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  • Energy Research
  • 15. Life on land
  • 2. Zero hunger
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Juutilainen, Tero;

    Diplomityö on tehty UPM-Kymmene Oyj, Kaukaan tehtailla Lappeenrannassa. Integroidussa metsäteollisuudessa energiantuotanto koostuu yleensä sähkön- ja lämmöntuotannosta. Kaukaan tehtailla prosessien lämmöntarve saadaan katettua kokonaisuudessaan omalla tuotannolla, kun taas kulutetusta sähköstä ainoastaan puolet on tuotettu itse. Loput sähköntarpeesta joudutaan ostamaan ulkopuolelta. Tutkimuksen pääpaino on ollut selvittää, miten kustannukset ovat riippuvaisia energiantuotannosta erilaisissa käyttöolosuhteissa. Työn tuloksena on luotu tietokonepohjainen laskentamalli, jonka avulla Kaukaan tehtaiden energiantuotantoa voidaan ohjata taloudellisesti optimaalisimmalla tavalla kulloinkin vallitsevassa käyttötilanteessa. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa on analysoitu tehdasintegraatin lämmönkulutuksen seurannan mahdollisuuksia lämmönsiirtoverkon nykyisten mittausten perusteella. Työssä on kerrottu yleisesti metsäteollisuuden energiankulutuksesta Suomessa. Lisäksi on esitetty arvioita energiankulutuksen kehityksestä tulevaisuudessa sekä keinoja energiatehokkuuden parantamiseksi. Kaukaan tehtailla lämmönkulutuksen seurantaan käytettävät mittausmenetelmät ja -laitteet on esitelty virtausmittausten osalta sekä arvioitu nykyisten mittausten luotettavuutta ja riittävyyttä kokonaisvaltaisen lämpötaseen hallintaan. Kaukaan tehtaiden energiantuotantojärjestelmästä on luotu termodynaaminen malli, johon energiantuotannosta aiheutuneiden kustannusten laskenta perustuu. Energiantuotannon optimoinnilla pyritään määrittelemään tietyn tarkasteluhetken käyttötilanteessa taloudellisesti optimaalisin kattiloiden ajojärjestys. Tarkastelu on rajattu lämmöntuotannon lisäämisen osalta maakaasun käytön lisäämiseen ja höyryturbiinien ohitukseen. Sähkön ja maakaasun hinnan sekä ympäristön lämpötilan vaihtelujen vaikutusta optimaaliseen ajojärjestykseen on havainnollistettu esimerkkien avulla. This thesis has been made for UPM-Kymmene Plc, Kaukas in Lappeenranta. Energy production in integrated forest industry usually consists of heat and power. In Kaukas, the demand for heat is fully covered by their own production, whereas only half of the power consumed is self-generated. The other half is purchased from outside. The emphasis in the study has been on establishing the dependency between the energy production and costs in different operating conditions. As a result, a computer-based calculation model has been developed. The calculation model guides the planning of the energy production in Kaukas in the most cost-effective way. Also the possibility of monitoring the total heat consumption by using the existing instrumentation has been evaluated in the study. In the thesis, the present energy consumption of the Finnish forest industry has been intro-duced. Estimations for the future of the energy consumption and some possibilities of energy conservation have been presented as well. The methods and equipment of flow meas-urements, which are used for measuring the heat consumption in Kaukas, have been introduced. The reliability and adequacy of the existing instrumentation for indicating and controlling the total heat balance have been analyzed. A thermodynamic model of the Kaukas energy production system has been created. The cost calculations and optimization of the energy production are based on the thermodynamic model of the system. The objective of optimization is to determine the most cost-effective way of running the boilers in the operating conditions of a given moment. In optimization, increasing the use of natural gas and reducing the power generation have been outlined as the methods for increasing the heat production. At the end, the effects of varying the price of natural gas and electric power as well as the ambient temperature have been demonstrated.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao LUTPubarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    2005
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao LUTPubarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      2005
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kärkkäinen, Petteri;

