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  • Energy Research
  • 12. Responsible consumption
  • 2. Zero hunger
  • 11. Sustainability
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    Authors: Koutou, Mahamoudou; Sangaré, Mamadou; Havard, Michel; Toillier, Aurélie; +3 Authors

    Income source and accompaniment needs of family farms in the cotton growing area of West Burkina Faso Description of the subject. In the western cotton growing area of Burkina Faso, the variability and the diversity of the income levels of family farms (EAFs) mean that these farms require suitable agronomic accompaniment. Objectives. This article gives an account of this diversity and the need for accompaniment according to the type of identified EAF.Method. The data were collected by the active method of participative research and by investigation of the practices of 120 farms in the commune of Koumbia. Principal component analyses with economic indicators of the EAF were applied, followed by an ascending hierarchical clustering. The structural characteristics, the agro-pastoral practices of production, and the perceptions of the EAF regarding the constraints and appropriateness of agricultural production were compared by variance analysis. Results. The results showed three types of farm: farms with a low-income culture (farmers with few animals), those with a high income culture (farmers with a large number of animals) and those deriving income from breeding (stockbreeders). Taking into account the structure of the farms, their production practices, their technico-economic performance and their appropriateness of agricultural production, the form of sustainable accompaniment needed may be identified in relation to several common or specific innovations of the identified farm types. Accompaniments in the case of farm stock management, and good practice in the management of soil fertility and of animals were common to the three types of EAF. The fodder culture, fattening on pasture and the method of dairy production were specific to the farmers with a large number of animals and to the stockbreeders. The improvement of the food value of culture residues and of some aspects of the maintenance of oxen were more appropriate to the farmers with few animals. Conclusions. In order to succeed, the process of accompaniment must take into account both these specificities and the concept of sustainability. Description du sujet. Dans la zone cotonnière ouest du Burkina Faso, la variabilité et la diversité des revenus des exploitations agricoles familiales (EAF) demandent pour ces dernières des accompagnements appropriés. Objectifs. Cet article rend compte de cette diversité et des besoins d’accompagnement selon les types d’EAF identifiés.Méthode. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations dans la commune de Koumbia. Une analyse en composante principale avec des indicateurs économiques de l’EAF suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont été appliquées. Les caractéristiques structurelles, les pratiques de production agro-pastorales, les perceptions des chefs d’EAF sur les contraintes et opportunités de production agropastorale ont été comparées par une analyse de variance.Résultats. Les résultats montrent trois types d’exploitations : les exploitations à faible revenu culture (agriculteurs), à fort revenu culture (agro-éleveurs) et à revenu élevage (éleveurs). À la lumière de leurs structures, pratiques de production, performances technico-économiques et opportunités de production agricole, leur accompagnement peut porter sur plusieurs innovations durables communes ou spécifiques des types identifiés. Des accompagnements sur la gestion des ressources de l’exploitation, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et des animaux sont communs aux trois types d’EAF. Les cultures fourragères, l’embouche et la production laitière sont spécifiques aux agro-éleveurs et éleveurs. L’amélioration de la valeur nutritive des résidus de cultures et l’entretien des bœufs de trait conviennent plus aux agriculteurs.Conclusions. Pour réussir, le processus d’accompagnement doit prendre en compte ces spécificités et la notion de durabilité.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
    Data sources: Crossref
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    Agritrop
    Article . 2016
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
      Data sources: Crossref
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      Agritrop
      Article . 2016
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    Authors: Lacroix, Denis;

    L'aquaculture est l'une des composantes principales de l'apport en protéines dans le monde, surtout en Asie. Elle croît, alors que la pêche, qu'elle a dépassée en tonnage comme en valeur, décline. Selon les écosystèmes et les méthodes employées, elle peut contribuer à valoriser, mais aussi à dégrader les milieux aquatiques. Dans la zone côtière, espace riche et productif au plan biologique mais convoité, l'aquaculture conserve un potentiel de développement si sa mise en œuvre intègre les principes de la durabilité. Celle-ci peut être éclairée par la prospective avec des méthodes d'analyse adaptées à chaque projet. L'analyse de l'expérience de 33 ans en aquaculture de D. Lacroix est faite en trois temps. D'abord, il s'agit de vérifier la qualité de ses travaux de recherche scientifique menés dans des contextes et avec des responsabilités variés en suivant la grille d'analyse de référence d'un doctorat. Ensuite, l'analyse consiste à prendre un recul critique sur les bilans de réalisations majeures (Antilles, Guyane…) en mobilisant l'approche de M. Callon dont la théorie de la traduction permet de construire le réseau des acteurs et de le projeter dans la problématique. Cette grille d'analyse est complétée par l'étude des aspects de temporalité, légitimité et d'acceptabilité pour chaque réalisation. Ce travail sur diverses situations d'intervention permet de préparer une réflexion sur la proposition méthodologique qui suit et son adaptation à des conditions variables. Enfin, les connaissances acquises sont synthétisées afin de construire une méthode de prospective qui permettrait de gagner en temps, en efficacité et en moyens sur des projets à venir. Pour cela, l'analyse s'appuie sur la vision de R. Passet, qui structure les éléments de tout projet dans la hiérarchie des composantes de la durabilité. Le système dynamique qui en résulte peut être alors croisé avec divers scénarios afin d'en simuler les conséquences et donc d‟éclairer les choix. Cette méthode, dite Aster, est testée sur le cas « modèle » et bien documenté de l'élevage de la crevette Macrobrachium rosenbergii en Guyane française. Elle permet d'aboutir à des recommandations précises et argumentées en matière de recherche comme de développement pour tout décideur impliqué. Aquaculture is one of the main supply of protein in feed for mankind, notably in Asia. It increases and had exceeded the level of production of world fisheries, which is decreasing. According to sites and rearing methods, aquaculture contributes to add value but also in some cases to impact negatively the aquatic ecosystems. In the coastal area, a rich and productive zone, but also a place of conflicts, this activity presents a high potential for development if it takes into account the rules of sustainability. The conditions of this sustainability may be cleared with appropriate methods of foresight analysis applied for each development project. The analysis of the professional experience of D. Lacroix for 33 years in aquaculture is structured in three steps. Firstly, the work is to check the scientific value of the research conducted under his responsibility in various contexts and for different responsibilities. This study refers to the requirements of a PhD. In the second part of the work, the results of few major projects (French West Indies, French Guyana….) are analysed with the support of the theory of translation (Callon et al) which allows to build a network of actors and to project it into the context. This way of study includes a special attention to the aspects of time planning, legitimacy and acceptability. Finally, the author examines how this knowledge gained from experience could help building a method for foresight analysis aiming at a shorter planning, a better timing and less means for future projects. To achieve this goal the author integrates the vision of the economist R. Passet which structures any project in an ecosystemic framework, including criteria of sustainability. The mix of these two approaches (Callon & Passet) entails in a new tool for foresight analysis, called Aster, which originality is to offer the possibility to test various scenarios and related consequences to help decision -makers. This new method of foresight analysis, is then tested on the well known case study of the development of prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in French Guyana. The test shows to be successful as it delivers precise and arguable recommendations about research and development for all stakeholders.

