ions lourds dans un cristal, l'ensemble des processus d'interaction ion-électrons et le principe de nos simulations d'échanges de charge et de trajectoires en conditions de canalisation.Les chapitres suivants décrivent deux expériences réalisées à l'accélérateur de GSI de Darmstadt dont les principaux résultats sont les suivants : la probabilité par atome cible de capture mécanique (MEC) des ions U91+ de 20 MeV/u en fonction du paramètre d'impact (à l'aide de nos simulations), l'observation de la forte polarisation du gaz d'électrons cible par l'intermédiaire de la capture radiative (REC) et le ralentissement d'ions Pb81+ de 13 à 8,5 MeV/u en conditions de canalisation, pour lesquelles la capture électronique est fortement réduite. This work is devoted to the study of charge exchange processes and of the energy loss of highly charged heavy ions channeled in thin silicon crystals. The two first chapters present the techniques of heavy ion channeling in a crystal, the ion-electron processes and the principle of our simulations (charge exchange and trajectory of channeled ions).The next chapters describe the two experiments performed at the GSI facility in Darmstadt, the main results of which are the followings : the probability per target atom of the mechanical capture (MEC) of 20 MeV/u U91+ ions as a function of the impact parameter (with the help of our simulations), the observation of the strong polarization of the target electron gas by the study of the radiative capture (REC) and the slowing down of Pb81+ ions from 13 to 8,5 MeV/u in channeling conditions for which electron capture is strongly reduced.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2005
    License: CC BY
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2005
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Marcon, Michel; Massabie, Patrick; Blanchin, Jean Yves; Kergourlay, Frédéric; +6 Authors

    En conformité avec les conclusions du « Grenelle de l'environnement », il est demandé au secteur agricole de réduire l'impact environnemental des exploitations. La diminution des consommations d'énergie directes constitue l'une des réponses à cet objectif ; or, le concept de bâtiment d'élevage à énergie positive est une voie possible pour améliorer notablement le bilan énergétique des élevages.Ainsi, l'objectif de cette étude est triple : (i) proposer une définition commune d'un bâtiment à énergie positive pour les trois principales filières d'élevage, (ii) fournir les éléments techniques pour la réalisation de ce type de bâtiments, (iii) évaluer l'intérêt économique de ce concept.Après avoir défini le concept du BEBC 1 , trois guides techniques ont été publiés (un pour chaque filière). Ils présentent, sous la forme de fiches techniques l'ensemble des technologiques et des pratiques d'élevage, permettant de réduire les consommations d'énergie. De plus, ces guides proposent un descriptif des solutions de production d'énergie renouvelable.Enfin, chaque filière a réalisé une synthèse économique sur un bâtiment à énergie positive virtuel dans le but d'évaluer l'intérêt économique de ce concept. In accordance with the conclusions of the "Grenelle de l'environnement", agricultural sector is due to reduce environmental impact of farms. Direct energy consumption reduction is one answer to this objective. However, the concept of barn positive energy is a possible way to significantly improve the energy balance of the farms. Thus, the objective of this study was threefold: (i) to provide a common definition of a building positive energy for the three main sectors of farming, (ii) to provide the technical elements for the construction of this type of buildings, (iii) to evaluate the economic interest of this concept. After defining the concept of the BEBC, three technical guides were published (one for each sector). They presented, in the form of sheets all technologies and breeding practices, to reduce energy consumption. In addition, these guides provided a description of the production of renewable energy solutions. Finally, each sector produced an economic synthesis on a virtual building positive energy to assess the economic impact of this concept.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ HAL INRAEarrow_drop_down
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    HAL INRAE
    Article . 2016
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      HAL INRAE
      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Marty, Frédéric;