    Uusiutuvan energian osuutta maailman energiantuotannossa halutaan kasvattaa, ja yksi sopiva energialähde on tuulienergia. Tuuliturbiinien rakentaminen on Suomessa ollut kasvussa, mikä tarkoittaa, että turbiineja rakennetaan entistä enemmän sisämaahan metsäiseen maastoon. Tämä tuo haasteita turbiinien rakentamiselle ja valinnalle sekä tuotannon optimoinnille. Metsäinen maasto, tai mikä tahansa virtauksien tielle osuva este, hidastaa tuulen nopeutta ja aiheuttaa tuuleen turbulenssia. Tässä työssä analysoidaan metsäisessä maastossa mitatusta tuulidatasta tuuligradientin ja tuulen turbulenssin jaksottaisuutta ja tilastollisuutta. Turbulenssin osalta käytetään turbulenssin intensiteettiä. Jaksottaisuutta tarkastellaan vuorokauden ja vuodenajan mukaan. Tutkimusaineistona toimii Lappeenrannassa TuuliMuukon tuulipuistossa LiDAR-tutkalla (Light Detection And Ranging) mitattu tuulidata. Datan analysointiin käytetään Matlab-ohjelmaa. Analysoinnissa havaittiin tuuligradientilla ja turbulenssin intensiteetillä olevan vuorokausijaksottaisuutta. Tuuligradientti vaihtelee vuorokauden aikana siten, että se on pienempää päivän aikana ja suurempaa yön aikana. Turbulenssin intensiteetti vaihtelee päinvastaisesti. Tilastollisesti suurin osa tuuligradientin eksponenttiarvon arvoista on välillä 0,2-0,6. Tuuligradientin potenssiarvo vaihtelee vuodenajan mukaan hieman, ja pienimpänä potenssiarvo on lämpiminä kuukausina kuten toukokuussa. Graafisen tarkastelun perusteella tuuligradientti poikkeaa selvästi standardin mukaisesta arvosta ainakin maaliskuussa. Turbulenssin intensiteetin arvot jakautuvat välille 0,02-0,2, joista suurin osa on välillä 0,10-0,16. Turbulenssin intensiteetin jakaumien perusteella tuuliolosuhteet näyttävät olevan standardien mukaisia, pois lukien tarkastelluista kuukausista syyskuun jakauman, joka poikkesi standardin mukaisesta. There is a need to increase the share of renewable energy in the world’s energy production and one suitable energy source is wind energy. The construction of wind turbines in Finland has been growing, which means that the turbines are built more and more inland where the terrain is forested. This brings challenges for the construction, selection and optimization of production of the wind turbines. Forested terrain, or any other obstacle, slows down the wind and causes turbulence to the wind. This bachelor’s thesis analyzes the wind conditions’, wind shear and turbulence, periodicity and statisticality from wind data that has been measured in forested area. Turbulence intensity is chosen to represent turbulence. Periodicity is viewed from the point of diurnal and seasonal variation. The research material used is wind data measured in Lappeenranta in TuuliMuukko wind farm with a LiDAR-radar (Light Detection and Ranging). Matlab-software is used to analyze the data. The wind shear and turbulence intensity were observed to have periodicity in diurnal time interval. The wind shear varies such as it is smaller during day and bigger during night. The turbulence intensity varies the other way around. Statistically the biggest share of the wind shear exponent’s values are between 0.2 and 0.6. The wind shear exponent varies a little by the season and the smallest it is during the warmest months like in May. Based on graphical review, the wind shear diverges clearly from the standard value at least during March. The values of turbulence intensity divide between 0.02 and 0.2, and the greater part are between 0.10 and 0.16. Based on the distribution of the turbulence intensity, the wind conditions look to be in accordance with standards, excluding September’s distribution which diverged from the standard values.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUTPubarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    LUTPub
    2018
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUTPubarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      2018
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Martikainen, Antti;