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    Authors: Boullet, Antoine;

    When it comes to sustainable development, n-butanol production by biological means represents an environmentally friendly alternative compared to petrochemical means. Some organisms are able to produce butanol naturally, such as the Clostridiae family, which are Gram-positive bacteria, growing in strict anaerobic conditions. They produce butanol in mixture with acetone and ethanol, which reduce the production yield of butanol and increase the purification costs. In 2015, the PEEP team of TBI built a genetically modified strain of E. coli, expressing the complete conversion pathway from pyruvate to butanol from C. acetobutylicum. This strain’s metabolism was built so that the growth and glucose consumption speeds are coupled with the butanol production speed. In strict anaerobic growth in batch culture, in a chemically defined medium based on glucose and supplemented with yeast extracts (YE) and nitrate (NO3-), this strain produces 3,3 g/L of n-butanol, with a yield of 0,23 g butanol/g glucose, among other minority coproducts (succinate, lactate, acetate, butyrate). These coproducts lower the butanol production yield, and remain unexpected, because the corresponding metabolic pathways were deleted. The goal of this PhD project consists in identifying the metabolic pathways involved in the coproducts production and improving the understanding of the strain, in order to optimize it, improve the butanol/glucose yield, and simplify the culture medium. Several aspects are considered: expressing ferredoxin NAD(P)+ oxidoreductases (FNOR) from organisms other than C. acetobutylicum, in order to combine the reoxidation of the reduced ferredoxin to the generation of ATP; ii) inactivating the metabolic pathways from E. coli which may be involved in the coproducts synthesis; iii) performing an evolutionary in-vivo adaptation of the strain, in order to improve its performances and increase its tolerance to butanol in a chemically defined medium supplemented with YE and NO3-, and then iv) performing an evolutionary adaptation of the Butanol strain to allow its growth in the chemically defined medium without any supplementation. These strategies lead to i) the construction of a new E. coli strain, with its anaerobic growth depending on the functionality of an FNOR: the FNOR from C. acetobutylicum, the Rnf complex from C. ljungdahlii and the FNOR from C. tepidum were assessed. This work lead to the selection of a mutant of the FNOR from C. tepidum, which has a ferredoxin NAD+ reductase activity 2,2 times higher than the native enzyme. This mutant FNOR was then expressed in the E. coli strain producing butanol, as a replacement of C. acetobutylicum’s. The characterization of its phenotype demonstrated its capacity to produce 3 g/L of butanol, with a yield of 0,26 g/g; ii) the deletion of the genes zwf and mdh in the Butanol strain also lead to an improvement of the production in butanol up to 6 g/L , and of the yield up to 0,33 g/g; iii) the in-vivo evolution of the Butanol strain, in continuous culture (chemostat) with regulated pH, in the medium supplemented with YE and Ni, lead to the selection of an evolved strain producing up to 11 g/L of butanol, and a yield of 0,34 g/g. The complete sequencing of the genomes of the clones isolated from this population lead to the identification of mutations in two genes, yqhC and lptG, potentially involved in the strain’s performances; iv) the in-vivo adaptation of the Butanol strain in the medium without any supplementation lead to the selection of a evolved clones producing 2,5 g/L of butanol, and a yield of 0,28 g/g in batch culture. To our knowledge, the highest production of butanol observed coupled with anaerobic growth in E. coli does not exceed 0,6g/L, in a chemically defined medium base on glucose without any supplementation.; Dans le cadre du développement durable, la production de n-butanol par voie biologique est une alternative écologique par rapport à sa synthèse par voie pétrochimique. Il existe des microorganismes naturellement capables de produire du butanol, tels que les Clostridiae, bactéries Gram positif, ayant une croissance strictement anaérobie. Ils produisent du butanol au travers d’une fermentation produisant un mélange d’acétone, de butanol et d’éthanol. La production de butanol en mélange avec d’autres molécules diminue le rendement de production en butanol et augmente le coût de purification. En 2015, l’équipe PEEP de TBI a construit une souche d’E. coli génétiquement modifiée exprimant la voie complète de conversion du pyruvate en n-butanol de C. acetobutylicum. Le métabolisme de cette souche a été conçu pour que les vitesses de croissance et de consommation du glucose soient couplées à la vitesse de production du butanol. En croissance en anaérobiose stricte en culture discontinue dans un milieu chimiquement défini à base de glucose supplémenté en extrait de levure (YE) et nitrate (NO3-), cette souche produit 3,3 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,23 g butanol /g glucose, en présence de coproduits minoritaires (succinate, lactate, acétate, butyrate). Ces coproduits diminuent le rendement de production en butanol et restent inattendus car les voies métaboliques correspondantes ont été supprimées. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’identifier les voies métaboliques impliquées dans la production de ces coproduits et d’améliorer la compréhension du métabolisme de cette souche, afin de l’optimiser, d’augmenter le rendement butanol/glucose, et de simplifier le milieu de culture. Plusieurs pistes ont été envisagées : i) Expression de ferrédoxines NAD(P)+ oxydoréductases (FNOR) issues d’organismes autres que C. acetobutylicum dans l’objectif de coupler l’étape de réoxydation de la ferrédoxine réduite à la production d’ATP ; ii) Inactivation des voies métaboliques d’E. coli susceptibles d’être impliquées dans la synthèse des coproduits ; iii) Evolution adaptative in vivo de la souche, afin d’améliorer ses performances et accroitre sa tolérance au butanol dans le milieu supplémenté avec YE et NO3-, puis iv) Evolution adaptative in vivo de la souche dans le milieu sans supplémentation. Ces stratégies ont conduit à i) La construction d’une nouvelle souche d’E. coli dont la croissance anaérobie dépend de la fonctionnalité d’une FNOR : la FNOR de C. acetobutylicum, le complexe Rnf de C. ljungdahlii et la FNOR de C. tepidum ont été évaluées. Cette approche a conduit à la sélection d’un mutant de la FNOR de C. tepidum, ayant une activité ferrédoxine NAD+ réductase 2,2 fois supérieure à celle de l’enzyme native. Cette FNOR mutante a ensuite été exprimée dans la souche d’E. coli Butanol en remplacement de la FNOR de C. acetobutylicum. La caractérisation de son phénotype a montré sa capacité à produire 3 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,26 g/g ; ii) La délétion des gènes zwf et mdh dans la souche Butanol a permis d’augmenter le titre en butanol produit à 6 g/L et le rendement à 0,33 g/g ; iii) L’évolution adaptative in-vivo de la souche d’E. coli Butanol en culture continue, dans le milieu supplémenté avec YE et Ni, a conduit à la sélection d’une population évoluée produisant 11 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,34 g/g. Le séquençage complet des génomes de clones isolés à partir de cette population a conduit à l’identification de mutations dans deux gènes, yqhC et lptG, potentiellement impliquées dans les performances de la souche ; iv) L’évolution adaptative in-vivo de la souche Butanol dans le milieu sans supplémentation a conduit à la sélection de clones évolués produisant 2,5 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,28 g/g en culture discontinue. A notre connaissance, la production maximale de butanol reportée, couplée à la croissance anaérobie chez E. coli, ne dépasse pas 0,6 g/L, en milieu chimiquement défini à base uniquement de glucose.

