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Genuine Savings (GS), also known as ‘net adjusted savings’, is a composite indicator of the sustainability of economic development. Genuine Savings reflects year-on-year changes in the total wealth or capital of a country, including net investment in produced capita, investment in human capital, depletion of natural resources, and damage caused by pollution. A negative Genuine Savings rate suggests that the stock of national wealth is declining and that future utility must be less than current utility, indicating that economic development is non-sustainable (Hamilton and Clemens, 1999). We make use of data over a 150 year period to examine the relationship between Genuine Savings and a number of indicators of well-being over time, and compare the relative changes in human, produced, and components of natural capital over the period. Overall, we find that the magnitude of genuine savings is positively related to changes in future consumption, with some evidence of a cointegrating relationship. However, the relationships between genuine savings and infant mortality or average heights are less clear.

Occupant controlled lighting is known to present opportunity for energy savings1,2,3,4 and can increase occupant satisfaction with the lit environment5, 6, 7, 8, 9. Scale model and Laboratory studies suggest that the illuminance interval and the starting value provided to occupants to adjust from, have an effect on the illuminance settings chosen by the occupants 10. The illuminace interval limits the possibilities of choices and the chosen illuminances tend to be distributed in all parts of the illuminance interval. This results in the mean value of illuminance settings to approach the middle of that specific interval 11,12. The starting values act as anchors for the illuminance choices, meaning that low starting values tend to result in lower illuminance settings then high starting values6, 11, 12. The influence of illuminance interval and start value is considered in this case study on occupant controlled lighting in offices with focus on energy savings and occupant satisfaction. The case study was performed in a pharmaceutical company in Måløv, Denmark where the lighting installation was renovated in a two person office and a four person office in 2013. The fluorescent tubes were replaced with DALI controllable LED luminaires and each employee was given a task light on their desk providing 592 lx, U0 = 0.5 on the task area (60 x 60 cm2) and 87 lx, U0 = 0.2 on the surrounding area, when turned on. The lluminance intervals started from zero to the maximum of 50, 100, 200 and 500 lx with U0=0.5. The starting values were the minimum and the maximum of each interval and every interval with the different starting values was presented to the occupants in a randomized order for a total of one week. The CCT was 3000 K and the illuminance settings data was monitored online by collecting the DALI signals to the LED luminairs and the use of task light was registered by continuously measuring their power consumption. The test was performed from January to March 2014 and the weather conditions were mostly overcast sky. The occupants were informed that the lighting in their offices was being tested and at the end of each week they were asked to answer an online questionnaire about their satisfaction with the office lighting. They were further notified that they, at all times, were allowed to adjust the lighting in their office to their preference. One of the two offices reported the lighting system to malfunction when the 0 – 50 lx interval was provided, they were thereby provided with an interval of 0 to 100 lx in order to support their working environment. The adjusted illuminances for the high start values were 50 lx, 100 lx, 200 lx and 455 lx for respective maximum illuminance of 50, 100, 200 and 500 lx. The low start values resulted in illuminance settings of 50 lx, 83 lx, 163 lx and 193 lx. The energy use of the LED system is compared to the previous installed power of 80W for fluorescent tubes in each office. The illuminance settings led to 80% savings for the maximum 50 lx interval, 70 % savings for the 100 lx interval, 50 % savings for the 200 lx interval and for the 500 lx interval the savings was 50 % for a low starting value but the savings were negative by 17 % when the starting value was high. The occupants of the two person office only operated the task light when the interval provided a maximum of 100 lx, starting at a low starting value. The occupants of the four person office operated the task light 65% of their working hours when provided with a low starting value and 48% of the time when provided with high starting values. The average satisfaction ratings indicated that the occupants were most satisfied with the maximum 200 lx interval; this applies for both high and a low starting value. The interval with a maximum of 500 lx provided the most satisfied occupants and the most unsatisfied occupants.The results of this case study can be used as an argument for further exploring the potential that lies within occupant controlled lighting for energy saving and occupant satisfaction as the results from the limited amount of subjects in this study support the laboratory findings for occupant controlled lighting. Low starting values within a limited illuminance interval may provide satisfied user of energy efficient occupant controlled lighting.