    Vesivoimalla on merkittävä rooli pohjoismaisessa sähköntuotantojärjestelmässä. Spot-markkinoille tarjottavan vesivoiman hinta riippuu vaihtoehtoisen tuotannon hinnasta ja odotetusta vesivoimantuottajien käytettävissä olevasta veteen sitoutuneen potentiaalienergian määrästä. Hydrologisella tilanteella tarkoitetaan tässä tämän potentiaalienergian poikkeamaa normaalitasostaan. Viime vuosina tuulivoimatuotanto pohjoismaisella sähkömarkkina-alueella on kasvanut voimakkaasti, ja on tullut aiheelliseksi tarkastella, millaisia vaikutuksia tällä on vesivoimantuottajien toimintaan. Työssä määritellään vesivoimalle vaihtoehtoisen sähköntuotannon tuotantokustannus, joka pitkällä aikavälillä toimii vertailutasona, jonka perusteella vesivoimantuottajat määrittävät markkinoilla tarjontahinnan tuotannolleen. Tarkastellaan, kuinka hydrologisen tilanteen ja vaihtoehtoisen tuotannon tuotantokustannusten muutokset vaikuttavat vesiarvoon, joka on hinta, jolla hintariippuvaista eli säätyvää vesivoimaa tarjotaan spot-markkinoille. Todetaan, että hydrologisen tilanteen vahvistuminen ja vaihtoehtoisen tuotantokustannuksen aleneminen alentavat vesiarvoja. Todetaan lisäksi, että tuulivoima vaikuttaa sähkön hinnanmuodostukseen markkinoilla samankaltaisesti kuin hintariippumaton vesivoimatuotanto. Esitetään aikasarjamalli vesivoimatuotannon hintariippuvuuden mallintamiseksi. Vertaillaan vesivoimatuottajien toimintaa kahdella vesivoimatuotantoa sisältävällä hinta-alueella, joista toisella tuulivoimatuotanto on kasvanut voimakkaammin kuin toisella. Havaitaan, että molemmilla hinta-alueilla hydrologisen tilanteen vahvistuminen on alentanut ja heikkeneminen nostanut vesiarvoja. Lisäksi havaitaan, että alueella, jonka tuulivoimatuotanto on kasvanut enemmän, vesiarvot ovat laskeneet suhteessa alueen, jolla tuulivoimatuotanto on kasvanut vähemmän, vesiarvoihin. Tuulivoiman voidaan todeta syrjäyttäneen markkinoilta tuotantokustannuksiltaan kalliimpaa tuotantoa. Hydropower plays a significant role in the Nordic electric power generation system. The offering price of price-dependent hydropower generation capacity offered to spot markets is dependent on the cost of alternative generation and the expected amount of potential energy contained in water that will be available for hydropower generators to use in the future. In this study hydrological conditions are understood to mean the deviation of this potential energy from its normal value. During recent years wind power generation has rapidly increased in the Nordic market and thus its effect on hydropower generation is analyzed in this thesis. The production cost of power generation alternative to hydropower is defined. Hydropower generators use this cost as a reference as they set their offering price of price-dependent generation capacity on the spot market. The effects of variations in hydrological conditions and the cost of alternative production on water value are studied. Water value is defined as the price at which price dependent hydropower generation capacity is offered to the spot market. It is found that the strengthening of hydrological conditions and the falling of the cost of alternative generation lower water values. Another finding is that wind power generation and non-price dependent hydropower generation have similar effects on the price formation of electric power. A time-series model is presented for modelling the relationship between the capacity and water value of hydropower generation offered to spot markets. The model is used to study this relationship in two hydropower-producing price areas, of which one has seen a large increase in the amount of wind power generation in recent years. The modelling results show that the strengthening of hydrological conditions has led to lower water values in both price areas. The increase in wind power production has likely caused hydropower generators in the price area with a large increase in wind power generation to lower their water values relative to those in the price area with a small increase in wind power generation. From this the conclusion is drawn that wind power has superseded generation with a higher marginal cost in the market.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUTPubarrow_drop_down
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    2015
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUTPubarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
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      2015
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The following results are related to Energy Research. Are you interested to view more results? Visit OpenAIRE - Explore.