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    Authors: Paquotte, Philippe;

    Aquaculture is an economic activity which is characterised by a great dependence on environmental conditions. Therefore aquaculture development is subdued to institutional context which defines the rules for use and conservation of the environment. This paper analyses the impact of marine environment regulations on economic operating of aquaculture enterprises and on industrial dynamics. Because aquaculture enterprises use a collective good, an economic approach of aquaculture has to take into account not only the relations between enterprises and environment, but also the relations between the enterprises themselves, through production externalities. In this study, several economic tools are considered in order to incite enterprises to integrate pad of the cost of their effects on the environment. But these public policies have to take into account the youth of the activity, the specific economic situation of the enterprises and the place of aquaculture in global coastal management. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR] L'aquaculture est confrontée à un cadre institutionnel définissant les conditions d'accès d'utilisation et de protection du milieu marin. La réglementation sur l'environnement va avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement économique des entreprises et sur la dynamique sectorielle de l'aquaculture. A partir de l'étude de la nature des relations entre entreprises et milieu, on peut proposer un certain nombre d'outils économiques permettant de faire prendre en compte par les entreprises une partie du coût de leurs effets sur l'environnement. Dans le cas particulier de l'aquaculture marine, cette réglementation doit cependant tenir compte de la jeunesse de l'activité, de la situation économique des entreprises et de leur rôle dans une politique d'aménagement du littoral. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
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    Authors: Dion, Stéphane; Laurent, Eloi;

    From Rio to Rio: A global carbon price signal to escape the great climate inconsistency Two decades after the 1992 Rio Conference,we must admit to collective failure in combating human induced climate change. We cannot escape serious climate disruption if we keep going down that road. We must change direction, and we must move quickly. To this end, we call in this paper for a fine tuning of the international negotiations on climate. We propose refocusing these international efforts on negotiating a global carbon price signal, harmonized in principle but flexible in practice, instead of doggedly spending the next few years attempting to convince countries to accept stricter national targets for quantitative reduction of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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  • Authors: Christophe Revelli; Thomas Lagoarde-Segot;

    This article sheds light on the issue of financing the 2030 Agenda. First of all, we highlight the analytical inconsistency of market financing strategies based on neoclassical theory. We then put forward the elements of an alternative strategy based on the issuance of a new category of financial instruments: the ecological sovereign security (ESS). Then, we develop "Philia 1.1", a new 32-equation stock-flow coherent model (SFC) to analyze the effects of issuing TSE on macroeconomic dynamics and the ecological transition process. Simulations suggest that the issuance of TSEs could help to drive an expansionary macroeconomic dynamic beneficial to employees, while embedding the additional activity in new ecological and social criteria. TSE emissions could therefore play a driving role in the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cet article apporte l’éclairage de la Théorie Financière Écologique sur la question du financement de l’Agenda 2030. Nous mettons en évidence l’incohérence analytique du financement par les marchés, fondé sur la théorie néoclassique. Nous avançons une stratégie alternative reposant sur l’émission d’une nouvelle catégorie d’instruments financiers : le titre souverain écologique (TSE). Puis, nous développons « Philia 1.1 » un nouveau modèle stock-flux cohérent. Les simulations suggèrent que l’émission de TSE pourrait impulser une dynamique macroéconomique expansionniste bénéfique aux salariés tout en encastrant le surcroit d’activité dans de nouveaux critères écologiques et sociaux. L’émission de TSE pourrait jouer un rôle moteur dans la poursuite des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD).

