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Experiments have been performed in the Shallow Water Wave Basin of DHI, in Denmark, on large arrays of up to 25 heaving point absorbers for a range of layout configurations and wave conditions. Float response and modification of the wave field are measured to provide data suitable for the evaluation of array interaction models and environmental scale models. Each wave energy converter unit has a diameter of 0.315 m and power absorption is due to friction of both a power take off system and bearings. Response is measured on all floats and surge force on five floats. Wave gauges are located within and around the array. Wave conditions studied include regular waves and both long- and short-crested irregular waves. A rectilinear arrangement of support structures is employed such that several float configurations can be studied. A summary is presented of the experimental arrangement with particular emphasis on the individual wave energy converters and wave conditions employed. Reasonable agreement is observed between measured response for single floats and power output and float response predicted using a linear time domain model. For an array of 25 floats, up to 16.3% reduction of significant wave height is observed down-wave and 10.8% increase observed up-wave for unidirectional irregular waves due to wave radiation by the heaving WECs. Spectra at different locations within and around the array show the wave field modifications. International audience

The present work describes the ongoing development of high temperature PEM fuel cell systems fuelled by steam reformed methanol. Various fuel cell system solutions exist, they mainly differ depending on the desired fuel used. Hightemperature PEM (HTPEM) fuel cells offer the possibility of using liquid fuels such as methanol, due to the increased robustness of operating at higher temperatures (160-180oC). Using liquid fuels such as methanol removes the high volume demands of compressed hydrogen storages, simplifies refueling, and enables the use of existing fuel distribution systems. The liquid methanol is converted to a hydrogen rich gas with CO2 trace amounts of CO, the increased operating temperatures allow the fuel cell to tolerate much higher CO concentrations than Nafion-based membranes. The increased tolerance to CO also enables the use of reformer systems with less hydrogen cleaning steps and requirements for hydrogen purity, reducing the complexity of the reformer systems. Using hydrogen containing CO, affects the steady-state as well as dynamic electrical performance of the fuel cell, but stable operation is still possible with concentrations up to 3%. The typical polymer used in HTPEM fuel cells is polybenzimidazole (PBI), doped with phosphoric acid for proton conduction. The work will present a few different methanol reformer concepts, some experimental results of details related to reformer gas quality, control of burner temperature and the aspects of implementing advanced modeling based control approaches using the commercial Serenergy H3-350 methanol reformer system as an example.

As the world's focus turns to the future and not the present, the engineering profession must respond to the ever increasing need to bring about a sustainable future. The objective of this paper is to support the reform of engineering education by acknowledging and building upon the current awareness and understanding of sustainable development held by key stakeholders in the process. This paper presents the outcomes of a study involving twelve focus groups with Academics, Employers and Students in four European countries (Denmark, Finland, France and Ireland) as part of the A-STEP 2030 European Project. Based on the findings, it is clear that the key stakeholders closely associate the theme of the environment with Sustainable Development. There is also mention of the pillar of economy, but less so, that of society. The findings also reveal differences in the awareness of specific Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with SDG 13 (Climate Action) being most widely noted. The findings allow educators to engage in discussion with students to build a more complete understanding of aspects of sustainable development and to act in redesigning curricula to ensure engineers can contribute to a sustainable future.

This report employs a Smart Energy System approach to redesign Europe's energy infrastructure, emphasizing the expansion of district heating as a strategic move to eliminate gas-based heating in European buildings. It introduces a novel quantification of waste heat potentials and integrates it with analyses of future potential district heating market shares in Europe. Both in a REPowerEU 2030 and long-term decarbonization temporal perspective. Additionally, it provides a quantification of the investment required in district heating infrastructure to achieve substantial reductions in the EU's natural gas consumption. This report contributes to the ongoing the Heat Roadmap Europe project series.