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  • image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
    Authors: Juutilainen, Tero;

    Diplomityö on tehty UPM-Kymmene Oyj, Kaukaan tehtailla Lappeenrannassa. Integroidussa metsäteollisuudessa energiantuotanto koostuu yleensä sähkön- ja lämmöntuotannosta. Kaukaan tehtailla prosessien lämmöntarve saadaan katettua kokonaisuudessaan omalla tuotannolla, kun taas kulutetusta sähköstä ainoastaan puolet on tuotettu itse. Loput sähköntarpeesta joudutaan ostamaan ulkopuolelta. Tutkimuksen pääpaino on ollut selvittää, miten kustannukset ovat riippuvaisia energiantuotannosta erilaisissa käyttöolosuhteissa. Työn tuloksena on luotu tietokonepohjainen laskentamalli, jonka avulla Kaukaan tehtaiden energiantuotantoa voidaan ohjata taloudellisesti optimaalisimmalla tavalla kulloinkin vallitsevassa käyttötilanteessa. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa on analysoitu tehdasintegraatin lämmönkulutuksen seurannan mahdollisuuksia lämmönsiirtoverkon nykyisten mittausten perusteella. Työssä on kerrottu yleisesti metsäteollisuuden energiankulutuksesta Suomessa. Lisäksi on esitetty arvioita energiankulutuksen kehityksestä tulevaisuudessa sekä keinoja energiatehokkuuden parantamiseksi. Kaukaan tehtailla lämmönkulutuksen seurantaan käytettävät mittausmenetelmät ja -laitteet on esitelty virtausmittausten osalta sekä arvioitu nykyisten mittausten luotettavuutta ja riittävyyttä kokonaisvaltaisen lämpötaseen hallintaan. Kaukaan tehtaiden energiantuotantojärjestelmästä on luotu termodynaaminen malli, johon energiantuotannosta aiheutuneiden kustannusten laskenta perustuu. Energiantuotannon optimoinnilla pyritään määrittelemään tietyn tarkasteluhetken käyttötilanteessa taloudellisesti optimaalisin kattiloiden ajojärjestys. Tarkastelu on rajattu lämmöntuotannon lisäämisen osalta maakaasun käytön lisäämiseen ja höyryturbiinien ohitukseen. Sähkön ja maakaasun hinnan sekä ympäristön lämpötilan vaihtelujen vaikutusta optimaaliseen ajojärjestykseen on havainnollistettu esimerkkien avulla. This thesis has been made for UPM-Kymmene Plc, Kaukas in Lappeenranta. Energy production in integrated forest industry usually consists of heat and power. In Kaukas, the demand for heat is fully covered by their own production, whereas only half of the power consumed is self-generated. The other half is purchased from outside. The emphasis in the study has been on establishing the dependency between the energy production and costs in different operating conditions. As a result, a computer-based calculation model has been developed. The calculation model guides the planning of the energy production in Kaukas in the most cost-effective way. Also the possibility of monitoring the total heat consumption by using the existing instrumentation has been evaluated in the study. In the thesis, the present energy consumption of the Finnish forest industry has been intro-duced. Estimations for the future of the energy consumption and some possibilities of energy conservation have been presented as well. The methods and equipment of flow meas-urements, which are used for measuring the heat consumption in Kaukas, have been introduced. The reliability and adequacy of the existing instrumentation for indicating and controlling the total heat balance have been analyzed. A thermodynamic model of the Kaukas energy production system has been created. The cost calculations and optimization of the energy production are based on the thermodynamic model of the system. The objective of optimization is to determine the most cost-effective way of running the boilers in the operating conditions of a given moment. In optimization, increasing the use of natural gas and reducing the power generation have been outlined as the methods for increasing the heat production. At the end, the effects of varying the price of natural gas and electric power as well as the ambient temperature have been demonstrated.