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    Authors: Collias, Eric; Danto, Anatole;

    Eco-anthropology in Lower Loire river : collectives to the test of the tide, the mild, the dry At the mouth of the Loire, from the upstream of Nantes to Saint-Nazaire, the floodplain is composed of various wetlands. This area is the site of many marshland activities, subject to the hazards of the "last wild river in Europe" : variations in discharge, tides, sedimentary and biological flows. Eco-anthropological research is currently underway in this area, aimed at describing some practices and uses, and their place in the effective management of the Lower Loire ecosystem. The research approach is inspired by a symmetrical anthropology that leaves place for non-humans, considering a hybrid sociality in which the categories of nature and culture are set aside. It is based mainly on ethnographic materials acquired during field surveys. Through this paper, we pay attention to the ways in which some of the collectives are recomposed. These assemblages are tested by the increase in the oscillating volume of the tide induced by the intensification of dredging in the estuary since 1976, as well as by the consequences of the episode of mild winter weather and insufficient rainfall, particular to the 2016-1017 period. We think that the « mere description » of these singular relations is a way of co-producing knowledge with the beings of these hybrid collectives, and that reporting it may strengthen their consistency. We present a table of different modes of coexistence of these collectives of things, beasts, humans and plants in the trial of strength of the Capitalocene, and conclude by emphasizing the necessity to develop there a relational ecology through the practice of an « art of attention ». Keywords : eco-anthropology, Loire estuary, Brière, Brivet, hybrid collectives, low water, climate change, planning, Capitalocene À l'embouchure de la Loire, de l'amont de Nantes à Saint-Nazaire, le lit majeur du fleuve est composé de diverses zones humides. Cet espace est le lieu de nombreuses activités palustres, soumises aux aléas du fleuve : variations de débits, marées, flux sédimentaires et biologiques. Une recherche éco-anthropologique est actuellement en cours sur cet espace, visant à décrire certaines pratiques et certains usages, et leur place dans la gestion effective de l'écosystème de la Basse-Loire. La démarche de recherche s'inspire d'une anthropologie symétrique laissant la place aux non-humains, considérant une socialité hybride où les catégories de nature et de culture sont mises de côté. Il s'appuie principalement sur les matériaux ethnographiques acquis lors d'enquêtes de terrain. Dans cet article, nous prêtons attention aux évolutions de ces agencements face à l‘augmentation du volume oscillant de la marée induit par l'intensification des dragages de l'estuaire depuis 1976, ainsi qu'aux effets de l'épisode de douceur hivernale et de déficit pluviométrique particulier à la période 2016-1017. Nous pensons que la « simple description » de ces relations singulières est un mode de co-production du savoir avec les êtres qui peuplent ces collectifs hybrides, et que le fait d'en rendre compte est susceptible de renforcer leur cohérence. Nous présentons un tableau de différents modes de coexistence de ces collectifs de choses, de bêtes, d'hommes et de plantes à l'épreuve du Capitalocène, et concluons en soulignant la nécessité d'y développer l'écologie des relations par la pratique d'un « art de l'attention ». Mots-clés : éco-anthropologie, estuaire de la Loire, Brière, Brivet, étiage, changement climatique, aménagement, collectifs hybrides, Capitalocène

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  • Authors: Duru, Michel; Magrini, Marie-Benoît;

    Les pays occidentaux sont confrontés à des défis interdépendants : épuisement des ressources, pollutions, dérèglement climatique, maladies chroniques. Des changements structurels basés sur le paradigme de la biodiversité à l’échelle des territoires sont requis. Ils consistent en des actions conjointes dans l’alimentation et l’agriculture pour garantir une santé humaine et environnementale unifiée. Mais cette transition se heurte à des verrous issus du fonctionnement économique des marchés. Western countries are facing interdependent challenges: depletion of natural resources, pollution, climate change or chronic diseases. Structural changes, based on the paradigm of biodiversity (microbes, plants, animals) at the scale of territories, are needed. They require joint actions for food and agriculture to ensure unified human and environmental health. But this transition comes up against many lock-ins resulting from the economic functioning of markets.

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    Authors: Koutou, Mahamoudou; Sangaré, Mamadou; Havard, Michel; Toillier, Aurélie; +3 Authors