    Le recours systématique aux procédures d'engagements dans le cadre du contentieux concurrentiel européen dans le domaine de l'énergie depuis 2007 semble se traduire par la négociation de mesures correctives réalisant au fil des décisions individuelles les objectifs qu'avait porté la Commission dans le cadre de la négociation du Troisième Paquet de directives énergétiques. Cet article s'interroge sur la possibilité de voir des mesures correctives aller au-delà de la cessation d'une pratique anticoncurrentielle donnée pour participer d'une logique de régulation de la concurrence. Les questions du contrôle de proportionnalité des engagements et de la marge de discrétion dont jouit la Commission conduisent à des interrogations sur les périmètres respectifs des règles de concurrence et de la régulation sectorielle d'une part et sur la définition même de la politique de concurrence, d'autre part. The systematic use of commitments in the European energy sector competition case-law seems to achieve, through individual decisions, the Commission's initial objectives of the Third Package negotiations. This article aims at analyzing to what extend antitrust remedies could go beyond the mere correction of abuses and could contribute to a regulation of competition. Judicial review, in terms of proportionality control, and the Commission's degrees of freedom in negotiated procedures question not only competition policy and sector-specific regulation respective scopes but also European competition policy theoretical foundations.

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    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    Authors: Pinot, Yoann;

    Ti1-xAlxN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) is considered as a model system, where TiN (fcc) and AlN (hcp) do not mix over the whole composition range due to their low miscibility. However, the physical vapour deposition (PVD) allows achieving metastable phases of Ti1-xAlxN, where Al atoms are partially substituting for Ti in fcc lattice. Ti1-xAlxN coatings exhibit high hardness and oxidation resistance for the maximum Al substituted to Ti in fcc lattice (about x=0.6). The proportion of grain boundaries and the limit solubility play a major role on the mechanical properties and resistance to wear of the coatings. Several techniques are employed to investigate two sets of Ti1-xAlxN thin films deposited by magnetron reactive sputtering from two types of metallic targets onto Si (100). Lattice symmetry of crystallised domains and columnar growth structure of the films are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy (TEM, HRTEM). Several local probes such as X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), diffraction anomalous fine structure (DAFS) and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopies (EELS) which are very sensitive to the symmetry of the atomic sites either octahedral for fcc lattice or tetrahedral for hcp one are carried out. For Ti-rich films (x 0.7) have a domain growth well crystallized in the direction [002]h the hexagonal lattice. In addition, the cubic / hexagonal transition in Al contents higher is observed for films from sintered target. These films show better wear resistance than those deposited from target compartmentalized. Les films de nitrures métalliques nanostructurés sont généralement utilisés comme revêtements protecteurs. Ti1-xAlxN (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) peut être considéré comme un système modèle, où TiN (cubique) et AIN (hexagonal) sont partiellement miscibles. L’élaboration par dépôt physique en phase vapeur donne au film une microstructure colonnaire complexe composée de phase métastable pouvant cohabiter avec des précipités localisés aux joints de grains. Une haute dureté et une grande résistance à l’oxydation sont observées pour un maximum d’atomes de Ti substitué par des atomes de Al en réseau cubique. Les conditions de dépôt et la composition jouent un rôle majeur sur la substitution des éléments métalliques (Ti ,Al). Nous avons préparé deux séries de films déposés par pulvérisation cathodique magnétron réactive à partir de cibles TiAl compartimentées et frittées. La micro- et nanostructure des films ont été analysées par Diffraction, Spectroscopie d’Absorption des rayons X et Microscopie Electronique à Transmission. L’usure des revêtements a été étudiée par microtribologie. Nous observons pour les films riches en Ti (x 0,7) présentent une croissance de domaines bien cristallisés suivant la direction [002]h du réseau hexagonal. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence l’apparition de la transition cubique / hexagonal à des teneurs en Al plus élevée pour les films issus de cible frittée. Ces films montrent une meilleure résistance à la fissuration et à l’usure que ceux déposés à partir de cible compartimentées.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2015
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2015
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    Authors: Petit, Martin;