This timely book critically examines the role played by international, regional and national legal frameworks in holding corporations operating in the natural resource sector accountable for human rights violations in the Global South, probing the effectiveness of the mechanisms available to aggrieved communities in pursuit of effective remedies and socio-ecological justice. The book brings together influential scholars from across the world addressing topical and relevant themes concerning the integration of business & human rights standards for better governance of natural resources and the transition towards net zero societies, especially in the context of extractive and multinational companies operating in the Global South. It also considers the application and implementation of transnational and domestic legal remedies for holding corporations accountable with references to case studies in natural resources governance in selected countries and regions, in particular Africa, Asia and Latin America. The book reviews proposals for an enforceable legal framework on the liability of corporations for human rights abuses and environmental damage, taking account of the existing initiatives such as the OECD Guidelines on Multinational Enterprises, the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, UN’s Draft Business & Human Rights Treaty and the European Commission’s 2022 proposal for a Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence. The book is essential reading for academics and students working or researching in the fields of business law, human rights and natural resources law; as well as corporate and human rights lawyers and practitioners litigating in the energy and natural resources sectors.

Moral panic, our predisposition to exaggerate threats against our livelihood and start blaming ourselves, is as old as human history. We always feared “others”, people with skin colors or ethnicity other than ours, people coming from other corners of the globe, and the infectious diseases the strangers might bring along. This paper deals with a new version of such moral panics which is arguably even more intense than the previous ones, but which relates to a new dimension of human experience, namely globalization. The health, economic and environmental challenges we are now faced with are posed globally. The moral panic today stems from this triple challenge. Our central thesis is that these three emergencies are interrelated, but there is no simple causal relationship between them. They can only be addressed in a global manner, while we still live in a world which is segmented into sovereign nation-states.

Attempts by governments and NGOs to provide modern solutions to the management of local water resources, and to alleviate the hazards of flooding, often create unforeseen problems adversely affecting future water resources and leading to increased vulnerability to crises. The book outlines the need to develop an integrative approach. The Hydro-hazardscape concept draws upon the landscape school within cultural geography to make a case for awarding centrality to hazards in social life, that parallels the esthetic view in the landscape tradition. The approach furthermore, makes a case for apprehending power differentials inherent in social life by being attentive to the dissonance and conflict between the analytical view of hazardous environments by the powerful and technocrats and lived experience of those environments by the vulnerable populations. It is argued that by adopting the approach that is attentive to the multiple values of water in the communities affected, can one hope for any measure of success. Examples from South Asia, Central America, the Caucasus and the USA, illustrate how the approach will help achieve long-term sustainability in a future filled with climate change.

The world is currently facing serious problems brought about by oil dependence. Reducing oil consumption provides an opportunity to increase competitiveness, technological development, and progress. Wind energy is currently the most costcompetitive form of renewable energy, and there are strong political and industrial forces (particularly in northern Europe) supporting the development of the offshore wind industry.Offshore structures may consist of a single shallow foundation such as gravitybased platforms or multiple shallow foundations acting in concert (e.g., jack-up rigs or tension leg platforms). General loading is particularly relevant in the design of shallow foundations for offshore structures because wind, wave, and current forces produce substantial lateral load components at magnitudes that are not commonly encountered onshore.Bucket foundations were pioneered in the offshore oil and gas industry and have recently been used in offshore wind turbines. The bucket foundation is a welded steel structure consisting of a tubular center column connected to a steel bucket through flange-reinforced stiffeners.The overall aim of the research presented in this thesis was to improve the design of offshore wind turbine foundations. The work was divided into two main research efforts: geotechnical engineering experiments to gain insight into the behavior of offshore bucket foundations, and development of methods to improve the study of infiltration into unsaturated soils, an important problem in geo-environmental engineering. The outcomes of the research have the potential to directly or indirectly reduce the risks and costs related to offshore geotechnics.

Wave Dragon is a wave energy converter, which was deployed offshore at Nissum Bredning in Denmark in 2003. The experience gained from operating Wave Dragon during 2003 and 2004 has shown that the buoyancy regulation system can be improved in a number of ways. This study describes the current situation, and proposes a number of activities in order to improve the buoyancy regulation system. This work was performed under EU ENERGIE contract no. ENK5-CT-2002-00603, and is a contribution to WP 2.3/2.4 and D40/D41.