    Income source and accompaniment needs of family farms in the cotton growing area of West Burkina Faso Description of the subject. In the western cotton growing area of Burkina Faso, the variability and the diversity of the income levels of family farms (EAFs) mean that these farms require suitable agronomic accompaniment. Objectives. This article gives an account of this diversity and the need for accompaniment according to the type of identified EAF.Method. The data were collected by the active method of participative research and by investigation of the practices of 120 farms in the commune of Koumbia. Principal component analyses with economic indicators of the EAF were applied, followed by an ascending hierarchical clustering. The structural characteristics, the agro-pastoral practices of production, and the perceptions of the EAF regarding the constraints and appropriateness of agricultural production were compared by variance analysis. Results. The results showed three types of farm: farms with a low-income culture (farmers with few animals), those with a high income culture (farmers with a large number of animals) and those deriving income from breeding (stockbreeders). Taking into account the structure of the farms, their production practices, their technico-economic performance and their appropriateness of agricultural production, the form of sustainable accompaniment needed may be identified in relation to several common or specific innovations of the identified farm types. Accompaniments in the case of farm stock management, and good practice in the management of soil fertility and of animals were common to the three types of EAF. The fodder culture, fattening on pasture and the method of dairy production were specific to the farmers with a large number of animals and to the stockbreeders. The improvement of the food value of culture residues and of some aspects of the maintenance of oxen were more appropriate to the farmers with few animals. Conclusions. In order to succeed, the process of accompaniment must take into account both these specificities and the concept of sustainability. Description du sujet. Dans la zone cotonnière ouest du Burkina Faso, la variabilité et la diversité des revenus des exploitations agricoles familiales (EAF) demandent pour ces dernières des accompagnements appropriés. Objectifs. Cet article rend compte de cette diversité et des besoins d’accompagnement selon les types d’EAF identifiés.Méthode. Les données ont été collectées par la méthode active de recherche participative et par enquête auprès d’un échantillon raisonné de 120 exploitations dans la commune de Koumbia. Une analyse en composante principale avec des indicateurs économiques de l’EAF suivie d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique ont été appliquées. Les caractéristiques structurelles, les pratiques de production agro-pastorales, les perceptions des chefs d’EAF sur les contraintes et opportunités de production agropastorale ont été comparées par une analyse de variance.Résultats. Les résultats montrent trois types d’exploitations : les exploitations à faible revenu culture (agriculteurs), à fort revenu culture (agro-éleveurs) et à revenu élevage (éleveurs). À la lumière de leurs structures, pratiques de production, performances technico-économiques et opportunités de production agricole, leur accompagnement peut porter sur plusieurs innovations durables communes ou spécifiques des types identifiés. Des accompagnements sur la gestion des ressources de l’exploitation, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de la fertilité des sols et des animaux sont communs aux trois types d’EAF. Les cultures fourragères, l’embouche et la production laitière sont spécifiques aux agro-éleveurs et éleveurs. L’amélioration de la valeur nutritive des résidus de cultures et l’entretien des bœufs de trait conviennent plus aux agriculteurs.Conclusions. Pour réussir, le processus d’accompagnement doit prendre en compte ces spécificités et la notion de durabilité.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Agritrop
    Article . 2016
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2016 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Lacroix, Denis;

    L'aquaculture est l'une des composantes principales de l'apport en protéines dans le monde, surtout en Asie. Elle croît, alors que la pêche, qu'elle a dépassée en tonnage comme en valeur, décline. Selon les écosystèmes et les méthodes employées, elle peut contribuer à valoriser, mais aussi à dégrader les milieux aquatiques. Dans la zone côtière, espace riche et productif au plan biologique mais convoité, l'aquaculture conserve un potentiel de développement si sa mise en œuvre intègre les principes de la durabilité. Celle-ci peut être éclairée par la prospective avec des méthodes d'analyse adaptées à chaque projet. L'analyse de l'expérience de 33 ans en aquaculture de D. Lacroix est faite en trois temps. D'abord, il s'agit de vérifier la qualité de ses travaux de recherche scientifique menés dans des contextes et avec des responsabilités variés en suivant la grille d'analyse de référence d'un doctorat. Ensuite, l'analyse consiste à prendre un recul critique sur les bilans de réalisations majeures (Antilles, Guyane…) en mobilisant l'approche de M. Callon dont la théorie de la traduction permet de construire le réseau des acteurs et de le projeter dans la problématique. Cette grille d'analyse est complétée par l'étude des aspects de temporalité, légitimité et d'acceptabilité pour chaque réalisation. Ce travail sur diverses situations d'intervention permet de préparer une réflexion sur la proposition méthodologique qui suit et son adaptation à des conditions variables. Enfin, les connaissances acquises sont synthétisées afin de construire une méthode de prospective qui permettrait de gagner en temps, en efficacité et en moyens sur des projets à venir. Pour cela, l'analyse s'appuie sur la vision de R. Passet, qui structure les éléments de tout projet dans la hiérarchie des composantes de la durabilité. Le système dynamique qui en résulte peut être alors croisé avec divers scénarios afin d'en simuler les conséquences et donc d‟éclairer les choix. Cette méthode, dite Aster, est testée sur le cas « modèle » et bien documenté de l'élevage de la crevette Macrobrachium rosenbergii en Guyane française. Elle permet d'aboutir à des recommandations précises et argumentées en matière de recherche comme de développement pour tout décideur impliqué. Aquaculture is one of the main supply of protein in feed for mankind, notably in Asia. It increases and had exceeded the level of production of world fisheries, which is decreasing. According to sites and rearing methods, aquaculture contributes to add value but also in some cases to impact negatively the aquatic ecosystems. In the coastal area, a rich and productive zone, but also a place of conflicts, this activity presents a high potential for development if it takes into account the rules of sustainability. The conditions of this sustainability may be cleared with appropriate methods of foresight analysis applied for each development project. The analysis of the professional experience of D. Lacroix for 33 years in aquaculture is structured in three steps. Firstly, the work is to check the scientific value of the research conducted under his responsibility in various contexts and for different responsibilities. This study refers to the requirements of a PhD. In the second part of the work, the results of few major projects (French West Indies, French Guyana….) are analysed with the support of the theory of translation (Callon et al) which allows to build a network of actors and to project it into the context. This way of study includes a special attention to the aspects of time planning, legitimacy and acceptability. Finally, the author examines how this knowledge gained from experience could help building a method for foresight analysis aiming at a shorter planning, a better timing and less means for future projects. To achieve this goal the author integrates the vision of the economist R. Passet which structures any project in an ecosystemic framework, including criteria of sustainability. The mix of these two approaches (Callon & Passet) entails in a new tool for foresight analysis, called Aster, which originality is to offer the possibility to test various scenarios and related consequences to help decision -makers. This new method of foresight analysis, is then tested on the well known case study of the development of prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in French Guyana. The test shows to be successful as it delivers precise and arguable recommendations about research and development for all stakeholders.