    L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser théoriquement et expérimentalement la condensation des espèces inorganiques dans une installation de gazéification de la biomasse. Lors de la gazéification de la biomasse, des espèces inorganiques sont volatilisées et se condensent lors du refroidissement du gaz de synthèse. Ces espèces sont problématiques pour le procédé et doivent être éliminées avant la synthèse des biocarburants. Une étude thermodynamique a précisé la nature et la répartition des espèces inorganiques qui sont volatilisées lors de la gazéification ainsi que des espèces qui se condensent lors du refroidissement. Un modèle de condensation des aérosols issus de la gazéification de la biomasse a ensuite été construit à partir d'une description mathématique des différents phénomènes mis en jeu (nucléation, croissance, agglomération et dépôts) Parallèlement un dispositif expérimental a été mis au point, construit et qualifié. Ce dispositif permet d'analyser la condensation d'une vapeur de KCl dans un écoulement pouvant comporter des particules de carbone se refroidissant à une vitesse de 1000 K/s. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont mis en évidence une nucléation du KCl lors d'un refroidissement à 1000 K/s, la condensation de KCl sur les particules de carbone ainsi que le dépôt de KCl et des particules sur les parois. La condensation de KCl provoque une augmentation du diamètre aérodynamique des particules de carbone. La présence de particules dans l'écoulement permet de diminuer les dépôts de KCl aux parois de 25% à 40%. La comparaison de calculs simulant les expériences avec les données expérimentales a permis de quantifier les différents phénomènes et de valider le modèle. Enfin, des solutions ont été proposées pour limiter les dépôts de KCl aux parois des échangeurs dans une installation industrielle de gazéification de la biomasse The aim of this work is to analyse theoretically and experimentally inorganic species conden- sation in a biomass gasification facility. During biomass gasification, some inorganic species are volatilised and then condense when the syngas cools down. These species can spoil the facility and thus have to be removed before the biodiesel synthesis. First, a thermodynamic study descri- bed the nature and distribution of inorganic species either volatilised during biomass gasification or condensed during cooling. Then an aerosol condensation model for biomass gasification has been developed using a mathematical description of the different phenomena involved (nuclea- tion, growth, agglomeration, deposition). Meanwhile, an experimental device (ANACONDA) has been built and qualified. This device was used to analyse KCl condensation on graphite particles as the gas cooled at 1000 K/s. Experimental results showed nucleation of new KCl particles du- ring the cooling, KCl condensation on graphite particles and deposition of KCl and particles on walls. KCl condensation causes an increase in graphite particle aerodynamic diameter. Graphite particles prevent wall deposit of KCl, which decreased from 40% to 25%. From the comparison of simulation and experimental results, the various phenomena could be quantified and the model validated. Finally, the model was used to propose solutions for limiting inorganic deposit on exchanger walls in a biomass-gasification industrial facility

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2011
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2011
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    Authors: Prykhodko, Yevhenii;