    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao LUTPubarrow_drop_down
    image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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    2005
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      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao LUTPubarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao Closed Access logo, derived from PLoS Open Access logo. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg Jakob Voss, based on art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina and Beao
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      2005
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  • image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
    Authors: Kärkkäinen, Petteri;

    Uusiutuvan energian osuutta maailman energiantuotannossa halutaan kasvattaa, ja yksi sopiva energialähde on tuulienergia. Tuuliturbiinien rakentaminen on Suomessa ollut kasvussa, mikä tarkoittaa, että turbiineja rakennetaan entistä enemmän sisämaahan metsäiseen maastoon. Tämä tuo haasteita turbiinien rakentamiselle ja valinnalle sekä tuotannon optimoinnille. Metsäinen maasto, tai mikä tahansa virtauksien tielle osuva este, hidastaa tuulen nopeutta ja aiheuttaa tuuleen turbulenssia. Tässä työssä analysoidaan metsäisessä maastossa mitatusta tuulidatasta tuuligradientin ja tuulen turbulenssin jaksottaisuutta ja tilastollisuutta. Turbulenssin osalta käytetään turbulenssin intensiteettiä. Jaksottaisuutta tarkastellaan vuorokauden ja vuodenajan mukaan. Tutkimusaineistona toimii Lappeenrannassa TuuliMuukon tuulipuistossa LiDAR-tutkalla (Light Detection And Ranging) mitattu tuulidata. Datan analysointiin käytetään Matlab-ohjelmaa. Analysoinnissa havaittiin tuuligradientilla ja turbulenssin intensiteetillä olevan vuorokausijaksottaisuutta. Tuuligradientti vaihtelee vuorokauden aikana siten, että se on pienempää päivän aikana ja suurempaa yön aikana. Turbulenssin intensiteetti vaihtelee päinvastaisesti. Tilastollisesti suurin osa tuuligradientin eksponenttiarvon arvoista on välillä 0,2-0,6. Tuuligradientin potenssiarvo vaihtelee vuodenajan mukaan hieman, ja pienimpänä potenssiarvo on lämpiminä kuukausina kuten toukokuussa. Graafisen tarkastelun perusteella tuuligradientti poikkeaa selvästi standardin mukaisesta arvosta ainakin maaliskuussa. Turbulenssin intensiteetin arvot jakautuvat välille 0,02-0,2, joista suurin osa on välillä 0,10-0,16. Turbulenssin intensiteetin jakaumien perusteella tuuliolosuhteet näyttävät olevan standardien mukaisia, pois lukien tarkastelluista kuukausista syyskuun jakauman, joka poikkesi standardin mukaisesta. There is a need to increase the share of renewable energy in the world’s energy production and one suitable energy source is wind energy. The construction of wind turbines in Finland has been growing, which means that the turbines are built more and more inland where the terrain is forested. This brings challenges for the construction, selection and optimization of production of the wind turbines. Forested terrain, or any other obstacle, slows down the wind and causes turbulence to the wind. This bachelor’s thesis analyzes the wind conditions’, wind shear and turbulence, periodicity and statisticality from wind data that has been measured in forested area. Turbulence intensity is chosen to represent turbulence. Periodicity is viewed from the point of diurnal and seasonal variation. The research material used is wind data measured in Lappeenranta in TuuliMuukko wind farm with a LiDAR-radar (Light Detection and Ranging). Matlab-software is used to analyze the data. The wind shear and turbulence intensity were observed to have periodicity in diurnal time interval. The wind shear varies such as it is smaller during day and bigger during night. The turbulence intensity varies the other way around. Statistically the biggest share of the wind shear exponent’s values are between 0.2 and 0.6. The wind shear exponent varies a little by the season and the smallest it is during the warmest months like in May. Based on graphical review, the wind shear diverges clearly from the standard value at least during March. The values of turbulence intensity divide between 0.02 and 0.2, and the greater part are between 0.10 and 0.16. Based on the distribution of the turbulence intensity, the wind conditions look to be in accordance with standards, excluding September’s distribution which diverged from the standard values.