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    Authors: Boullet, Antoine;

    When it comes to sustainable development, n-butanol production by biological means represents an environmentally friendly alternative compared to petrochemical means. Some organisms are able to produce butanol naturally, such as the Clostridiae family, which are Gram-positive bacteria, growing in strict anaerobic conditions. They produce butanol in mixture with acetone and ethanol, which reduce the production yield of butanol and increase the purification costs. In 2015, the PEEP team of TBI built a genetically modified strain of E. coli, expressing the complete conversion pathway from pyruvate to butanol from C. acetobutylicum. This strain’s metabolism was built so that the growth and glucose consumption speeds are coupled with the butanol production speed. In strict anaerobic growth in batch culture, in a chemically defined medium based on glucose and supplemented with yeast extracts (YE) and nitrate (NO3-), this strain produces 3,3 g/L of n-butanol, with a yield of 0,23 g butanol/g glucose, among other minority coproducts (succinate, lactate, acetate, butyrate). These coproducts lower the butanol production yield, and remain unexpected, because the corresponding metabolic pathways were deleted. The goal of this PhD project consists in identifying the metabolic pathways involved in the coproducts production and improving the understanding of the strain, in order to optimize it, improve the butanol/glucose yield, and simplify the culture medium. Several aspects are considered: expressing ferredoxin NAD(P)+ oxidoreductases (FNOR) from organisms other than C. acetobutylicum, in order to combine the reoxidation of the reduced ferredoxin to the generation of ATP; ii) inactivating the metabolic pathways from E. coli which may be involved in the coproducts synthesis; iii) performing an evolutionary in-vivo adaptation of the strain, in order to improve its performances and increase its tolerance to butanol in a chemically defined medium supplemented with YE and NO3-, and then iv) performing an evolutionary adaptation of the Butanol strain to allow its growth in the chemically defined medium without any supplementation. These strategies lead to i) the construction of a new E. coli strain, with its anaerobic growth depending on the functionality of an FNOR: the FNOR from C. acetobutylicum, the Rnf complex from C. ljungdahlii and the FNOR from C. tepidum were assessed. This work lead to the selection of a mutant of the FNOR from C. tepidum, which has a ferredoxin NAD+ reductase activity 2,2 times higher than the native enzyme. This mutant FNOR was then expressed in the E. coli strain producing butanol, as a replacement of C. acetobutylicum’s. The characterization of its phenotype demonstrated its capacity to produce 3 g/L of butanol, with a yield of 0,26 g/g; ii) the deletion of the genes zwf and mdh in the Butanol strain also lead to an improvement of the production in butanol up to 6 g/L , and of the yield up to 0,33 g/g; iii) the in-vivo evolution of the Butanol strain, in continuous culture (chemostat) with regulated pH, in the medium supplemented with YE and Ni, lead to the selection of an evolved strain producing up to 11 g/L of butanol, and a yield of 0,34 g/g. The complete sequencing of the genomes of the clones isolated from this population lead to the identification of mutations in two genes, yqhC and lptG, potentially involved in the strain’s performances; iv) the in-vivo adaptation of the Butanol strain in the medium without any supplementation lead to the selection of a evolved clones producing 2,5 g/L of butanol, and a yield of 0,28 g/g in batch culture. To our knowledge, the highest production of butanol observed coupled with anaerobic growth in E. coli does not exceed 0,6g/L, in a chemically defined medium base on glucose without any supplementation.; Dans le cadre du développement durable, la production de n-butanol par voie biologique est une alternative écologique par rapport à sa synthèse par voie pétrochimique. Il existe des microorganismes naturellement capables de produire du butanol, tels que les Clostridiae, bactéries Gram positif, ayant une croissance strictement anaérobie. Ils produisent du butanol au travers d’une fermentation produisant un mélange d’acétone, de butanol et d’éthanol. La production de butanol en mélange avec d’autres molécules diminue le rendement de production en butanol et augmente le coût de purification. En 2015, l’équipe PEEP de TBI a construit une souche d’E. coli génétiquement modifiée exprimant la voie complète de conversion du pyruvate en n-butanol de C. acetobutylicum. Le métabolisme de cette souche a été conçu pour que les vitesses de croissance et de consommation du glucose soient couplées à la vitesse de production du butanol. En croissance en anaérobiose stricte en culture discontinue dans un milieu chimiquement défini à base de glucose supplémenté en extrait de levure (YE) et nitrate (NO3-), cette souche produit 3,3 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,23 g butanol /g glucose, en présence de coproduits minoritaires (succinate, lactate, acétate, butyrate). Ces coproduits diminuent le rendement de production en butanol et restent inattendus car les voies métaboliques correspondantes ont été supprimées. L’objectif de ce projet de thèse est d’identifier les voies métaboliques impliquées dans la production de ces coproduits et d’améliorer la compréhension du métabolisme de cette souche, afin de l’optimiser, d’augmenter le rendement butanol/glucose, et de simplifier le milieu de culture. Plusieurs pistes ont été envisagées : i) Expression de ferrédoxines NAD(P)+ oxydoréductases (FNOR) issues d’organismes autres que C. acetobutylicum dans l’objectif de coupler l’étape de réoxydation de la ferrédoxine réduite à la production d’ATP ; ii) Inactivation des voies métaboliques d’E. coli susceptibles d’être impliquées dans la synthèse des coproduits ; iii) Evolution adaptative in vivo de la souche, afin d’améliorer ses performances et accroitre sa tolérance au butanol dans le milieu supplémenté avec YE et NO3-, puis iv) Evolution adaptative in vivo de la souche dans le milieu sans supplémentation. Ces stratégies ont conduit à i) La construction d’une nouvelle souche d’E. coli dont la croissance anaérobie dépend de la fonctionnalité d’une FNOR : la FNOR de C. acetobutylicum, le complexe Rnf de C. ljungdahlii et la FNOR de C. tepidum ont été évaluées. Cette approche a conduit à la sélection d’un mutant de la FNOR de C. tepidum, ayant une activité ferrédoxine NAD+ réductase 2,2 fois supérieure à celle de l’enzyme native. Cette FNOR mutante a ensuite été exprimée dans la souche d’E. coli Butanol en remplacement de la FNOR de C. acetobutylicum. La caractérisation de son phénotype a montré sa capacité à produire 3 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,26 g/g ; ii) La délétion des gènes zwf et mdh dans la souche Butanol a permis d’augmenter le titre en butanol produit à 6 g/L et le rendement à 0,33 g/g ; iii) L’évolution adaptative in-vivo de la souche d’E. coli Butanol en culture continue, dans le milieu supplémenté avec YE et Ni, a conduit à la sélection d’une population évoluée produisant 11 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,34 g/g. Le séquençage complet des génomes de clones isolés à partir de cette population a conduit à l’identification de mutations dans deux gènes, yqhC et lptG, potentiellement impliquées dans les performances de la souche ; iv) L’évolution adaptative in-vivo de la souche Butanol dans le milieu sans supplémentation a conduit à la sélection de clones évolués produisant 2,5 g/L de butanol à un rendement de 0,28 g/g en culture discontinue. A notre connaissance, la production maximale de butanol reportée, couplée à la croissance anaérobie chez E. coli, ne dépasse pas 0,6 g/L, en milieu chimiquement défini à base uniquement de glucose.