    Dans le cadre de matériaux plus favorables à l’environnement (énergie propre et récupération du CO2), le poly(éthylène-co-acétate de vinyle) (EVA) et l’alcool polyvinylique (PVA) ont été utilisés en tant que précurseurs pour l’élaboration de membranes échangeuses de protons et de membranes pour la séparation des gaz. L’hydrolyse de l’EVA a permis d’obtenir des copolymères aux propriétés de permsélectivité améliorées notamment vis-à-vis du CO2 et pour différentes proportions entre les groupes acétate de vinyle (VAc) et alcool vinylique (VOH). Par ailleurs l’acétylation de l’alcool polyvinylique a été bénéfique pour le développement de matériaux de base pour les conducteurs ioniques et les membranes de séparation gazeuse. Afin d’augmenter la température d’application (> 80°C) de la membrane échangeuse de protons, des liquides ioniques (LIs) protiques à base d’imidazolium ont été synthétisés. L’accent a été mis principalement sur l’optimisation de la structure chimique du système membranaire polymère/liquide ionique dans le but d’obtenir des membranes aux propriétés physicochimiques optimales pour une utilisation variée aussi bien pour la technologie de la pile à combustible que pour la séparation des gaz. Nous avons réussi à établir des relations structure-propriétés pour les LIs synthétisés et les polymères modifiés, en montrant que le changement de la chaîne latérale du cation ou de l’anion a une influence significative sur la stabilité thermique et la conductivité ionique de ces liquides ioniques, alors que la présence de certains groupes (i.e. -NO2, -SO3H, -OH, -OAc, Benzyl) dans la structure du copolymère induit des effets notables sur les propriétés thermiques, mécaniques et les propriétés de transport de la membrane. Ethylene-co-vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used as the precursors for the elaboration of the proton-exchange and gas separation membranes. It was found that the EVA hydrolysis allowed elaborating copolymers with tuned properties for the gas separation due to the different VAc/VOH group ratio. Whereas the PVA acetylation allowed the development of the proton-exchange and gas separation membrane depending on the chemical structure of the used aldehyde. In order to increase the fuel cell working temperature (> 80 °C), new fluorinated protic ionic liquids of the imidazolium nature were synthesized. The polymer/ionic liquid chemical structure was optimized in order to obtain a material to be used in the proton-exchange membrane fuel cell or gas separation technology. It is shown that the change of the cation side chain or anion nature has a significant influence on the ionic liquids thermal stability and ion conductivity, whereas an introduction of certain groups (i.e. -NO2, -SO3H, -OH, -OAc, Benzyl) in the copolymer structure has a defined effect on the membrane thermal, mechanical and transport properties.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2021
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2021
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    Authors: Hadj-Saïd, Souad;

    This thesis focuses on the energy management of Hybrid Electric Vehicle. In this type of vehicle, energy optimization is a major challenge. It consists of calculating optimal commands that minimize the vehicle’s energy consumption under a finite number of constraints. The optimization issue could be solved using a digital method or an analytical method. This choice depends on the nature of energy models that monitor the optimization criteria: analytical or maps of experimental measurements. However, this method presents numerous disadvantages. Its calculation is extremely time-consuming for instance. Therefore, the works presented in this thesis were directed in order to develop an analytical solution where the calculation is lesstime consuming. The architecture of the vehicle is complex. In fact, the vehicle contains two electrical machines, a thermal engine and a step-up. These components have all a straight impact on the vehicle’s energy consumption so several optimization variables were defining. Consequently, working on an analytical solution was a natural choice. The proposed analytical methodology consists of three steps: convex modeling, the command analytical calculation as well as the analytical command validation on a vehicle simulator. This methodology was applied to three possible configurations of the studied vehicle: parallel, biparallel and in serial. Finally, the step-up addition to the energy management as well as the study of itsimpact on the vehicle’s energy consumption are presented in the last chapter. The simulation results show that the analytical method reduces considerably the computing time and has an extremely low suboptimality. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la gestion d'énergie d'un Véhicule Hybride Électrique. Pour ce type de véhicule, l'optimisation énergétique est un enjeu majeur. Cela consiste à calculer les commandes optimales minimisant la consommation énergétique du véhicule sous un nombre fini de contraintes. Deux types de méthodes peuvent être utilisées pour résoudre ce problème d'optimisation. La première méthode et la plus utilisée, la méthode numérique, utilisant des modèles cartographiques basés sur des données. Elle présente deux inconvénients majeurs: temps de calcul et mémoire importants. La deuxième méthode, appelée analytique, qui permet de remédier à ces deux problèmes, a été utilisée dans cette thèse. Plus l'architecture du véhicule devient complexe (plusieurs machines électriques, moteur thermique, élévateur de tension), plus l'intérêt de cette approche sera important. La méthodologie analytique, proposée dans cette thèse, est composée principalement de trois étapes : la modélisation convexe, le calcul analytique des commandes et la validation des commandes analytiques sur un simulateur de véhicule. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée sur les trois configurations possibles du véhicule étudié : parallèle, bi-parallèle et série. Finalement, l'ajout de l'élévateur de tension dans la gestion d'énergie ainsi que l'étude de son impact sur la consommation énergétique du véhicule sont présentés dans le dernier chapitre. Les résultats obtenus en simulation montrent que la méthode analytique a permis de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul tout en ayant une sous-optimalité très faible.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2018
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2018
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    Authors: Ouro-Bodi, Ouro-Gnaou;