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    LUTPub
    2018
    Data sources: LUTPub
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUTPubarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      LUTPub
      2018
      Data sources: LUTPub
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    Authors: Martikainen, Antti;

    Vesivoimalla on merkittävä rooli pohjoismaisessa sähköntuotantojärjestelmässä. Spot-markkinoille tarjottavan vesivoiman hinta riippuu vaihtoehtoisen tuotannon hinnasta ja odotetusta vesivoimantuottajien käytettävissä olevasta veteen sitoutuneen potentiaalienergian määrästä. Hydrologisella tilanteella tarkoitetaan tässä tämän potentiaalienergian poikkeamaa normaalitasostaan. Viime vuosina tuulivoimatuotanto pohjoismaisella sähkömarkkina-alueella on kasvanut voimakkaasti, ja on tullut aiheelliseksi tarkastella, millaisia vaikutuksia tällä on vesivoimantuottajien toimintaan. Työssä määritellään vesivoimalle vaihtoehtoisen sähköntuotannon tuotantokustannus, joka pitkällä aikavälillä toimii vertailutasona, jonka perusteella vesivoimantuottajat määrittävät markkinoilla tarjontahinnan tuotannolleen. Tarkastellaan, kuinka hydrologisen tilanteen ja vaihtoehtoisen tuotannon tuotantokustannusten muutokset vaikuttavat vesiarvoon, joka on hinta, jolla hintariippuvaista eli säätyvää vesivoimaa tarjotaan spot-markkinoille. Todetaan, että hydrologisen tilanteen vahvistuminen ja vaihtoehtoisen tuotantokustannuksen aleneminen alentavat vesiarvoja. Todetaan lisäksi, että tuulivoima vaikuttaa sähkön hinnanmuodostukseen markkinoilla samankaltaisesti kuin hintariippumaton vesivoimatuotanto. Esitetään aikasarjamalli vesivoimatuotannon hintariippuvuuden mallintamiseksi. Vertaillaan vesivoimatuottajien toimintaa kahdella vesivoimatuotantoa sisältävällä hinta-alueella, joista toisella tuulivoimatuotanto on kasvanut voimakkaammin kuin toisella. Havaitaan, että molemmilla hinta-alueilla hydrologisen tilanteen vahvistuminen on alentanut ja heikkeneminen nostanut vesiarvoja. Lisäksi havaitaan, että alueella, jonka tuulivoimatuotanto on kasvanut enemmän, vesiarvot ovat laskeneet suhteessa alueen, jolla tuulivoimatuotanto on kasvanut vähemmän, vesiarvoihin. Tuulivoiman voidaan todeta syrjäyttäneen markkinoilta tuotantokustannuksiltaan kalliimpaa tuotantoa. Hydropower plays a significant role in the Nordic electric power generation system. The offering price of price-dependent hydropower generation capacity offered to spot markets is dependent on the cost of alternative generation and the expected amount of potential energy contained in water that will be available for hydropower generators to use in the future. In this study hydrological conditions are understood to mean the deviation of this potential energy from its normal value. During recent years wind power generation has rapidly increased in the Nordic market and thus its effect on hydropower generation is analyzed in this thesis. The production cost of power generation alternative to hydropower is defined. Hydropower generators use this cost as a reference as they set their offering price of price-dependent generation capacity on the spot market. The effects of variations in hydrological conditions and the cost of alternative production on water value are studied. Water value is defined as the price at which price dependent hydropower generation capacity is offered to the spot market. It is found that the strengthening of hydrological conditions and the falling of the cost of alternative generation lower water values. Another finding is that wind power generation and non-price dependent hydropower generation have similar effects on the price formation of electric power. A time-series model is presented for modelling the relationship between the capacity and water value of hydropower generation offered to spot markets. The model is used to study this relationship in two hydropower-producing price areas, of which one has seen a large increase in the amount of wind power generation in recent years. The modelling results show that the strengthening of hydrological conditions has led to lower water values in both price areas. The increase in wind power production has likely caused hydropower generators in the price area with a large increase in wind power generation to lower their water values relative to those in the price area with a small increase in wind power generation. From this the conclusion is drawn that wind power has superseded generation with a higher marginal cost in the market.

    image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUTPubarrow_drop_down
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    LUTPub
    2015
    Data sources: LUTPub
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      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ LUTPubarrow_drop_down
      image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
      LUTPub
      2015
      Data sources: LUTPub
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