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    Authors: Paquotte, Philippe;

    Aquaculture is an economic activity which is characterised by a great dependence on environmental conditions. Therefore aquaculture development is subdued to institutional context which defines the rules for use and conservation of the environment. This paper analyses the impact of marine environment regulations on economic operating of aquaculture enterprises and on industrial dynamics. Because aquaculture enterprises use a collective good, an economic approach of aquaculture has to take into account not only the relations between enterprises and environment, but also the relations between the enterprises themselves, through production externalities. In this study, several economic tools are considered in order to incite enterprises to integrate pad of the cost of their effects on the environment. But these public policies have to take into account the youth of the activity, the specific economic situation of the enterprises and the place of aquaculture in global coastal management. [NOT CONTROLLED OCR] L'aquaculture est confrontée à un cadre institutionnel définissant les conditions d'accès d'utilisation et de protection du milieu marin. La réglementation sur l'environnement va avoir un impact sur le fonctionnement économique des entreprises et sur la dynamique sectorielle de l'aquaculture. A partir de l'étude de la nature des relations entre entreprises et milieu, on peut proposer un certain nombre d'outils économiques permettant de faire prendre en compte par les entreprises une partie du coût de leurs effets sur l'environnement. Dans le cas particulier de l'aquaculture marine, cette réglementation doit cependant tenir compte de la jeunesse de l'activité, de la situation économique des entreprises et de leur rôle dans une politique d'aménagement du littoral. [OCR NON CONTRÔLE]

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    Authors: Koffi Akpagana; Amah Akodewou; Kossi Béssan Amegnaglo; Komlan Batawila; +4 Authors

    Description du sujet. La baisse et l’irrégularité des pluies modifient considérablement les saisons culturales, ce qui oblige les paysans à une restructuration du calendrier agricole en s’appuyant sur les savoirs locaux. Objectifs. L’objectif de cette étude est de valoriser les savoirs locaux utilisés par les paysans dans la gestion du calendrier agricole. Les objectifs spécifiques sont, d’une part, d’inventorier les indicateurs biophysiques utilisés dans la définition des calendriers culturaux et, d’autre part, de déterminer les espèces végétales repères communes aux trois zones écologiques étudiées. Méthode. Ce but fut atteint grâce à des interviews semi-directes individuelles et via des focus groups auprès d’un échantillon de 689 agriculteurs répartis dans 65 localités. Résultats. Il ressort que la totalité des paysans enquêtés utilisent des marqueurs temporels dans la définition des calendriers culturaux, surtout dans la reconnaissance des débuts de saison pluvieuse (période de semis) et de saison sèche (période de récolte). Il s’agit principalement des indicateurs biologiques tels que la phénologie des plantes (en saison sèche : Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. [floraison], Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. [floraison], Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn. [fructification] et en saison pluvieuse : Millettia thonningii (Schum. & Thonn.) Baker [floraison], V. paradoxa [floraison], Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. [floraison], Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. [éclatement du fruit]). Au total, 67 espèces végétales ont été recensées comme indicateurs des variations des saisons agricoles. Outre les espèces végétales, la migration saisonnière des oiseaux (73 %), l’apparition des insectes (48 %), mais aussi des indicateurs abiotiques comme le sens du vent (100 %), les observations des étoiles (82 %) et le déplacement des nuages (69 %) sont utilisés comme repères dans la gestion des périodes agricoles. Conclusions. La connaissance de ces signaux permet aux paysans d’anticiper sur d’éventuelles variabilités climatiques et suivre, diriger et adapter leurs activités culturales. Ces savoirs locaux constituent dès lors une aubaine pour l’adaptation aux changements climatiques.