    Le changement climatique est devenu aujourd’hui le fléau environnemental qui préoccupe etmobilise le plus la communauté internationale. L’aboutissement de cette mobilisation générale reste sansdoute la mise en place du régime international de lutte contre le changement climatique dont la Conventioncadredes Nations Unies sur le changement climatique et le Protocole de Kyoto constituent les basesjuridiques. Ce régime innove en ce qu’il fixe des engagements quantifiés de réduction des émissions de gaz àeffet de serre pour les États pollueurs, mais aussi en ce qu’il instaure des mécanismes dits de « flexibilité »dont la mise en oeuvre est assortie d’un contrôle original basé sur un Comité dit de « l’observance ». Mais, endépit de toute cette production normative, il est regrettable de constater aujourd’hui que le régimeinternational du climat est un véritable échec. En effet, si la mobilisation des États ne fait aucun doute, enrevanche, les mêmes États qui ont volontairement accepté de s’engager refusent délibérément d’honorer leursengagements pour des raisons essentiellement politiques, économiques et stratégiques. Ce travail ambitionnedonc de lever le voile sur les causes de cet échec en dressant un bilan mitigé de la première périoded’engagement de Kyoto qui a pris fin en 2012, et propose des perspectives pour un régime juridique duclimat post-Kyoto efficient et efficace, en mesure d’être à la hauteur des enjeux. Climate change has become the scourge environmental concern and mobilizes more theinternational community. The outcome of this mobilization remains probably the implementation ofinternational climate change regime for which the Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol are the legalbases. This system is innovative in that it sets quantified emission reduction commitments for greenhouse gasemissions (GHG) for polluters States, but also in that it establishes mechanisms known as of “flexibility”whose implementation is accompanied by a control based on a Committee known as of “compliance”. Butdespite all this normative production, it is regrettable that today the international climate regime is a realfailure. Indeed, if the mobilization of states is no doubt, however, the same states that have voluntarily agreedto engage deliberately refuse to honour their commitments for essentially political, economic and strategicreasons. This work therefore aims to shed light on the causes of this failure by developing a mixed record ofthe first Kyoto commitment ended period in 2012, and offers prospects for a legal regime of the post-Kyotoclimate and efficient, able to be up to the challenges.

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    Hal
    Doctoral thesis . 2014
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      Hal
      Doctoral thesis . 2014
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    Authors: A. Bonnet; M. Devienne; V. De Broucker; V. Duquennoy-Martinot; +1 Authors

    Surgical site infections are a challenge for public health. One of the keystones of prevention is the skin preparation of the patient. Alcoholic antiseptics are presented as the best solution. But the adverse effects attributed to them must not be overshadowed by the exclusive benefit of their microbiological performance. The authors report four cases of severe burn having occurred in the operating room after skin antisepsis performed with an alcoholic antiseptic. The mechanisms of these accidents and preventive measures are reviewed. It concerns the restriction of ignition factors during use and the strict conformity to drying time. These potentially dramatic complications can and should be avoided. Probably underestimated, burns due to ignition of alcoholic antiseptics should appear more clearly in the evaluation of the risk-benefit balance.

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    Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esthétique
    Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
    License: Elsevier TDM
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Annales de Chirurgie...arrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
      Annales de Chirurgie Plastique Esthétique
      Article . 2015 . Peer-reviewed
      License: Elsevier TDM
      Data sources: Crossref
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