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    Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
    Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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      Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement
      Article . 2020 . Peer-reviewed
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    Authors: Dion, Stéphane; Laurent, Eloi;

    From Rio to Rio: A global carbon price signal to escape the great climate inconsistency Two decades after the 1992 Rio Conference,we must admit to collective failure in combating human induced climate change. We cannot escape serious climate disruption if we keep going down that road. We must change direction, and we must move quickly. To this end, we call in this paper for a fine tuning of the international negotiations on climate. We propose refocusing these international efforts on negotiating a global carbon price signal, harmonized in principle but flexible in practice, instead of doggedly spending the next few years attempting to convince countries to accept stricter national targets for quantitative reduction of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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  • Authors: Christophe Revelli; Thomas Lagoarde-Segot;

    This article sheds light on the issue of financing the 2030 Agenda. First of all, we highlight the analytical inconsistency of market financing strategies based on neoclassical theory. We then put forward the elements of an alternative strategy based on the issuance of a new category of financial instruments: the ecological sovereign security (ESS). Then, we develop "Philia 1.1", a new 32-equation stock-flow coherent model (SFC) to analyze the effects of issuing TSE on macroeconomic dynamics and the ecological transition process. Simulations suggest that the issuance of TSEs could help to drive an expansionary macroeconomic dynamic beneficial to employees, while embedding the additional activity in new ecological and social criteria. TSE emissions could therefore play a driving role in the pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Cet article apporte l’éclairage de la Théorie Financière Écologique sur la question du financement de l’Agenda 2030. Nous mettons en évidence l’incohérence analytique du financement par les marchés, fondé sur la théorie néoclassique. Nous avançons une stratégie alternative reposant sur l’émission d’une nouvelle catégorie d’instruments financiers : le titre souverain écologique (TSE). Puis, nous développons « Philia 1.1 » un nouveau modèle stock-flux cohérent. Les simulations suggèrent que l’émission de TSE pourrait impulser une dynamique macroéconomique expansionniste bénéfique aux salariés tout en encastrant le surcroit d’activité dans de nouveaux critères écologiques et sociaux. L’émission de TSE pourrait jouer un rôle moteur dans la poursuite des Objectifs du Développement Durable (ODD).

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    Authors: Collias, Eric; Danto, Anatole;

    Eco-anthropology in Lower Loire river : collectives to the test of the tide, the mild, the dry At the mouth of the Loire, from the upstream of Nantes to Saint-Nazaire, the floodplain is composed of various wetlands. This area is the site of many marshland activities, subject to the hazards of the "last wild river in Europe" : variations in discharge, tides, sedimentary and biological flows. Eco-anthropological research is currently underway in this area, aimed at describing some practices and uses, and their place in the effective management of the Lower Loire ecosystem. The research approach is inspired by a symmetrical anthropology that leaves place for non-humans, considering a hybrid sociality in which the categories of nature and culture are set aside. It is based mainly on ethnographic materials acquired during field surveys. Through this paper, we pay attention to the ways in which some of the collectives are recomposed. These assemblages are tested by the increase in the oscillating volume of the tide induced by the intensification of dredging in the estuary since 1976, as well as by the consequences of the episode of mild winter weather and insufficient rainfall, particular to the 2016-1017 period. We think that the « mere description » of these singular relations is a way of co-producing knowledge with the beings of these hybrid collectives, and that reporting it may strengthen their consistency. We present a table of different modes of coexistence of these collectives of things, beasts, humans and plants in the trial of strength of the Capitalocene, and conclude by emphasizing the necessity to develop there a relational ecology through the practice of an « art of attention ». Keywords : eco-anthropology, Loire estuary, Brière, Brivet, hybrid collectives, low water, climate change, planning, Capitalocene À l'embouchure de la Loire, de l'amont de Nantes à Saint-Nazaire, le lit majeur du fleuve est composé de diverses zones humides. Cet espace est le lieu de nombreuses activités palustres, soumises aux aléas du fleuve : variations de débits, marées, flux sédimentaires et biologiques. Une recherche éco-anthropologique est actuellement en cours sur cet espace, visant à décrire certaines pratiques et certains usages, et leur place dans la gestion effective de l'écosystème de la Basse-Loire. La démarche de recherche s'inspire d'une anthropologie symétrique laissant la place aux non-humains, considérant une socialité hybride où les catégories de nature et de culture sont mises de côté. Il s'appuie principalement sur les matériaux ethnographiques acquis lors d'enquêtes de terrain. Dans cet article, nous prêtons attention aux évolutions de ces agencements face à l‘augmentation du volume oscillant de la marée induit par l'intensification des dragages de l'estuaire depuis 1976, ainsi qu'aux effets de l'épisode de douceur hivernale et de déficit pluviométrique particulier à la période 2016-1017. Nous pensons que la « simple description » de ces relations singulières est un mode de co-production du savoir avec les êtres qui peuplent ces collectifs hybrides, et que le fait d'en rendre compte est susceptible de renforcer leur cohérence. Nous présentons un tableau de différents modes de coexistence de ces collectifs de choses, de bêtes, d'hommes et de plantes à l'épreuve du Capitalocène, et concluons en soulignant la nécessité d'y développer l'écologie des relations par la pratique d'un « art de l'attention ». Mots-clés : éco-anthropologie, estuaire de la Loire, Brière, Brivet, étiage, changement climatique, aménagement, collectifs hybrides, Capitalocène

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  • Authors: Duru, Michel; Magrini, Marie-Benoît;

    Les pays occidentaux sont confrontés à des défis interdépendants : épuisement des ressources, pollutions, dérèglement climatique, maladies chroniques. Des changements structurels basés sur le paradigme de la biodiversité à l’échelle des territoires sont requis. Ils consistent en des actions conjointes dans l’alimentation et l’agriculture pour garantir une santé humaine et environnementale unifiée. Mais cette transition se heurte à des verrous issus du fonctionnement économique des marchés. Western countries are facing interdependent challenges: depletion of natural resources, pollution, climate change or chronic diseases. Structural changes, based on the paradigm of biodiversity (microbes, plants, animals) at the scale of territories, are needed. They require joint actions for food and agriculture to ensure unified human and environmental health. But this transition comes up against many lock-ins resulting from the economic functioning of markets.

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